Virology Exam 2
how many mRNA start sites may be present in an initiator sequence among DNA viruses? a. 1 or multiple b. always one c. 1 or 3 d. always 3
1 or multiple
which of the following attributes to the specificity of RNA polymerase towards NTPs over dNTPs? a. the 2' hydrogen of the ribose sugar b. the 2' hydroxyl of the ribose sugar c. the 2' hydroxyl of the deoxy ribose sugar d. the UTP
2' hydroxyl of the ribose sugar
What is the function of the cellular DNA ligase IV/XRCC4 in Herpesvirus DNA replication? a. DNA ligase IV/XRCC4 is responsible sealing the gaps of the replicated DNA b. DNA ligase IV/XRCC4 is responsible for end to end DNA ligation to form concatemers during rolling circle DNA synthesis c. DNA ligase IV/XRCC4 is responsible for circularization of the viral DNA d. DNA ligase IV/XRCC4 is responsible for the terminal resolution ligation of the separated DNA strands
DNA ligase IV/XRCC4 is responsible for circularization of the viral DNA
the transcription of most but not all DNA viruses are carried out by which of the following enzyme? a. DNA pol III b. DNA pol I c. RNA pol II d. RNA pol III
RNA pol II
Which of the following is NOT a character associated with cellular retinoblastoma (Rb) protein? a. Rb protein prevents the cells to enter into the S phase of the cell cycle b. Loss of Rb protein is associated with childhood ocular malignant tumors c. Rb protein is an oncogene d. Rb protein is a tumor suppressor gene
Rb protein is an oncogene
which is a universal rule about RNA directed RNA synthesis? a. RNA is synthesized in a 3'-5' direciton b. RdRp may initiate de novo or require a primer c. RNA synthesis is always a template directed d. RNA synthesis initiates randomly on the RNA template
RdRp may initiate de novo or require a primer
which of the following protein binds to the TATA sequence and regulate transcription a.TFIID b.TFIIA c.TFIIC d. TFIIB
TFIID
which of the following is the major differences between the Vesticular stomatitis virus and influenza mRNA synthesis? a. VSV mRNA synthesis is carried out by viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase; in contrast, Influenza virus steals/snatches the DNA dependent RNA polymerase from the nucleus of the host cell b. VSV mRNAs are synthesized in the cytoplasm whereas the Influenza Virus mRNAs are synthesized in the nucleus c. all of the other major differences between Vesicular Stomatitis virus and influenza virus mRNA synthesis d. VSV produce one genome length mRNA whereas influenza virus always subgenomic mRNAs from all of its individual segments
VSV mRNAs are synthesized in the cytoplasm whereas the influenza virus mRNAs are synthesized in the nucleus
Which of the following mechanism explains the abrogation of cellular Rb protein by viral proteins? a. Viral protein like E1A competitively binds to Rb protein which removes Rb protein bound to transcription factor E2f and Dp and Rb protein-free E2f and Dp induce transcription b. Viral proteins like E1A competitively binds to Rb protein; which in turn binds to transcription factor E2F and Dp to form E1A, Rb, E2F, Dp complex which induces transcription c. Viral protein like E1A binds to Rb and recruit histone deacetylases which lead to transcriptional activation d. Viral protein like E1A binds to Rb protein and induce phosphorylation which dissociates Rb from E2f and Dp protein leading to transcriptional activation
Viral protein like E1A competitively binds to Rb protein which removes Rb protein bound to transcription factor E2f and Dp and Rb protein free E2f and Dp induce transcription
Which of the following is incorrect regarding Adenovirus DNA replication? a. The DNA is replicated by strand displacement b. A pre-terminal protein (pTP) binds to DNA pol and the α phosphoryl group of a dGMP is bonded with a serine residue of the pTP; which acts as the primer for the DNA synthesis by bonding with the first dCMP on the template strand c. The displaced strand during DNA synthesis is coated with a DNA binding protein and circularized where the inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) base pair and a new strand synthesis can initiate with the help of pre-terminal protein (pTP) using the 3` end as the template d. DNA synthesis by strand displacement and DNA binding protein (DBP) coated displaced strand DNA synthesis both simultaneously participate in Adenovirus DNA replication
a per-terminal protein (pTP) binds to DNA pol and the alpha phosphoryl group of a dGMP is bonded with a serine residue of the pTP; which acts as the primer for the DNA syntheiss by bonding with the first dCMP on the template strand
