VMPM 378 - TEDA/EEDA - Exam 02 (study this one!!)

Newcastle Disease Clinical Signs

Coughing, sneezing; rales; tremors; paralyzed wings and legs; greenish diarrhea; edema of the head, comb, and wattle; torticollis; decreased egg production; abnormal eggs

Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Etiology

Vesiculovirus (Rhabdoviridae)

Explain the transmission of BSE in cattle and how it is controlled.

· BSE is acquired only by eating contaminated tissues from infected animals, or by iatrogenic routes such as blood transfusions and organ transplants · Controlled by surveillance, slaughter and proper disposal of infected cows, and not feeding mammalian protein to cows

Describe the steps you will take if you are suspicious of a foreign animal infectious disease

○ Call the state vet or ADD

Describe the major traumatic exposures that can occur during disaster response that can psychologically impact veterinarians

○ Witnessing animal death and suffering, human suffering, and participating in depopulation of livestock

What is the difference between an Assistant District Director (ADD) and a State Animal Health Official (SAHO)?

*SAHO* - state veterinarian and his/her assistants, they are employees of the state and work closely with their federal counterparts, the ADD and field veterinary medical officers *ADD* - a USDA-APHIS-VS federal employee with responsibilities in a certain region/state. They work closely with the SAHO in the states they are responsible for

Explain the preventive measure in place to protect the U.S. from H5N1 HPAI.

· All imported birds must now be quarantined and tested for avian influenza viruses before they enter the country · In addition, APHIS has placed trade restrictions on the importation of poultry or poultry products from countries that have reported cases of HPAI · APHIS has alerted the U.S. Department of Homeland Security to be particularly vigilant in its agricultural inspections of passengers and cargo from Asia and has increased its surveillance of domestic markets for illegally imported poultry products · The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, together with APHIS and state wildlife agencies, is conducting surveillance for HPAI viruses in wild birds · In addition, the USDA is working with OIE, the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and World Health Organization (WHO) to help affected countries and their neighbors with disease prevention, management, and eradication to reduce the global threat from this virus

What are examples of cognitive or thinking stress reactions?

○ Confusion or disorientation ○ Indecisiveness ○ Memory problems ○ Trouble concentrating

Explain the importance of risk communication in foreign animal and zoonotic disease response and in veterinary public health practice.

○ Risk communication is an open, two-way exchange of information and opinion about risk that leads to better understanding and better risk management decisions by all involved (e.g. veterinarians, animal owners, and consumers) ○ Risk communication tailors communication so it takes into account the emotional response to an event (such as the culling of animals - this can be an emotional event for the animal owners and veterinarians involved as well as for the public) ○ Risk communication empowers audiences to make informed decisions (e.g. to appropriately decide what meat products they will avoid during a recall of hamburger due to E. coli contamination) ○ Proper risk communication discourages negative behavior and/or encourages constructive responses to crisis or danger (e.g. it can discourage over reaction such as not eating any beef product from any company when only one company's products are being recalled. At the same time, good risk communication can encourage a positive response such as proper hygiene practices when cooking raw meat). Encouraging constructive responses often includes fostering self-efficacy

Briefly describe the U.S. CSF surveillance program and the ASF, FMD Swine Surveillance Pilot Project

○ USDA CSF Surveillance Program • Swine populations targeted for surveillance ○ Swine highly suspicious for CSF ○ Sick pigs submitted to a veterinary diagnostic laboratory ○ Pigs condemned at slaughter by the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) ○ Feral swine collected by Wildlife Services (WS) ○ ASF, FMD Swine Surveillance Pilot Project • Targeted populations ○ Laboratory submission of sick/dead pigs for postmortem examination and testing. Encourage the lab to test those samples that qualify by filling out the supplemental submission form. ○ On-farm collection of swine samples from registered or illegal garbage feeders. ○ On-farm sample collection from swine on premises suspected or known to have feral swine exposure ○ Slaughter samples collected from State or Federal condemned swine due to erysipelas, septicemia, or pneumonias postmortemt; and high fever, moribund, and CNS signs ante mortem. ○ On-farm or slaughter samples from unthrifty pigs. These animals are targeted mostly for ASF and CSF under the assumption that low virulence strains could cause animals to not thrive ○ The surveillance programs are a joint effort between APHIS and the NAHLN laboratories ○ Validated samples for the surveillance tests are • Tonsils or tonsil scrapings/nasal swabs for CSF • Whole blood (2 ml in EDTA tube) for ASF • Oral swabs for FMD ○ The validated tests for surveillance of these diseases are PCR tests ○ These surveillance tests are not confirmatory tests. When a NAHLN laboratory finds a positive on a surveillance test, they will send the samples on to an NVSL for further testing. Confirmatory testing can only be done by an NVSL

What are ways veterinarians can reduce stress before a disaster response?

