Viral Diseases
Four diseases caused by viral hemorrhagic fevers
1.Yellow Fever 2.dengue (dengue hemorrhagic fever) 3.Ebola 4.Hantavirus pulmonary sysndrome.
Dengue hemorrhagic fever symptoms
A more severe form of dengue which can induce shock and kill in a few hours.
Arthropod-borne virus carried by a mosquito (vector). It is characterized by: chills, headache, fever, and can progress to mental confusion and coma.
Arboviral Encephalitis
Eastern and Western Equine, St. Louis which is most common, and West Nile Virus ?
Arboviral Encephalitis
Fast growing tumor of the jaw. It is most common among children in Africa. It is associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EB virus & herpesvirus 4). Malarial infections foster the development of this disease by impairing the immune response to the EB virus.
Burkitt's lymphoma
What are the Viral diseases of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems?
Burkitt's lymphoma Infectious mononucleosis Viral hemorrhagic fevers yellow fever dengue Ebola Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome.
This virus enters the peripheral nerves and moves to the dorsal root ganglion near the spine. It persists there as viral DNA.
Chickenpox (herpesvirus) latency
Arises from the initial infection of the herpesvirus called the varicella-zoster. The virus enters through the respiratory system and localizes in the skin after two weeks. The skin is vesicular and the vesicles fill with pus before rupturing and then forming a scab to heal.
Chickepox (Varicella)
Caused by the rhinoviruses and coronoviruses (more than 200 types) sneezing, excessive nasal secretion, and congestion; infection may spread to sinuses and further causing laryngitis and ototis media.
Common cold
What are the Viral diseases of the respiratory system?
Common cold Viral pneumonia Respiratory syncytial virus Influenza
Serious disease aspect of rubella occurs when the mother is infected during the first trimester of pregnancy. %35 chance of serious fetal damage, including deafness, cataracts, heart defects, mental retardation, and death.
Congenital Rubella Syndrome
Spread by the Aedes aegypti mosquito and does not have an animal reservoir.
Dengue: breakbone fever
Inactivated enhanced vaccine introduced on human diploid cell lines that has pretty much replaced the Salk Vaccine.
E-IPV
Caused by filovirus; lethal hemorrhadic fever with mortality approaching 90%; Fruit bats are thought to be the natural host (animal reservoir). It can be spread by contact with blood and through unsterilized needles. (Bushmeat)
Ebola
Burkitt's lymphoma is associated with what virus?
Epstein-Barr
Dengue: breakbone fever Symptoms
Fever, muscle pain, rash
Easily excitable and more apt to bite.
Furious Rabies
What are the two types of rabies?
Furious and Paralytic
What are the Viral diseases of the reproductive system?
Genital Herpes (HSV-2) Genital warts AID's
Genital herpes (HSV-2) Symptoms
Genital lesions, buring sensation, and painful urination.
What are the flu's H spikes?
H spikes are hemagglutinin: allow them to attach to host cell
This virus remains latent in the trigeminal nerve ganglia communicating between the face and CNS. It can be triggered by exposure to UV radiation from the sun, emotional upsets (stress), or hormonal changes associated with menstruation.
HSV-1
Fatal pulmonary infection; spread by inhalation of hantaviruses in dried urine from infected rodents.
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
What are RNA Single-Stranded Viruses?
Hepatitis A Hepatitis C Hepatitis D Hepatitis E.
Mild hepatitis virus, enters via oral route. Shed in feces and can be detected in blood & urine. Chlorine resistant. NO chronic form of this herpes virus.
Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)
This hepatitis virus is transmittable via blood transfusions. Healthcare workers are vaccinated. Common in drug users. (unsteralized needles) Mother to infant at birth. Up to 10% become chronic carriers. Strong correlation to liver cancer. Not amenable to cell culture. Chronic illness. (B+D)
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
This hepatitis virus is transmittable via blood transfusion. Drug users are also at risk. Capable of rapid genetic variation. Currently can't be culutured in vitro. Few have recognizable symptoms until about 20 years after becoming infected. Most cases progress to Chronic illness, Cirrhosis or liver cancer.
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
This hepatitis virus is sometimes called the Delta antigen. Single stranded RNA virus. Co-infection with Hep B. When B+D it progresses to the chronic stage and causes progressive liver damage and fatality more likely than just Hep B alone.
Hepatitis D Virus (HDV)
This hepatitis virus is spread by fecal-oral transmission. Endemic in areas of poor sanitation (India, SE Asia). It is NOT a chronic liver disease, but in pregnant women, over 20% mortality rate.
Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)
Meaning to creep
Herpes
Transmitted orally or by the respiratory routes and usually occurs in infancy. It is frequently subclinical but many cases develop lesions known as cold sores or fever blisters. This is?