which of the following process explains anti-repression of transcription by abrogation of Rb? a. E1A binds to Rb and prevents Rb to be associated with E2F and Dp-1. In absence of Rb, no Hdacs are recruited making the DNA loose and accessible around the nucleosome, and transcription complex can be formed and proceed b. E2F binds to Rb and prevents Rb to be associated with E1A and Dp-1. In absence of Rb, no Hdacs are recruited making the DNA loose and accessible around the nucleosome, and transcription complex can be formed and proceed c. E2f binds to Rb and preventS RB to be associated with E2F and dp-1. In absence of Rb, Hdacs are recruited making the DNA loose and accessible around the nucleosome, and transcription complex can be formed and proceed d. E1A binds to Rb and prevents Rb to be associated with E2F and Dp-1. In absence of Rb, no Hdacs are recruited making the DNA tightly wrapped around the nucleosome, and transcription complex can be formed and proceed
a. E1A binds to Rb and prevents Rb to be associated with E2F and Dp-1. In absence of Rb, no Hdacs are recruited making the DNA loose and accessible around the nucleosome, and transcription complex can be formed and proceed
How are the influenza virus and VSV RNA synthesis similar? a. viral mRNAs are shorter than (-) genome RNA b. the switch from mRNA to genome RNA synthesis is controlled by an RNA binding protein c. all of the above d. polyadenylation occurs at the short stretch of U residues
all of the above
the SV40 genome is a circular dsDNA. Which statement about its replication is correct? a. has leading and lagging strand synthesis b. replication is bidirectional from a single ori c. viral large T antigen protein binds and unwinds the ori d. all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following protein is involved in viral DNA replication? a. Ribonucleotide reductase b. Thymidine kinase c. dUTPase d. All of the above are involved in viral DNA replication
all of the above are involved in viral DNA replication
which of the following is true about the splicing of viral pre-mRNAs? a. splicing is necessary for the binding and activation of nuclear export proteins b. some retroviral RNA is exported unspliced out of the nucleus facilitated by special nuclear export binding proteins c. all of the above are true about viral mRNA splicing d. alternative splicing can produce multiple proteins from the same pre-mRNA
all of the above are true about viral mRNA splicing
which of the following is unique in Reovirus RNA dependent RNA synthesis? a. the mRNAs are produced inside the viral core particle and never synthesized in the cytoplasm b. the RNA dependent RNA polymerase is located inside the viral core below the turret proteins which synthesize the mRNAs c. one of each of the 10 segments of double stranded genomic RNA is associated with a viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase and is located under each turret proteins in each five fold axis which synthesizes the mRNAs d. all of the above are unique Reovirus RNA dependent RNA synthesis
all of the above are unique in Reovirus RNA dependent RNA synthesis
Which of the following enzymes has conserved GDD amino acid motifs at their catalytic site? a. RNA dependent RNA polymerase b. all of the above enzymes have conserved GDD amino acid motifs c. DNA dependent DNA polymerase d. DNA dependent RNA polymerase e. RNA dependent DNA polymerase
all of the above enzymes have conserved GDD amino acid motifs
Which of the following is the correct function of the replication factor protein Rf-C? a. All of the mentioned functions of Rf-C are correct b. Rf-C release DNA pol α-primase complex c. Rf-C acts as a clamp loading protein to allow clamping of Pcna onto the DNA d. Rf-C binds to 3'-OH of the DNA, Pcna and DNA pol δ
all of the mentioned functions of RF-C are correct
Which of the following process is involved in the regulation of viral DNA synthesis? a. Viruses must recruit host replication proteins to preferentially synthesize viral DNA b. Host replication proteins are induced by early viral gene products c. All of the mentioned processes are involved in the regulation of viral DNA synthesis d. Virally encoded early gene products often induce quiescent cells to enter the cell cycle again into the synthesis (S) phase
all of the mentioned processes are involved in the regulation of viral DNA synthesis
which of the following protein is NOT involved in viral DNA replication? a. exonucleases b. topoisomerases c. all of the mentioned proteins are involved in viral DNA replication d. DNA dependent DNA polymerases e. helicases
all of the mentioned proteins are involved in viral DNA replication
which of the following statement is true about adenoviral transcriptional regulation? a. E2 produced in early phase enhance DNA replication b. E1A produced in the immediate early phase enhance early phase gene transcription c. all of the other choices are true d. DNA replication exhibit anti-repression relief of promoter occlusion