○ Understand your role as a disaster responder and establish clear lines or authority ○ Prepare yourself for understanding stress responses and techniques for managing stress ○ Establish a disaster response plan for your family and loved ones and determine how communication will be achieved during the crisis if you are separated

Describe important biosecurity measures that should be taken when a vesicular disease is being investigated

○ Use strict biosecurity measures for animals, animal products, vehicles, people, and equipment ○ Restrict or stop all animal movement to prevent entry or spread of the disease ○ Observe, detect, and report any disease or unusual signs to your herd veterinarian as quickly as possible

Describe the importation process.

1. Any animal that can carry serious diseases must be imported through a USDA Import Center, in New York, Miami, and Los Angeles 2. An APHIS port vet gives the animals a preliminary examination and checks their ID, health certificates, and permits 3. If an animal's paperwork is in order taken to the local quarantine facility 4. If any documentation or information is missing the animal is refused entry and they remain at the import center until the problem is corrected or the animal is sent back to its country of origin 5. At the quarantine center the animal gets a through physical examination and is sprayed for external parasites, they are then taken to isolation facilities for 3, 7, 30, or 60 days depending on the species of the animal and its country of origin, also tested for diseases, tests vary with the animal species and country of origin 6. When all required tests are negative and the quarantine period has passed with no signs of disease the animal is released to its owner, the state that will receive the animal is notified that the animal is being released from quarantine

What are the primary agencies responsible for international animal health and U.S. animal health.

1. World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) 2. USDA-APHIS

Define mental health.

A state of psychological and emotional well-being that enables an individual to work, love, relate to others effectively, and resolve conflicts

Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF) Etiology

AHV-1 (Wildebeest-associated) OHV-2 (Sheep associated)

Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF) Etiology

AHV-1 -aerosol (stress induced) OHV-2 - not completely understood

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) Etiology

Aphthovirus (Picornaviridae)

Newcastle Disease Etiology

Avulavirus (Paramyxoviridae), Avian Paramyxovirus - 1

Bluetongue Transmission

Biting midges; iatrogenic

Differentials for vesicular disease in cattle.

Bluetongue Bovine Viral Diarrhea/Mucosal Disease Complex (BVD/MD) Vesicular Stomatitis Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF) Traumatic Stomatitis Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Rinderpest

HPAI Transmission

Direct and indirect contact Fecal-oral Aerosol

Newcastle Disease Transmission

Direct and indirect contact Fecal-oral Aerosol

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) Transmission

Direct contact, aerosol

Vesicular Stomatitis Transmission

Direct contact, hematophagus insects

Bovine Viral Diarrhea/Mucosal Disease Complex Transmission

Direct/indirect contact

Rinderpest Transmission

Direct/indirect contact

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) Transmission

Direct/indirect contact, aerosol; coitus; in utero

FAD Incursion - Response

FAD highly suspect but not confirmed While testing is still ongoing at NVSL planning for a possible response begins Federal authorities must notify the OIE immediately of the situation, neighboring countries and major trading partners During the outbreak APHIS also consults with agricultural officials in other countries about the status of the outbreak, biosecurity issues, and surveillance APHIS Veterinary Services is responsible for coordinating the response to an FAD In addition to APHIS, other federal groups may participate in the response depending on the disease and the situation All of these responders use a common framework, called the Incident Command System to organize the response During the outbreak, disease response and eradication personnel work from a set of guidelines published by the USDA Early in the response an incident command post is established in the area of the outbreak and response teams are dispatched to perform each activity needed to bring it under control

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) Clinical Signs

Fever, anorexia, coughing, excessive salivation, nasal discharge, conjunctivitis with lacrimal discharge, inflamed nares ("red nose"), dyspnea, +/- abortion

Bluetongue Clinical Signs

Fever, excessive salivation, depression, dyspnea and panting; facial edema; dry and crust exudate on nostrils; hyperemic coronary bands; petechial or ecchymotic hemorrhages extending down the horn

Bovine Viral Diarrhea/Mucosal Disease Complex (BVD/MD) Clinical Signs

Fever, leukopenia, diarrhea, inappetence, erosive lesions of the nares and mouth, GI tract; death