Herpes Simplex (HSV-1) of the skin
AIDS is caused by?
Human immunodeficiency virus. Causes AIDS by infecting and destroying helper T cells (a major regulatory cell of the immune system.)
One of the infections caused by the EPSTEIN-BARR virus (EBV). Saliva and respiratory secretions have been implicated as significant infectious agents, hence the name "KISSING DISEASE." The virus reproduces in the parotid glands.
Infectious Mononucleosis
This virus takes a few weeks and immunity is permanent.
Infectious mononucleosis recovery
Fever, Sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, and general weakness. Peak in US 15-25.
Infectious mononucleosis symptoms
What disease is caused by Epstein-Barr virus?
Infectious mononucleosis.
It may be asymptomatic or accompanied by swollen lymph nodes.
Initial Infection of HIV (AIDS)
Cancer caused by HIV (AIDs)
Kaposi's carcoma
Lesions in the mouth and tiny red patches with central white specks on the oral mucosa opposite the molars caused by measles.
Koplik Spots
This outbreak on the skinstarts at the waist and sometimes the face, upperchest, and back, following the distribution of the affected sensory nerves and usually limited to one side of the body.
Location of shingles
Extremely contagious and spread by respiratory route. Humans are the only reservoir. Infection begins in the upper respiratory system. Incubation period of 10-12 days, cold-like symptoms develop. Then a macular rash appears starting at the face and spreading to the trunk and other extremities,
Measles (Rubeola)
What is the natural reservoir for yellow fever?
Monkey is the natural resevoir, but human to human transmission is possible.
Virus that attacks the parotid glands and begins with painful swelling 16-18 days post exposure is?
Mumps
What are the Viral diseases of the digestive system?
Mumps Hepatitis A (HAV) B (HBV) C (HCV) D (HDV) E (HEV) Viral gastroenteritis.
Swelling of the parotid glands accompanied by fever, and pain during swallowing. The testes may become inflamed (orchitis)
Mumps Symptoms
Transmission of this is by saliva and respiratory secretions. It spreads from the respriatory tract to the salivary glands via the blood.
Mumps Transmission
What are the flu's N spikes?
N spikes are neuraminidase: allow release from the cell
Occurs when the virus crosses the placental barrier. It can result in spontaneous abortion or fetal damage such as mental retardation, defective vision and hearing.
Neonatal herpes
This is another cause of viral gastroenteritis. With symptoms of nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and vomitting for 1-3 days.
Norwalk (norovirus)
This comes from the latent chickenpox virus in the dorsal root ganglion. It is reactivated producing new virions that move along the peripheral nerves to the cutaneous sensory nerves of the skin.
Outbreak of Shingles
Mostly in cats, minimal excitability with this virus
Paralytic Rabies
Can cause paralysis ( in < 1%) or can have mild symptoms such as headache, sore throat, fever, and nausea.
Polio Symptoms
After it infects these it enters the blood stream and then travels to the CNS. Where it kills motor nerve cells in the upper spinal cord (Causing Paralysis). Death can occur from respiratory failure.
Polio in lymph nodes and travel of virus
What are the Viral Diseases of the Nervous System
Poliomyelitis Rabies Arboviral encephalitis
Primary mode of transmission is ingesting water contaminated with feces containing the virus. Humans are the only host and primary areas of multiplication are the throat and small intestine. (Tonsils, neck lymph nodes, and ileum.)
Poliomyelitis (Polio)
Adults who had polio as children show a muscle weakness, because the nerve cells that had survived the initial infection are beginning to die.
Post Polio Syndrome
Series of antirabies vaccine and immune globulin injections treat this.
Rabies
Disease that always results in fatal encephalitis. It is bullet shaped acquired from the bite or saliva of an infected animal.
Rabies (Rhabdovirus)
Australia, Great Britain, New Zealand, and Hawaii because of strict quarantines, and surrounded by water are?
Rabies Free Areas
Human diploid cell vaccine or one grown in a chick embryo.
Rabies Vaccine
These symptoms may alternate between agitation and calm. Muscle spasms of mouth and pharynx when air or liquid swallowed (hydrophobia).
Rabies symptoms
Most common viral respiratory disease in infants and can cause life-threatening pneumonia in the elderly. Causes cell fusion (syncytium formation). Symptoms are wheezing and coughing for a week+
Respiratory syncytial virus
Occasional severe complication of chickenpox, influenza, and some other viral diseases, found in children and teenagers. Once the infection starts; vomiting, brain dysfunction, coma and death may follow. Aspirin can increase the chances of getting this syndrome.
Reyes Syndrome
In viral gastroenteritis this is the most common cause. With symptoms lasting about a week that include low-grade fever, diarrhea and vomiting.