all of the other choices are true
which of the following strategy is observed in the Coronavirus reproductive events? a. mRNAs are synthesized on (-) sense templates that use a 3' co-priming followed by a variable length nested RNA synthesis and addition of the 5' leader sequence b. all of the other events are observed in the coronavirus reproductive cycle c. two long polyproteins are translated by the ribosome by ribosomal frame shifting d. the genomic RNA is synthesized on a (-) sense template where the viral RdRp do not jump from any translational regulatory sequences making the long (+) sense genomic RNA without any loss of nucleotides e. only the first open reading frame is translated into the corresponding proteins in all subgenomic mRNAs of the coronavirus
all of the other events are observed in the coronavirus reproductive cycle
which of the following is NOT a mechanism of viral DNA synthesis? a. all the mentioned processes are mechanisms of viral DNA synthesis b. rolling circle DNA synthesis c. replication fork formation at the origin of replication for DNA synthesis d. strand displacement DNA synthesis
all the mentioned processes are mechanisms of viral DNA synthesis
which of the following is incorrect about the poxvirus DNA genome and its replication? a. have conserved GDD or close amino acid motifs at the catalytic site b.di-valent metal ions coordinate the incoming nucleotide to catalyze the reaction c. all the viral replication proteins are synthesized by the virus d. viral replication occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell
all the viral replication proteins are synthesized by the virus
which of the following group of viruses pack RNA dependent RNA polymerase in the virus particle? a. (C) minus strand RNA viruses b. (B) plus strand RNA viruses c. (A) double stranded RNA viruses d. Both A and B are correct e. Both A and C are correct
both A and C are correct (double stranded RNA viruses and minus strand RNA viruses)
DNA viruses require DNA binding proteins for transcriptional control. Which of the following may be the source of these DNA binding proteins? a. both virus and/or host cell b. only the host cell c. only the virus d. none of the choices are correct
both virus and/or the host cell
Adenovirus E1A protein stimulating the expression of adenovirus E2 protein which then stimulates the expression of adenovirus IVa2 and L4 protein is an example of a. dimerization b. cascade regulation c. a negative autoregulatory loop d. repression of gene expression
cascade regulation
which mode of transcriptional regulation is displayed; when transcription and translation of gene X results in the formation of protein X and protein X turn on the transcription of gene Y. a. cascade regulation b. positive feedback c. positive autoregulatory loop d. negative regulatory loop
cascade regulation
which is a part of the poliovirus replication strategy? a. circularization of template for initiation of RNA synthesis b. de novo (without primer) initiation of RNA synthesis c. the production of subgenomic mRNAs d. all of the above
circularization of template for initiation of RNA synthesis
Which of the following feature is NOT observed in SV40 Large T (LT) antigen protein? a. Contain an ATPase domain b. Contains DNA Pol α-Primase domain which synthesizes RNA primers c. Contain replication origin binding domain d. Contain a helicase domain which unwinds DNA in association with other proteins
contains DNA pol alpha primase domain which synthesizes RNA primers
which of the following type of metal ion coordinate the incoming nucleotide in a polymerization reaction catalyzed by polynucleotide polymerase class of enzymes like RNA or DNA polymerase? a. tetra-valent metal ions b. mono-valent metal ions c. di-valent metal ions d. tri-valent metal ions
di-valent metal ions
Which of the following protein complex is required for the synthesis of RNA primer during SV40 DNA replication? a. DNA polymerase α and the primase complex b. DNA polymerase δ and the primase complex c. DNA pol I and the primase complex d. DNA polymerase ε and the primase complex
dna polymerase alpha and the primase complex
During SV40 DNA replication, the supercoiling of the dsDNA is inevitable. Which of the following statement correctly illustrates the different mechanisms of supercoiling removal during replication and after replication (terminal resolution)? a.During replication single strand nicks are responsible for supercoil relaxation whereas double strand nicks are responsible for supercoil relaxation (terminal resolution) at the end of DNA replication b. During replication both single and double strand nicks are responsible for supercoil relaxation whereas only double strand nicks are responsible for supercoil relaxation (terminal resolution) at the end of DNA replication c. During replication Topoisomerase II and after replication Topoisomerase I and II both carry out relaxation of the supercoils d. During replication Topoisomerase I and after replication Topoisomerase II carry out relaxation of the supercoils