Traumatic Stomatitis Clinical Signs

Frothy salivation, edematous sores on the buccal mucosa

Newcastle Disease Prevention and Control

Good biosecurity - bird-proofing houses, feed and water supplies, minimizing travel on and off the facility, and disinfecting vehicles and equipment that enter the farm Control pests such as insects and mice

Describe how the HPAI virus in the 2015 outbreak was introduced into the United States, from where, and where it spread to in the United States

H5N8 virus emerged in Asia, most intensely in South Korea and Japan, resulting in the death of millions of chickens and ducks. November, these viruses were isolated in Germany from commercial poultry and a wild duck. By mid-December, they had been detected in commercial poultry in the Netherlands, the UK and Italy. The virus made its way to North America and earned the designation of intercontinental influenza because of its ability to move around the world. *Scientists believe that the HPAI H5N8 virus was carried to Alaska by infected migratory waterfowl migrating on the East Asia/Australia flyway.* British Columbia (Canada), Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and California reported sporadic outbreaks of H5N8, H5N1 and H5N2 HPAI influenza in wild birds and backyard poultry. There were also a few cases in commercial poultry flocks. The H5N1 and H5N2 HPAI viruses were reassortant viruses. At some point, birds had been co-infected with H5N8 HPAI and North American low pathogenic (LP) AI viruses, enabling these viruses to exchange some gene segments (reassort). The H5N1 and H5N2 HPAI viruses contained the H5 from the H5N8 HPAI virus and N1 or N2 genes from North American LPAI viruses. These new reassortant viruses have been named Eurasian American (EA/AM) H5N2 and EA/AM H5N1.

What are the factors that drive perceptions of risk?

Hazard - the danger or probability of the risk occurring Outrage (or emotional response) - the fear, dread, or anger that would erupt should the risk occur

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) Etiology

Herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1)

What are the highly contagious foreign animal diseases of birds?

High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (HPAI) Exotic Newcastle Disease (END)

What is the role of the National Animal Health Laboratory Network (NAHLN) in diagnosing an exotic disease in the US?

In situations of high laboratory submissions, like an exotic animal disease outbreak, NVSL may be assisted by state and university laboratories that are part of the National Animal Health Laboratory Network (NAHLN) NAHLN laboratories help NVSL in testing suspect herds, determining the extent of the outbreak, and conducting follow-up surveillance to determine when a state or area is disease-free. They also perform routine targeted surveillance testing

What is the role of the National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) in diagnosis an exotic disease in the US?

In the US, the primary responsibility for FAD testing belongs to the USDA APHIS Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL)

Newcastle Disease Pathogenesis and Lesions

Infection with velogenic viscerotropic viruses causes damage by infecting and destroying lymphoid tissue, resulting in: eyelid edema, conjunctivitis, hemorrhage in the intestinal tract, splenic necrosis, tracheal hemorrhagic lesions and congestion Gross lesions are not observed in the central nervous system of birds infected with NDV regardless of the pathotype. However, the virus does infect neurons and cause microscopic lesions of gliosis and perivascular cuffing

HPAI Etiology

Influenzavirus A (Orthomyxoviridae), H5 and H7 subtypes

Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF) Clinical Signs

Lymphadenopathy; severe skin and eye lesions; hemorrhagic enteritis and cystitis; inflammation and necrosis of respiratory, alimentary, or urinary mucosal epithelium; widespread vasculitis

Newcastle Disease Geographic Distribution

Many countries in Asia, Middle East, Africa, Central and South America, and some European countries

Rinderpest Etiology

Morbillivirus (Paramyxoviridae)

HPAI Pathogenesis and Lesions

Occasionally disease is so acute that there are no pronounced gross lesions with highly pathogenic viruses Generally, lesions can be a variety of hemorrhagic, necrotic, and congestive changes, there may be: edema and swelling of the comb, wattle, and sinuses, cyanosis of the comb and wattles, tracheal hemorrhage as well as hemorrhage in the intestinal tract, hyperemia and subcutaneous hemorrhage of the legs and other non-feathered areas of the skin, petechial hemorrhages in the fat and over the heart, hemorrhages of the proventriculus, marked congestion and pneumonia of the lung

