Vitamania Reading Quiz Questions

atomic weight

weighted average of all isotopes number is reported on periodic table

wet vs dry beriberi

wet = cardiovascular dry = nervous system

What is the copyright year of this book?

2015

In the late 1400's and early 1500's, ship owners and governments expected what percent of their long-voyage sailors to die from scurvy?

50%

Which continents produce the majority of synthetic vitamins?

Europe and Asia? Double check (ch 2)

Using chickens and rice, who won the first vitamin-related Nobel Prize?

Christiaan Eijkman ( i think ch 3)

Which market accounted for over 80% of the SNAP/Double UpFood Bucks (DUFB) transactions during the study period?

Eastern Market

Connect the method to the macronutrient it detects when doing proximate analysis:

FAT: extracted using ether or another solvent and then measured PROTEIN: based on the amount of nitrogen in the sample MINERAL: combust (burn up) the food and measure the leftover amount of material WATER: weigh the sample, oven dry the sample, weigh the dried remains, calculate the weight difference CARB: all that is leftover

None of the animals that are produced for human consumption are given synthetic vitamins in their feed.

False

US military rations are devoid of synthetic vitamins.

False

Match the vitamin to its most common synthetic source.

Look in ch 2 Vitamin C -->sorbitol Vitamin A -->acetone/formaldehyde Niacin --> nylon6,6 Thiamin -->coaltar Vitamin D -->lanolin(sheepswool). Vitamin B12 -->bacteria

In the first half of the 1900's, which magazine carried articles by the Nutrition Scientist E.V. McCollum?

McCall's

"While enzymes speed up chemical reactions without being destroyed, most of the chemical reactions that depend on vitamins actually use up the vitamins. That's why we need a continuous external supply."

True

Even after many people attended and participated in "filth parties" where they exposed themselves to bodily fluids of individuals with pellagra and did not come down with pellagra, many scientists and doctors continued to believe that pellagra was an infectious disease and not adisease caused by niacin deficiency.

True

Even back in the 1400's and 1500's some people knew that certain fruits and vegetables could protect people from scurvy. Scurvy is the disease that caused gums to bleed, joint aches, arm/leg swelling, internal hemorrhaging, and poor wound healing

True

Food fortification is important for health and has solved major public health problems

True

In 2011, it was published that "large percentages of [our intakes of ] vitamins A, B6, B12, C, and D as well as thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate, and iron were from fortification and/or enrichment."

True

Sailors used to suffer from scurvy. A disease caused by a vitamin C deficiency.

True

The author posits that, "...food marketers and dietary supplement makers use synthetic vitamins to add a veneer of health to otherwise unhealthy products...

True

The primary role of vitamins is to facilitate chemical reactions (i.e they typically function as co-enzymes)

True

Match the vitamin to its characteristic(s)

Vitamin A vs C found in green peppers (C) present in eggs (A) important for the immune system (A) prevents scurvy (C)

In the early days when trying to cure beriberi what did scientists and doctors suspect was causingberiberi?

a germ / microbe

food

a compendium of vitamins and countlessother chemicals that might be beneficial for your health

Which of the following words was the precursor to "vitamin"? It was first published in 1912 by Casimir Funk.

vitamine

fortification

adding nutrients to foods that never naturally contained them

When do most people lose the ability to digest lactose (the most abundant sugar in both human milk and cow milk)?

after weaning (when you stop drinking mother's milk or formula)

How many Nobel prizes were awarded specifically for vitamin-related work?

at least 7

What living organism makes vitamin B12?

bacteria

What is the name of the disease that causes the following symptoms: swelling of legs and feet, general sense of numbness, distinctive gait, concentrated urine of bright color, loss of appetite, body wasting, lost voice, and suffocation?

beriberi

What molecule isn't technically nutritionally essential but can become nutritionally essential under the right conditions, and thus it has earned the moniker, the 14th human vitamin?

biotin? idk ch 3

What are three of the most commonly vitamin-enhanced and consumed foods in the US? (select all that apply)

bread, breakfast cereal, milk

What did McCollum and Davis add to their rats' diets that kept them alive?

butter fat or egg yolks

antioxidants

chemical molecules that are able to neutralize free radicals so that the free radicals don't cause harmful chain reactions in the body or in plants

What molecule can not be made when a person has a deficiency of vitamin C?

collagen

Most of the vitamins consumed by humans these days come from:

factories

Humans have the genes for producing vitamin C.