during replication, single strand nicks are responsible for supercoil relaxation whereas double strand nicks are responsible for supercoil relaxation (terminal resolution) at the end of DNA replication
which of the following process acts as the primary switch from Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) mRNA synthesis to genome RNA synthesis? a. Slippage of the RNA polymerase at the 5' end of the genome RNA b. encapsidation of the leader RNA by N protein and association of N protein with RNA polymerase which reads through the intergenic region c. production of a large amount of viral structural proteins in the cell helps the RNA dependent RNA polymerase to read through the intergenic region d. slippage of the RNA polymerase at the 3' end of the genome RNA
encapsidation of the leader RNA by N protein and association of N protein with RNA polymerase which reads through the intergenic region
which of the following is NOT a viral origin binding protein? a. herpesvirus proliferative cell nuclear antigen (Pcna) protein b. parvovirus Rep 78/68 protein c. polyomavirus (SV40) Large (LT) antigen protein d. adenovirus pre-terminal protein (pTP)
herpersvirus proliferative cell nuclear antigen (Pcna) protein
which of the following phases of transcriptional regulation is observed in Adenovirus? a. early and late b. immediate early, early, and late c. early, late, and very late d. early, middle, late
immediate early, early, and late
Actinomycin D was utilized in the experiments that lead to the discovery of the viral RNA polymerase. What was the principle of the experiment? a. in the presence of dNTP and actinomycin D; which inhibited cellular DNA dependent RNA polymerase; RNA synthesis occurred in the virally infected cell extract b. in the presence of dNTP and actinomycin D; which inhibited cellular DNA dependent RNA polymerase; RNA synthesis occurred in the virally infected cell extract c. in the presence of NTP and actinomycin D which inhibited cellular RNA dependent RNA polymerase; RNA synthesis occurred in the virally infected cell extract d. in the presence of NTP and actinomcyin D which inhibited cellular DNA dependent RNA polymerase; RNA synthesis occurred in the virally infected cell extract
in the presence of NTP and actinomcyin D which inhibited cellular DNA dependent RNA polymerase; RNA synthesis occurred in the virally infected cell extract
which of the following mode of repression is seen in the late phase genes of SImian virus 40? a. initiation complex binding to an initiator sequence b. RNA pol III binding to an initiator sequence c. TFIID binding to TATA sequence s. initiator binding protein to an initiator sequence
initiator binding protein to an initiator sequence
which of the following region is the actual start site for mRNA transcription? a. repressor sequence b. enhancer sequence c. initiator sequence d. TATA sequence
initiator sequence
which statement about polyadenylation of DNA virus mRNAs is correct? a. is specified by a stretch of U residues in the template b. it always occurs in the cytoplasm c. it occurs after the cleavage of pre-mRNA d. poly(A) is added the 5' end of pre-mRNA
it occurs after the cleavage of pre-mRNA
which statement about viral DNA synthesis is correct? a. viral DNA replication begins as soon as the gneomic DNA is delivered into the nucleus b. some viruses encode all proteins needed for DNA replication c. small DNA viruses do not encode any protein involved in DNA synthesis d. large DNA viruses encode many proteins involved in DNA synthesis
large DNA viruses encode many proteins involved in DNA synthesis
which of the following protein is produced in Simian Virus 40 in the early phase of transcription and regulate DNA replication and expression of late genes? a. E1A b. E2 c. Large T antigen d. small T antigen
large T antigen
Which of the following group of viruses always contain an encapsidated RNA in the form of nucleocapsid? a. all of the RNA viruses have encapsidated RNA in the form of nucleocapsid b. double stranded RNA viruses c. plus strand RNA viruses d. minus strand RNA viruses
minus strand RNA viruses
which of the following group of viruses does NOT have naked RNA in the viral particle? a. double stranded RNA viruses b. minus strand RNA viruses c. plus strand viruses d. none of the group of viruses above has naked RNA in the virus particle
minus strand RNA viruses
which of the following method is used by the Influenza virus to synthesize its mRNAs? a. stop start model b. moving template model c. 3' co-priming and nested mRNA synthesis model d. in particle mRNA synthesis