FAD Incursion - Investigation

Once a disease has been reported to a SAHO or an ADD as suspicious they will assign a trained FADD to investigate ADDs coordinate the response with SAHOs. The SAHO, ADD, or FADD enters the case into the computerized national Emergency Management Response System (EMRS), a system that is used to report and track possible foreign and/or emerging animal disease investigations The assigned FADD contacts the affected facility and visits the premises as soon as possible to perform a herd exam, conduct necropsies if necessary, and collect laboratory samples. The FAD ships necessary diagnostic samples to the appropriate National Veterinary Services Laboratory (NVSL) and informs the laboratory that the samples are on their way. The FADD helps the producer establish biosecurity measures that will prevent the disease from spreading Ongoing information from the investigation is entered into the EMRS where it can be viewed by state and federal animal health authorities In the US, the primary responsibility for FAD testing belongs to the USDA APHIS Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) *Only the NVSL can confirm an outbreak of an exotic disease* NVSL also supports testing for export certification, as well as surveillance, eradication, and control programs for domestic diseases, it also certifies other laboratories to conduct diagnostic tests for regulated diseases such as equine infectious anemia, equine viral arteritis, brucellosis, and bluetongue In situations of high laboratory submissions, like an exotic animal disease outbreak, NVSL may be assisted by state and university laboratories that are part of the National Animal Health Laboratory Network (NAHLN) US labs that have been classified as OIE international reference laboratories are sometimes asked to help diagnose exotic disease outbreaks in other countries

Bluetongue Etiology

Orbivirus (Reoviridae)

Bovine Viral Diarrhea/Mucosal Disease Complex (BVD/MD) Etiology

Pestivirus (Flaviviridae)

FAD Incursion - Report

Practitioner - obligated to report a variety of diseases to state or federal authorities, zoonotic diseases may also be reported to the human health department, a practitioner should not submit laboratory samples or attempt to diagnose a suspected FAD themselves, report to the State Animal Health Official's (SAHOs) office or the APHIS Assistant District Director (ADD) Producers or county extension specialists may contact state and federal officials directly to report a suspected foreign animal disease Veterinary diagnostic laboratories sometimes find exotic diseases in samples submitted with the suspicion of domestic disease APHIS conducts routine surveillance for certain FADs such as classical swine fever, that are at high risk of entering the US

FAD Incursion - Recognition

Private practitioner - usually the first professionals to suspect an exotic disease

What are the stress reaction categories?

Psychological/emotional reactions Behavioral reactions Physical reactions Cognitive or thinking reactions Social or interpersonal reactions Mild, transient distress Moderate psychological symptoms Psychiatric illness or disorder

What are the important components/steps in handling a FAD incursion?

Recognition Reporting Response Investigation Recovery

Vesicular Stomatitis Clinical Signs

Salivation, lameness, vesicles in/on oral cavity, mammary gland, coronary band, interdigital region

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) Clinical Signs

Salivation, stamping of feet, vesicles on dental pad, gums, lips, coronary band and interdigital cleft of the feet, teats, udder Cardiomyopathy in calves

HPAI Clinical Signs

Sudden death; cyanosis and edema of the head, comb, and wattle; subcutaneous hemorrhage; bloody oral and nasal discharge; greenish diarrhea; depression, ataxia, torticollis; sudden death, decreased egg production, thin-shelled eggs

FAD Incursion - Recovery

The OIE's Terrestrial Animal Health Code and Aquatic Animal Health Code sets the standards that determine when a country will be classified as disease free In the US, APHIS Veterinary Services works towards recovery from a disease outbreak through partnerships with local and state governments and other organizations, including livestock industries Recovery activities include prompt payment for euthanized livestock and destroyed materials, the lifting of quarantines and movement controls, the renegotiation of international export protocols, and federal government and industry reassurances and reinforcement of consumer expectations

Who is responsible for border patrol?

US Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) Customs and Border Protection Unit

What is the role of international reference laboratories in diagnosing an exotic disease in the US?

US labs that have been classified as OIE international reference laboratories are sometimes asked to help diagnose exotic disease outbreaks in other countries The US can also, if necessary, request assistance from an international OIE reference laboratory that has expertise in a particular disease

Traumatic Stomatitis Etiology

e.g. barley awns, foxtail, porcupine grass

Who is responsible for the importation of animals?

§ US Department of Health and Human Services § FDA § CDC § USDA § US Fish and Wildlife Service

Describe the characteristics of disease caused by classical swine fever virus including clinical signs

· Also known as hog cholera · Caused by the Classical Swine Fever Virus · Clinical signs vary with the strain of the virus and the age and susceptibility of the animal · Button ulcers are sometimes found in the intestinal linig in pigs infected with CSF · Acute cases, which are caused by highly virulent isolates and have a high mortality rate, are likely to be diagnosed rapidly ○ Fever, incoordination, listlessness, cutaneous hemorrhages, sometimes vomiting, constipation, or diarrhea, ocular and nasal discharge, abortion ○ Neurologic signs may occur · Infections with less virulent isolates can be more difficult to recognize, particularly in older pigs that have developed some immunity after exposure. These infections may be relatively mild and can resemble other diseases · In some herds where this virus has become endemic, the only symptom may be poor reproductive performance or the failure of some pigs to thrive · The wide range of clinical signs and similarity to other diseases can make CSF challenging to diagnose

Describe some of the challenges associated with recognizing BSE and the risks associated with the disease.

