vertebrate physiology: Exam #1

identify the four types of tissue in the body, and describe the major functions of each tissue.

1. Connective: Binds the cells and organs of the body together and functions in the protection, support, and integration of all parts of the body 2. Epithelial: sheets of cells that cover exterior surfaces of the body and lines internal cavities and passageways, and forms certain glands. 3. Muscle: Responds to stimulation, contracts to provide movement, and occurs as three major types; skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle in the heart. 4. Nervous: Allows propagation of electrochemical signals in the form of nerve impulses that communicate between different regions of the body.

You are watching cells in a dish spontaneously contract. They are all contracting at different rates; some fast, some slow. After a while, several cells link up and they begin contracting in synchrony. Discuss what is going on and what type of cells you are looking at.

Cardiac cells are self-contractile and have their own rhythm, however they work in concert as they connect at intercalated disc, which have gap junctions allowing the transmission of ions and hence depolarization of membrane potent

once the dietary dats are digested and absorbed, why can they not be released directly into the bloodstream?

Fatty acids and glycerol, being insoluble in water cannot be absorbed the the blood directly.

what material can easily diffuse through the lipid bilayer , and why?

Small molecules such as water and small non polar molecules like O2 & CO2 can diffuse through the lipid bilayer. Only materials that are small and nonpolar diffuse through lipid bilayer because large particles cannot fit through and polar molecules are also repelled by the hydrophobic/ lipids that line the bilayer.

mitosis results in two identical diploid cells. What structures form during prophase?

The structures formed during prophase is DNA condenses, organizes, and the chromosome structure appears. Next is pro-metaphase.

Why does skeletal muscle look striated?

Under the light microscope, cells appear striated due to the arrangement of the contractile proteins actin and myosin.

what is the function of synovial membranes?

a connective tissue that lines joint cavities and produce the fluid within the freely moveable joint.

The smallest independently functioning unit of an organism is a(n) a. cell b. molecule c. organ d. tissue

a. cell

A phospholipid ________. a. has both polar and nonpolar regions b. is made up of a triglyceride bonded to a phosphate group c. is a building block of ATP d. can donate both cations and anions in solution

a. has both polar and nonpolar regions

the ______ exocrine gland stores its secretion until the glandular cell ruptures, whereas the _________ glands releases its apical region and reforms. a. holocrine; apocrine b. eccrine; endocrine c. apocrine; holocrine d. eccrine; apocrine

a. holocrine; apocrine

the cells of muscles, myocytes, develop from ___________. a. myoblasts b. endoderm c. fibrocytes d. chondrocytes

a. myoblasts

a collection of similar tissues that performs a specific function is an _______. a. organ b. organelle c. organism d. organ system

a. organ

Striations, cylindrical cells, and multiple nuclei are observed in ________. a. skeletal muscle only b. cardiac muscle only c. smooth muscle only d. skeletal and cardiac muscles

a. skeletal muscles only

which of the following is a feature common to all three components of the cytoskeleton? a. they all serve to scaffold the organelles within the cell b. they are all characterized by roughly the same diameter c. they are all polymers of protein subunits d. they all help the cell resist compression and tension

a. they all serve to scaffold the organelles within the cell

When an atom donates an electron to another atom, it becomes a. an ion b. an anion c. nonpolar d. all of the above

b. an anion

the nerve impulse travels down a(n) __________, away from the cell body. a. dendrite b. axon c. microglia d. collagen fiber

b. axon

connective tissue is made of which three essential components? a. cells, ground substance, and carbohydrates fibers b. cells, ground substance, and protein fibers c. collagen, ground substance, and protein fibers d. matrix, ground substance, and fluid

b. cells, ground substance, and protein fibers

The process by which a less specialized cell matures into a more specialized cell is called _______. a. differentiation b. maturation c. modification d. specialization

b. maturation

CH4 is methane. This compound is ________. a. inorganic b. organic c. reactive d. a crystal

b. organic

The rough ER has its name due to what associated structures? a. golgi apparatus b. ribosomes c. lysosomes d. proteins

b. ribosomes

Ion pumps and phagocytosis are both examples of ________. a. endocytosis b. passive transport c. active transport d. facilitated diffusion

c. active transport

Which of the following is a functional group that is part of a building block of proteins? a. phosphate b. adenin c. amino d. ribose

c. amino

ligaments connect bones together and withstand a lot of stress. What type of connective tissue should you expect ligaments to contain? a. areolar tissue b. adipose tissue c. dense regular connective tissue d. dense irregular connective tissue

c. dense regular connective tissue

which of the following processes is not a cardinal sign of inflammation? a. redness b. heat c. fever d. swelling

c. fever

which type of stem cell give gives to red and white blood cells? a. endothelial b. epithelial c. hematopoietic d. mesenchymal

c. hematopoietic

C6H12O6 is the chemical formula for a ________. a. polymer of carbohydrate b. pentose monosaccharide c. hexose monosaccharide d. all of the above

c. hexose monosaccharide

a molecule of ammonia contains one atom of nitrogen and three atoms of hydrogen. These are linked with ________. a. ionic bonds b. nonpolar covalent bonds c. polar covalent bonds d. hydrogen bonds

c. polar covalent bonds

A mutation in the gene for a cyclin protein might result in which of the following? a. a cell with additional genetic material than normal b. cancer c. a cell with less genetic material than normal d. any of the above

d. any of the above

The diffusion of substance within a solution tends to move those substances ______ their ___________ gradient. a. up; electrical b. up; electrochemical c. down; pressure d. down; concentration

d. down; concentration

under the microscope, a tissue specimen shows cells located in spaces scattered in a transparent background. This is probably ___________. a. loose connective tissue b. a tendon c. bone d. hyaline cartilage

d. hyaline cartilage

skeletal muscle is composed of very hard working cells. Which organelles do you expect to find in abundance in skeletal muscle cell? a. nuclei b. striations c. golgi bodies d. mitochondria

d. mitochondria

which of the following lines the body cavities exposed to the external environment? a. mesothelium b. lamina propria c. mesenteries d. mucosa

d. mucosa

Together, just four elements make up more than 95 percent of the body's mass. These include ________. a. calcium, magnesium, iron, and carbon b. oxygen, calcium, iron, and nitrogen c. sodium, chlorine, carbon, and hydrogen d. oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

d. oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen (COHN)

what is the primary role of the endomembrane system?

synthesis and movement of proteins and lipids in the cell

what would happen if anaphase proceeded even though the sister chromatids were bot properly attached to their respective microtubules and lined up at the metaphase plate?

there would be unequal chromosomes in each daughter cell