moving template model
what makes poxvirus DNA replication different from all of the other viruses? a. DNA synthesis occurs in the nucleus b. DNA synthesis occurs by strand displacement c. the complete replication machinery is encoded by the viral genome d. none of the above
none of the above
which of the following is unique of a 5' cap structure of an mRNA? a. usually, the first capping base is adenine b. none of the choices are correct c. the 2nd base of cap 2 is always guanine, and the base is methylated at the 7th carbon d. the first base adenine of cap 1 is bonded to the first base of cap 2 guanine by a 5'-5; phosphate linkage
none of the choices are correct
the catalytic site of the RNA dependent RNA polymerase is present in which of the following domain? a. knuckle b. thumb c. palm d. finger
palm
which of the following protein/protein complex is NOT associated with priming of DNA synthesis? a. parvovirus: Rep 78/68 protein b. SV40: DNA pol alpha-primase complex c. Herpesvirus: UL5, 8 and 53-primase d. adenovirus: pre-terminal protein (pTP)
parvovirus: Rep 78/68 protein
which of the following group of viruses usually do NOT pack RNA dependent RNA polymerase in the virus particle? a. plus strand RNA virus b. all of the above pack RNA dependent RNA polymerase in the virus c. double stranded RNA virus d. minus stranded RNA virus
plus strand RNA virus
which of the following is NOT true about mRNA polyadenylation of DNA viruses? a. poly A polymerase slips on a few U residues to incorporate about 200 A residues at the 3' end of the RNA b. the pre-mRNAs are cleaved at the prospective polyadenylation site for polyadenylation c. the polyadenylation occurs in the nucleus before export into the cytoplasm d. poly A polymerase is the enzyme responsible for the polyadenylation of the mRNAs
poly A polymerase slips on a few U residues to incorporate about 200 A residues at the 3' end of the RNA
Poxvirus and giant viruses never have to deliver their DNA into the nucleus. Which of the following would justify such a phenomenon? a. Pox and giant viruses have all the transcription machinery packaged within the virion b. pox and giant viruses have all the mRNAs packaged with the virion c. pox and giant viruses have all the translational machinery packaged within the virion d. pox and giant viruses have the DNA replication machinery packaged within the virion
pox and giant viruses have all the transcription machinery packaged within the virion
What strategy is used by the poliovirus to make many proteins from a single mRNA? a. alternative splicing b. proteolytic cleavage of protein c. alternative translation stop d. alternative translation start
proteolytic cleavage of a protein
Which of the following is incorrect about Parvovirus DNA synthesis? a. DNA synthesis is by strand displacement b. Rep78/68 proteins are required for RNA primer synthesis, initiation, and resolution c. DNA replication requires DNA pol δ, Rf-C and PCNA d. Replication is continuous
rep 78/68 proteins are required for RNA primer synthesis, initiation and resolution
which of the following is incorrect about parvovirus DNA synthesis? a. DNA replication requires DNA pol epsilon, Rf-C, and PCNA b. replication is continuous c. DNA synthesis is by strand displacement d. rep 78/68 proteins are required for RNA primer synthesis, initiation, and resolution
rep 78/68 proteins are required for RNA primer synthesis, initiation, and resolution
which of the following process occurs, immediately after the release of a viral gapped DNA or viral plus stranded DNA a. replication into double stranded RNA template for transcription b. replication into double stranded genomic DNA c. repairment of double stranded DNA template for transcription d. transcription into mRNA
repairment of double stranded DNA template for transcription
Which of the following is NOT a universal rule of viral DNA replication? a. DNA synthesis may be primer dependent or independent b. The DNA synthesis is always template directed c. The dNTPs are incorporated at the 3′-OH of the DNA chain d. Replication can initiate at random sites on templates called origin of replication
replication can initiate at random sites on templates called origin of replication
How is DNA replication of parvovirus and adenovirus similar? a. None of the above b. They both require protein-linked primers c. Replication occurs by strand displacement d. A replication fork forms at the origin of replication
replication occurs by strand displacement
which of the following process describes the polyadenylation of mRNAs in vesicular stomatiti virus? a. snatching poly(A) tails from cellular mRNAs b. all of the above processes can polyadenylate VSV mRNAs c. slippage of the RNA polymerase and recopying over a seven residue urine at each intergenic region d. addition of poly(A) with the help of poly(A) binding protein, PABP