· Animals that have been infected with TSEs usually remain asymptomatic for long periods, typically several years, before developing clinical signs · BSE has a wide host range · Once clinical signs develop, the disease is always progressive and rapidly fatal

Describe the various ways influenza is transmitted and some characteristics of the virus that allow it to mutate and the risk factors associated with that.

· Due to poor proofreading during gene replication, influenza viruses can quickly accumulate small mutations, a process called 'antigenic drift' · In addition, they can exchange genes with other influenza viruses, an ability facilitated by their segmented genome. If two influenza viruses infect a cell simultaneously, the segments may mix when new virus particles are assembled. An influenza virus can 'reassort' with any other influenza virus, regardless of its origin · Sometimes, an influenza virus can also infect a different species without reassortment. Usually the virus is poorly adapted to the new species, cannot be transmitted efficiently, and quickly dies out · Species jumps are aided by the influenza virus' tendency to change quickly

Explain the risks of BSE to humans, transmission, and disease it causes.

· If it spreads to humans it resembles Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, a neurological disease that occurs in people with genetic changes in the cellular equivalent of the prion protein ○ This form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is contagious and zoonotic · Transmitted to humans by eating contaminated bovine tissues · Because cooking does not destroy the BSE agent, there is no practical way to prevent human infections except to keep BSE-contaminated tissues out of the human food chain

Describe what BSE is and how and when it originated.

· Neurodegenerative disease caused by prions · Prions are infectious proteins that are thought to replicate by converting a normal cellular protein, which is found on the surface of neurons, into copies of the prion · BSE has a wide host range · First clinical cases of BSE were reported in 1984 but the nature of the disease wasn't recognized until two years later · Was diagnosed in cows with unusual neurological syndromes and no definitive diagnosis could be made · Finally identified the disease as a probable new transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of cattle · Epidemiological studies suggested that BSE was caused by consumption of meat-and-bone-meal

Describe the various ways CSF virus can be transmitted and introduced into a herd of pigs and characteristics of the virus that make it a challenge to control.

· Pigs can be infected by ingestion, inhalation, genital (semen) infection, or wound contamination · CSF virus is often spread by contact with infected pigs or the feeding of inadequately cooked garbage · The virus can also be transmitted on fomites · Virus shedding can begins before the onset of clinical signs, occurs throughout the course of acute or subclinical disease, and may go on continuously or intermittently for months in chronically infected pigs · CSF virus can also remain infectious for long periods in refrigerated, frozen, smoked, or cured meat

Explain the components of a successful response to an outbreak.

· Place a hold on movement · Take blood samples · Establish protection and surveillance zones and prohibit movement of all pigs in the zones · Kill infected pigs and pigs on infected farms and properly destroy the carcasses · Clean and disinfect the farms · Trace movement of pigs, feedstuffs, vehicles, and people onto and off the premises to identify possible sources of the virus and limit the spread of infection

Describe African swine fever (ASF) including etiology, species affected, geographic distribution, routes of transmission, stability of the virus, pathogenesis, clinical signs, post mortem lesions, diagnosis (including important samples to submit), and public health implications

• Caused by African Swine Fever virus. • Is a foreign animal viral disease that occurs mainly in subsaharan Africa, that can have peracute, acute, subacute or chronic manifestations. • Clinical signs for highly virulent strains include high fever, anorexia, lethargy, purple blotches on the ears and lower legs. Some pigs develop diarrhea. • Gross lesions include enlarged and hemorrhagic lymph nodes and spleen. • Pigs of all ages are susceptible. • Large, enveloped, DNA virus in the Asfaviridae (Asfar = African Swine Fever And Related) family and genus Asfivirus. • Infects domestic and wild pigs; in Africa, warthogs, bush pigs, etc. are asymptomatic reservoirs for the virus • Endemic in sub-Saharan central and east Africa and in wild pigs in Sardinia, Italy. The virus has caused outbreaks in the Caucasus, Russia, Lithuania, Poland, and Latvia in domestic swine and wild boars. In Estonia, it has infected wild boar. The repeated outbreaks in the Baltic States have been limited to small numbers of backyard operations and wild boar. • The African swine fever virus is highly resistant to environmental conditions. It can survive: ○ A year and a half in blood stored at 4º C ○ 11 days in feces at room temperature ○ At least a month in contaminated pig pens. ○ 150 days in boned meat stored at 39º F, ○ 140 days in salted dried hams, ○ Several years in frozen carcasses