Rotavirus
What kind of virus(es) cause viral gastroenteritis?
Rotavirus and Norwalk agent. Rotavirus is most common.
Mild disease that often goes undetected. Transmission occurs by the respiratory route.
Rubella (German Measles)
Macular rash and small red spots and a light fever.
Rubella Symptoms
What are common signs upon HIV reactivation?
SECONDARY OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS, such as yeast infections, cytomegalovirus, Pneumocystis pneumonia, and certain cancers such as Kaposi's sarcoma.
Made from living, attenuated (weakened) strains of the virus and is called (OPV) Oral Polio Vaccine.
Sabin Vaccine
Used viruses inactivated by the formalin treatment.
Salk vaccine
What are the three Polio Vaccine?
Salk- inactivated virus Sabin- weakened/ attenuated virus "OPV" E-IPV- newer, enhanced inactivated polio vaccine
Chickenpox viral DNA that is reactivated by stress or immune competence with aging.
Shingles (Herpes Zoster)
Respritory route of diseases on the skin are?
Smallpox (Variola Major and Minor) Chickenpox (Varicella) Herpes Simplex Measles (Rubeola) Rubella (German Measles)
20% mortality rate or higher
Smallpox (Variola Major)
Mortality rate of less then 1%
Smallpox (Variola Minor)
This virus is transmitted through the respiratory system first. Then it infects internal organs before moving to the bloodstream where infection of the skin takes place. With more recognizable lesions of the symptoms. This virus can be eradicated because a vaccine and no animal host reserviors
Smallpox (Variola) Major & Minor
Only two labs still maintain these, one in the US and one in Russia.
Smallpox cultures
How are flu viral strains identified?
Strains are identified by their H and N variation. Big outbreaks are caused by antigenic SHIFT (major change in H and N spikes big enough to evade previous immunity. Minor annual variations called antigenic DRIFT.
Viral hemorrhagic fever definition
These are zoonotic and appear in humans only from infectious contact with their normal animal hosts
The incubation is slow enough to develop immunity from post-exposure vaccination.
Unique in rabies
What are viral diseases for which humans are only reservoir?
Variola Rubeola Poliomyelitis
This occurs as a complication of influenza, measles, or chickenpox. It is assumed when all of theses viruses have been excluded.
Viral Pneumonia
What are the viral diseases of the skin?
Warts Smallpox (Variola Major and Minor) Chickenpox (Varicella) Shingles (Herpes Zoster) Reyes Syndrome Herpes simplex (HSV1-HSV2) Measles (Rubeola) German Measles (Rubella)
Viral disease of the skin, caused by the papillomaviruses; benign skin growths; the virus can be transmitted from one person to another by contact; Blood vessels are in the wart growth.
Warts (Blood vessels are in the wart growth)
What is a provirus (pertaining to HIV)?
When the DNA (translated from RNA by reverse transcriptase) becomes incorporated into the host cell chromosome, making it undetectable by the immune system
Crossing from animals to human.
Zoonotic
What kind of virus is HIV?
a retrovirus containing RNA and the enzyme reverse transcriptase.
Why are high mutation rates characteristic of RNA viruses?
because RNA viruses lack the proofreading ablity of DNA viruses
Influenza "FLU" is characterized by?
chills, fever, headache, and general muscle aches.
Spikes on the HIV envelope which allow attachment to the CD4 receptor on the helper T cell are?
gp120
Where does rabies begin in the body?
in skeletal muscle where remains for days to months. Then enters/travels peripheral nerves 15-100 mm/day to CNS where causes encephalitis.
Inflammation of larynx. It causes hoarse voice or complete loss of voice because of irritation to the vocal folds/cords.
laryngitis
Infection of the middle ear
otitis media
Genital warts are caused by the
papillomaviruses. Can progress to cervical or penis cancer.
In the US it is mainly in raccoons. Others are bats, foxes, and skunks. World-wide dogs are most common. This is?
rabies in wild animal reservoirs
There are many strains of HIV because.
retroviruses have high mutation rates. This brings problems of drug resistance and difficulty in developing a vaccine and diagnostic tests.
Where does genital herpes (HSV-2) remain dormant?
sacral ganglia near the base of the spine and can be reactivated by stress, mensturation, or illness.
What is on the HIV virus envelope?
spikes projecting a protein called gp120 which allows HIV to attach to the CD4 receptor on the helper T cell (also on macrophages and dendritic cells.)
Yellow Fever is spread by?
the Aedes aegypti mosquito
How long may HIV remain latent as a provirus?
up to 10 years. It may then reactivate coming out of the host cell chromosome, and initiating a lytic infection which destroys the body's helper T cells and thus affecting the body's immune responses.