slippage of the RNA polymerase and recopying over a seven residue uridine at each intergenic region
Spliceosomes which of the following is found in a spliceosome? a. micro RNAs b. silencing RNAs c. small nuclear RNAs d. ribosomal RNAs
small nuclear RNAs
which statement about viral DNA synthesis is not correct? a. small DNA viruses encode at least one protein involved in DNA synthesis b. large DNA viruses encode many proteins involved in DNA synthesis c. some viruses encode all proteins needed for DNA replicaiton d. viral DNA replication is always delayed after infection because it requires the synthesis of at least one viral protein
some viruses encode all proteins needed for DNA replication
which RNA polymerase mode of action model explains the VSV mRNA synthesis and attenuation at intergenic regions? a. moving template model b. stop-start model c. protein dependent priming model d. cap snatching model
stop-start model
Which of the following non-retro-viral DNA replication does not require an RNA primer? a. Strand displacement DNA synthesis b. Replication fork based DNA synthesis from a single origin c. Replication fork based DNA synthesis from a multiple origins d. Rolling circle DNA synthesis
strand displacement DNA synthesis
which of the following process form the 5' mRNA cap structure in the Influenza Virus? a. the 5' cap is cleaved and snatched by the virus from host small nuclear RNAs b. the RNA polymerase snatches a 5' binding protein cap to cap the mRNA and attach two uridine residues c. the RNA polymerase catalyzes a 7-methyl guanosine formation followed by 5-5 triphosphate bridge formation to the second adenine base d. the 5' cap is cleaved and snatched by the virus from host nuclear pre-mRNAs
the 5' cap is cleaved and snatched by the virus from host nuclear pre-mRNAs
which of the following acts as a primer for the initiation of poliovirus mRNA synthesis? a. the 3' pseudoknot b. the VPg protein and covalently bonded two uridine residues c. the CRE element and covalently bonded two uridine residues d. the VPg protein
the VPg protein and covalently bonded two uridine residues
how the immediate early transcriptional regulation of Herpesvirus is different from the adenovirus? a. herpesvirus uses a cascade regulation unlike adenoviral autoregulation b. herpesvirus packs its RNA polymerase but adenovirus do not c. the herpesvirus immediate early transcription facto VP16 have cellular origin whereas adenovirus packs the immediate early E1A transcription factor in the virion d. the immediate early transcription factor VP16 is packaged into the Herpesvirus virion but Adenovirus use cellular transcription factors for its immediate early transcription
the immediate early transcription factor VP16 is packaged into the herpesvirus virion but adenovirus use cellular transcription factors for its immediate early transcription
Coronavirus and Retrovirus are two unique viruses among the plus-strand RNA viruses. Which of the following feature make them unique? a. they are only enveloped viruses among plus strand RNA viruses b, both of them carry reverse transcriptase c. both A and B are correct d. they are only plus-stranded RNA viruses with encapsidated genomic RNA in the form of the nculeocapsid
they are only plus strand RNA viruses with encapsidated genomic RNA in the form of the nucleocapsid
which of the following reaction takes place at the splicing site of a pre-mRNA. a. methylation b. cis-esterfication c. trans-esterfication d. acetylation
trans-esterfication
what is the first biosynthetic event that occurs in cells infected with dsDNA virus? a. membrane fusion b. transcription c. protein synthesis d. NA replication
transcription
which of the following is NOT true about viral mRNAs? a. all of the above are true about the viral mRNAs b. viral mRNAs could be benome length or shorter subgenomic length c. viral mRNAs may be attached with a protein at its 5' end; instead of a cap d. uncapped viral mRNAs cant be translated into protein by the ribosomes
uncapped viral mRNAs cant be translated into protein by ribosomes
The mRNAs are synthesized by the reovirus in which of the following structural state of the virus? a. at the infectious sub viral particle (IVSP) stage after acid dependent proteolytic cleavage b. double capsid virion stage of the virus after in the acidic endosome c. when the core particle is released into the cytoplasm d. after the genomic RNAs are released into the cytoplasm from the core
when the core particle is released into the cytoplasm
which of the following is the signature structure of a DNA binding domain of a transcriptional activator protein? a. cloverleaf structure b. zinc finger c. dimerization domain d. leucine zipper
zinc finger