· Describe classical swine fever (CSF) including etiology, species affected, geographic distribution, routes of transmission, stability of the virus, pathogenesis, clinical signs, post mortem lesions, diagnosis (including important samples to submit), and public health implications

• Caused by Classical Swine Fever virus. • This is a foreign animal disease that still occurs in Asia, Africa and South and Central America, and Eastern Europe. • Clinical signs are similar to those seen in ASF infected pigs with virulent strains of the virus. • Gross lesions are similar to ASF, in addition petechial hemorrhages are common in multiple organs, including kidney, urinary bladder, epicardium, intestines and spleen. • CSF very well could present itself like this, but it is a foreign animal viral disease. • Enveloped, single stranded RNA virus in the Flaviviridae family, genus Pestivirus; same family and genus as the BVD virus • Infects domestic and wild pigs • Endemic on some Caribbean islands, and in much of Asia, South and Central America, Madagascar, and Mauritius. It is also endemic in wild boar in some parts of Europe. • Eradicated from the US, Canada, New Zealand and Australia; most of western and central Europe is free of CSF. • CSF virus is moderately fragile in the environment; it is inactivated by UV light and drying. However, it is reported to survive: ○ Three days at 50ºC and 7 to 15 days at 37ºC. ○ Variable in pens and on fomites under field conditions. Some studies suggest that virus inactivation occurs within a few days, while others describe survival, under winter conditions, for up to four weeks. ○ Nearly three months in refrigerated meat and for more than four years in frozen meat. ○ In cured and smoked meats, survival will vary with the technique and can range from 17 to more than 180 days.

List, from most frequent to rare, and briefly describe the reactions of people to risk

○ *Acceptance* ○ *Fear* - an adjustment reaction that is our natural reaction during a crisis § Characteristics of this fear include □ It is automatic □ It comes early □ It is temporary □ It is a small over-reaction □ It may need guidance □ It reduces later over-reaction ○ *Denial* § Less common than fear § More dangerous than fear § More common response than panic § Reduced when: □ We legitimize the fear □ Take action to address fear □ Make decisions to act from a given range of options ○ *Panic* - sudden strong feeling of fear that prevents reasonable thought or action

Compare & contrast types of risk communication described by Peter Sandman.

○ *Precaution advocacy* § Telling people to please take precautions § Do this when there is high hazard and low outrage § Goal is to increase the outrage because that's the most effective way we have of getting people to take precautions ○ *Outrage management* § High outrage, low hazard § Goal is to reduce the outrage in order to reduce the hazard perception in order to reduce the precaution taking or the pressure on government or corporations to take precautions that are actually not necessary ○ *Crisis communication* § High hazard, high outrage § Don't want to increase outrage or decrease outrage § Help them take wise rather than unwise precautions in the face of their feelings

When given basic facts about a case of systemic disease in pigs, formulate a list of top differentials, including endemic and foreign animal diseases

○ Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae ○ Erysipelas ○ Haemophilus parasuis ○ Porcine Circovirus Asscociated Disease (PCVAD) ○ Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome (PDNS) ○ Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrom (PRRS) ○ Salmonella ○ Swine Influenza (SIV) ○ African Swine Fever (ASF) ○ Classical Swine Fever (CSF)

Describe the risk communication practices (key messages) you will use in the event of a suspected or real foreign animal disease outbreak. Describe the potential consequences of improper communication

○ Be sure to acknowledge the validity of your client's concerns ○ Think about the key messages (talking points) you should focus on: • What you know, what you don't know, and what you are doing to find answers • When you will know more/ when and how you can update interested parties • What people can do, must do, could do, should do (e.g. follow recommended biosecurity measures) • Is there a threat to public health? ○ Consequences • Illness, injury, death • No support for response plan • No execution of response plan • Misallocation and wasting of resources • Decision-makers are not well informed • Rumors • Uninformed decision-making concerning risk

What are examples of mental health issues faced by veterinarians?