false

In the early days, animals raised on purified diets composed of only pure protein, fat, and carbohydrate thrived

false

Including carrots in their rations for their soldiers improved the British Royal Air Force's accuracy with gunning down Nazi aircraft

false

Yeast naturally produces vitamin B12.

false

Which of the following are macronutrients?

fats, proteins, and carbohydrates

What is one of the reasons so many synthetic vitamins are found in the US food supply?

food processing destroys many vitamins

Which of the following destroy vitamin C?

heating, cutting, exposure to air

According to the book, what is one of the most common ways that the amount of any one vitamin in a food is measured today?

high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

Which of the following conclusions are supported by the data reported in the paper (select all that apply):

repeat transactions were more common among those identifying as white and those who lived closest to a participating market few Detroit SNAP-enrolled households used SNAP/double up food bucks at a Detroit farmers market rates of return use varied widely by farmers market

enrichment

replacing nutrients that processing has destroyed

What roles does thiamin play in the body? (Select all that apply)

maintaining the brain and nervous system synthesizing RNA and DNA breaking down carbohydrates (double check ch 3)

Which of the following pieces of machinery/food processing techniques contributed to the rise of beriberi?

mechanized steel rollers

In the Wisconsin cow experiment run by McCollum, which of the following was true?

only the corn-fed cows gave birth to healthy offspring

Those who participated in the Double-up food buck (DUFB) program were predominantly (select all that apply):

residents of Detroit female living in households below the federal poverty line non-Hispanic black

EAR -estimated average requirement

the amount of a nutrient thought to meet the needs of 50 percent of the people in a particular age group

RDA - recommended daily allowance

the amount of a nutrient thought to meet the needs of 97-98 percent of the people in a particular age group

Which of the following is the definition of a calorie (which should be capitalized to Calorie

the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a kilogram of water by one degree centigrade

Babies of wealthy and educated Americans in the late 1800s and 1900s suffered from scurvy. Why?

the popularization of unfortified pasteurized cow's milk as a drink became preferred over that of human milk for infants

Which of the following were issues with the studies that Russell Wilder used to demonstrate the importance of thiamin for health?

there was no control group participants were not randomized to a treatment all of the participants had mental health problems the sample size was small (only 4 people in one and 6 in the other) the researchers were not blinded to which of the participants received the treatment the participants were not blinded to the treatment baseline diets of all participants were low in thiamin but also unbalanced in other ways

Micronutrients

they are only needed in really small quantities (usually less than 100 mg each day)

Essential vitamins

to function the body needs them, but the body can not synthesize them in sufficient quantities or at all

A. Lavoisier, a chemist, was one of the first to demonstrate and understand that the way the bodyuses the energy from food could be "compared to a slow-burning fire."

true

Atwater was a reductionist. He encouraged people to focus on the components of food and what those components do rather than the whole food. He thought people should choose their foods based only on the calories and protein they contained. He also determined that a gram of protein = 4 kcal, a gram of fat = 9 kcal, and a gram of carbohydrate = 4 kcal energy

true

Federal food assistance programs significantly reduce food insecurity

true

Fruit and vegetable consumption in most SNAP (supplemental nutrition assistance program) households remains far below the DGAs (dietary guidelines for Americans).

true

McCollum made an investment ($6) into his research for which he was never paid back, a common plight of poorly-funded scientists even today

true

Microbiology (germ theory) got in the way of nutritional sciences in the late 1800's and early 1900's.

true

Milling flour removes 70-80% of the thiamin that is naturally in wheat

true

President Franklin Delano Roosevelt considered food and food policy to be vital for national security

true

Sickness can be caused by either the presence of something bad or by the absence of something good.

true

The idea of vitamins, or chemical accessory compounds that were necessary for the body to grow and function well, began to really take off about 100 years ago. However, they weren't called vitamins at the time.

true

The term "nutritionally essential" means that the compound/molecule can not be made by the body and must be obtained elsewhere, i.e. from food/drink/etc

true

Thiamin requirements increase proportionally with carbohydrate consumption.

true

What was old is new again. Nutritional scientists in the early to mid-1900's were concerned that people were eating too much refined and processed foods and that consumption of those foods would put Americans at risk for health problems.

true

Germ theory was established in the late 1800's.

true? ch 3

Which factors contribute to the nutrient profile of a plant?

variety, wheregrown/picked,sun/water,processing,storage