○ Common sources of stress faced by veterinarians in everyday practice ○ Long working hours ○ Stressful relationships with peers, managers, and/or clients ○ Lack of resources ○ Performing euthanasia ○ Work and life balance ○ Maintaining skills and expertise ○ Possible reasons associated with the increased risk of suicide in veterinarians ○ Increased access to means of suicide via self-poisoning ○ Increased exposure to death and euthanasia ○ Work-related stressors ○ Pre-existing mental conditions

What are examples of physical stress reactions?

○ Fatigue ○ Sleep disturbances ○ Body aches and/or pains ○ Nausea or gastrointestinal upset ○ Weight loss or gain ○ Tremors or muscle twitching ○ Sweating or chills

Compare and contrast biosecurity practices for personal protection and limiting disease spread

○ For personal protection wear protective outerwear, gloves, mask, and protective eyewear ○ To prevent spread quarantine and disinfect with Nolvasan-S, Roccal-D Plus, Virkon-S, or 6% household bleach

Describe the situation and signs you would observe in a poultry flock that would cause you to be highly suspicious of ND or HPAI and call the animal health officials

○ High mortality ○ Decreasing egg production ○ Conjunctivitis and depression ○ Comb edema and hemorrhage ○ Tracheal hemorrhage ○ Proventricular hemorrhage ○ Intestinal hemorrhage

What are risks for introduction of Newcastle Disease or HPAI into a flock?

○ Imported birds ○ Pet birds, free - flying cormorants ○ Live bird markets

What are differentials for high mortality in poultry?

○ Infectious laryngiotracheitis ○ Fowl cholera ○ Marek's Disease ○ Management problems ○ Newcastle disease ○ HPAI

What are examples of social or interpersonal stress reactions?

○ Isolation or withdrawal ○ Blaming or distrust ○ Difficulty giving or accepting support/help ○ Loss of ability to experience pleasure or fun ○ Feeling rejected or abandoned

What are the potential consequences of the smuggled bird market?

○ May carry infectious diseases ○ Spread to and death of commercial poultry flocks

Describe the core actions and goals of psychological first aid

○ PFA is designed to assist people to minimize distress early on and to help those involved in a disaster better cope with the situation ○ Contact and engagement - to respond to contact(s) initiated by survivors, or initiate contact(s) in a non-intrusive, compassionate, and helpful manner ○ Safety and comfort - to enhance immediate and ongoing safety, and provide physical and emotional comfort ○ Stabilization (if needed) - to calm and orient emotionally overwhelmed or disoriented survivors ○ Information gathering: current needs and concerns - to identify immediate needs and concerns, gather additional information, and tailor Psychological First Aid interventions ○ Practical Assistance - to offer practical help to survivors in addressing immediate needs and concerns ○ Connection with Social Supports - to help establish brief or ongoing contacts with primary supports persons or other sources of support, including family members, friends, and community helping resources ○ Information and coping - to provide information about stress reactions and coping to reduce distress and promote adaptive functioning ○ Linkage with collaborative services - to link survivors with available services needed at the time or in the future

Describe the basic biosecurity and personal protection needed to reduce risks of introduction, spread, and zoonotic infections of important poultry diseases

○ Park truck away from the facility ○ Before entering the facility change into clean coveralls and boots, gloves, and put on a mask and protective eyewear ○ Persons, equipment, and vehicles that are on the infected farm not be moved to other poultry farms ○ People visiting the farm should wear disposable coveralls and footwear ○ Footbaths and other means of disinfecting equipment should be present on the farm

Describe key biosecurity practices that are important to prevent introduction and spread of endemic and foreign animal diseases on farms with swine

○ Park your vehicle away from the animal building. Make sure your windows are closed. ○ Designate "clean" and "dirty" areas of your vehicle ○ Put on your protective clothing when you get out of the truck. Minimally this includes coveralls, boots, and gloves ○ You should take a mask and protective eyewear along with you in the event you do a necropsy and you need protection from body fluids that may splash onto your face ○ Take your supplies for examination and necropsy with you to minimize travel back and forth to your truck. ○ As you are talking with the owner observe healthy animals first and then proceed to the sick animals ○ Discard disposable materials used during your examination and necropsy (e.g. syringes, paper products) into a bag ○ Put all "dirty" washable equipment into a bucket of disinfectant ○ Change gloves ○ Remove protective eyewear and mask, if used ○ Walk away from the building ○ Place non-disposable "dirty" items in the "dirty" compartment of the vehicle ○ Remove coveralls, boots, and gloves and place in a bag to be disinfected or discarded ○ Wash hands well ○ Leave the contaminated disposables with the owner, if possible ○ Limit the number of people in and out ○ Use clean coveralls, boots, and gloves. These items should not be worn off the farm. ○ Control wild birds, animals, and rodents. Organisms, such as Salmonella, can be spread by rodents ○ Protect feed sources from contamination, never feed table scraps or garbage to farm animals. For those states that do allow garbage feeding, make sure that all cooking and regulatory procedures are being followed ○ Park vehicles away from barns and livestock areas, avoid transfer of dirt, mud or manure by vehicles ○ After working with sick animals, avoid working with healthy animals

What are ways veterinarians can reduce stress after a disaster response?

○ Participate in organized debriefing activities ○ Resume normal activities and hobbies ○ Practice stress and relaxation techniques ○ Take advantage of counseling from peers, professionals, hotlines, or colleagues ○ Avoid substance abuse

Exotic Newcastle Disease (END) Clinical Signs

○ Respiratory: coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge ○ Digestive: watery diarrhea ○ CNS: depression, ataxia, torticollis ○ Sudden death without clinical signs, decreased egg production, thin-shelled eggs

High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (HPAI) Clinical Signs

○ Respiratory: coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge ○ Digestive: watery diarrhea ○ CNS: depression, ataxia, torticollis ○ Sudden death without clinical signs, decreased egg production, thin-shelled eggs

What are ways veterinarians can reduce stress during a disaster response?

○ Schedule and/or participate in routine briefings on the status of the mobilization and disaster efforts (typically coordinated by an incident commander) ○ Encourage and support fellow colleagues as needed and employ techniques of PFA as necessary ○ Take breaks when available and at least at the end of each shift ○ Practice stress and relaxation techniques ○ Attempt to maintain a regular eating and sleeping schedule and avoid substance abuse ○ Communicate with loved ones ○ Alternate between low and high-stress activities if your response team staffing allows

What are examples of psychological/emotional stress reactions?

○ Shock ○ Anxiety or fear ○ Grief or sadness ○ Anger ○ Guilt or shame ○ Helplessness

List and explain the most likely ways CSF and/or ASF could be introduced into the U.S.

○ Smoked meats, refrigerated meat, and frozen meat imported from other countries because the virus is extremely hardy and can survive for many years

Who should be called when vesicular lesions are observed in cattle?

○ State Animal Health Official ○ USDA Assistant District Director (ADD)

What are examples of behavioral stress reactions?

○ Substance abuse ○ Difficulty communicating ○ Irritability ○ Inability to relax ○ Crying ○ Hypervigilance or excessive worry ○ Avoidance of activities that trigger memories

What are three risk and crisis communication goals?

○ Tailor communication so it takes into account the emotional response to an event ○ Empower audience to make informed decisions ○ Discourage negative behavior and/or encourage constructive responses to crisis or danger

Describe important actions that can be taken to minimize the impact of a highly contagious transboundary animal disease including a role for risk communication

○ Talk about biosecurity ○ Protect and prevent spread to other farms • Personnel should not go to other farms • Take care of healthy animals before sick • Shower, change clothes, and shoes before leaving the property • Share nothing between farms ○ Don't elicit fear but don't withhold important information or over assure them that it is not a big deal ○ Put the animals on an appropriate antibiotic if appropriate ○ Let the owner know when you will be getting back in touch with them

What are examples of psychiatric illness or disorder as a stress reaction?

○ The most commonly recognized mental health disorders in disaster responders include: acute stress disorder (ASD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depression. These disorders require professional intervention and treatment

Describe the function of risk communication within the risk analysis model/paradigm.

○ The risk analysis paradigm assumes that - Everything we do involves risk - Zero risk is unachievable - Options exist for managing every risk ○ Components - Risk assessment during which: □ Hazards are identified (e.g. potential disease introduction) □ Risks are determined (e.g. disease spread) - Risk management during which: □ Options are identified (e.g. stop animal movement orders or product recalls) □ Best option (intervention, recommendation) is chosen and implemented - Risk communication is: □ When information concerning risk is openly exchanged with interested parties □ A process that helps in decision making and contributes to a better understanding of the risk and its impact

What are examples of moderate psychological symptoms as a stress reaction?

○ This category includes, but is not limited to, symptoms of insomnia, anxiety, and other behavior changes that may affect normal daily life. These symptoms usually require a combination of psychological and/or medical intervention

What are examples of mild, transient distress stress reactions?

○ This type of response typically includes issues such as temporary sleep disturbance, fear, worry, anger, sadness, or substance abuse. These responses do not typically need treatment, however intervention may be warranted

What are the four best practices for risk communication?

○ Trustworthy ○ Honest ○ Sincere ○ Empathetic