Vocab v29

cynthia the mannequin

"Cynthia" was a mannequin created in 1932 by Lester Gaba, a sculptor, retail display designer and later a teacher and writer. An unusually natural and human looking mannequin, Gaba used the attention Cynthia garnered to further anthropomorphize her. Some weirdo who made a mannequin and national television picked up on it and brought the fella in for interviews and such with the mannequin. Eventually someone knocked the mannequin over and it shattered, so the guy made a new one but at that point no one really cared.

Haber invented a process that sustains one third of the population on earth: the production of ammonia fertilizer from nitrogen gas. ... A few microorganisms possess nitrogenase enzymes that can perform this chemical reaction, and about half of the nitrogen in your body comes from these microorganisms half of the nitrogen in our body is from the haber process

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AMPK

5' AMP-activated protein kinase or AMPK or 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase is an enzyme that plays a role in cellular energy homeostasis, largely to activate glucose and fatty acid uptake and oxidation when cellular energy is low.

Bugatti Veyron

8.0 L (488 cu in) quad-turbocharged W16

What is E85?

85% ethanol, 15% gasoline Ethanol is hygroscopic, meaning it absorbs water vapor directly from the atmosphere. Because absorbed water dilutes the fuel value of the ethanol and may cause phase separation of ethanol-gasoline blends (which causes engine stall), containers of ethanol fuels must be kept tightly sealed.

W12 engine

A W12 engine is a twelve-cylinder piston engine which uses a W configuration. W12 engines with three banks of four cylinders were used by several aircraft engines from 1917 until the 1930s. A three-bank design was also used for an unsuccessful W12 engine which was intended to compete in Formula One in 1990.

w16 engine

A W16 engine is a sixteen cylinder piston engine with four banks of four cylinders in a W configuration. W16 engines are rarely produced, with the notable exception of the Volkswagen Group 8.0 WR16 engine that has been used since 2005 in the Bugatti Veyron, Bugatti Chiron and their related models

flat plane vs cross plane crank

A cross-plane crankshaft is a crankshaft design with a 90° rotation between crank throws. ... Conversely, a flat-plane crank is a crankshaft design with a 180° rotation between crank throws. For every 180 degrees that the crank turns a piston fires. The flat-plane crank is a type of crankshaft for use in internal combustion engines that has a 180 degree angle between crank throws. Flat-plane cranks are used in V-configuration engines, generally with eight cylinders.

bear favor

A favor you do someone with good intentions but that in the end hurts the receiving party. The word has originated from a fable by Jean de La Fontaine where a bear tries to helps his master in chasing a fly away from his face by throwing a boulder at his master, and killing him in the process. Example: If you do someone's homework you do them a bear favor. You do them a favor, but in the end they haven't learned anything.

Flat-four engine

A flat-four engine, also known as a horizontally opposed-four engine, is a four-cylinder piston engine with two banks of cylinders lying on opposite sides of a common crankshaft. Flat-four engines are mostly used in cars, and have occasionally been used in motorcycles and aircraft. Flat-six engines are mostly used in cars (particularly by the Porsche 911 sport car), and have occasionally been used in motorcycles and aircraft.

Flathead engine

A flathead engine, otherwise sidevalve engine, is an internal combustion engine with its poppet valves contained within the engine block, instead of in the cylinder head, as in an overhead valve engine. Flatheads are an early design concept that has mostly fallen into disuse, but they are currently experiencing a revival in low-revving aero-engines such as the D-Motor.

acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction. Acetylcholine is an organic chemical that functions in the brain and body of many types of animals, and humans, as a neurotransmitter—a chemical messenger released by nerve cells to send signals to other cells, such as neurons, muscle cells, and gland cells.

Poppet valve

A poppet valve (also called mushroom valve) is a valve typically used to control the timing and quantity of gas or vapor flow into an engine.

casimir effect

A quantum mechanical effect, where two very large plates placed close to each other will experience an attractive force, in the absence of other forces. The cause is virtual particle-antiparticle pair creation in the vicinity of the plates. Also, the speed of light will be increased in the region between the two plates, in the direction perpendicular to them. To understand the Casimir Effect, one first has to understand something about a vacuum in space as it is viewed in quantum field theory. Far from being empty, modern physics assumes that a vacuum is full of fluctuating electromagnetic waves that can never be completely eliminated, like an ocean with waves that are always present and can never be stopped. These waves come in all possible wavelengths, and their presence implies that empty space contains a certain amount of energy--an energy that we can't tap, but that is always there. Now, if mirrors are placed facing each other in a vacuum, some of the waves will fit between them, bouncing back and forth, while others will not. As the two mirrors move closer to each other, the longer waves will no longer fit--the result being that the total amount of energy in the vacuum between the plates will be a bit less than the amount elsewhere in the vacuum. Thus, the mirrors will attract each other, just as two objects held together by a stretched spring will move together as the energy stored in the spring decreases. This effect, that two mirrors in a vacuum will be attracted to each other, is the Casimir Effect.

iron block engines vs aluminum

Aluminum rejects much more heat than an iron block; so the thermal efficiency is lessened. ... You'll see a number of racer's use cast iron heads on an alky engine just for the heat retention. Sure cast Iron rusts but that actually seasons it and makes it stronger. Aluminum is lighter and has much less Tensile strength.

inline engine

An engine design in which the cylinders are positioned in a single, straight line.

Why ethanol sucks in cars.

Brazil makes it work ok due to superior climate for growing sugarcane, but most countries cannot do ethanol well. Definitely not the US.Ethanol: Contains significantly less energy per gallon than gasoline Is hygroscopic, meaning it absorbs water out of the air, which means it can damage engines due to excess water content if not handled carefully Attacks the seals and hoses used in most vehicles -- cars require special design to resist polar solvents in order to use ethanol blending levels greater than 10-15% Takes roughly as much energy to produce (via fertilizers/pesticides and fuels used in corn farming) as it provides, meaning there's zero net gain of domestic energy from producing it Competes for land with food crops, which couples the price of food to the price of fuel, thereby causing volatility in food markets -- which hurts both small farmers and poor consumers Is strongly opposed by car manufacturers at levels above 10% blending in gasoline, and many major automakers have formally stated that use of 15% ethanol blended gas in their vehicles will void the warranty Some of these are straightforward engineering challenges, but others are fundamental and insurmountable flaws. Simply put, corn-based ethanol is bad energy policy. We're already at the maximum blending level in the US (10%) where any further increases will likely harm consumers. There's little environmental OR energy security benefit to ethanol, because it takes about a gallon worth of fossil fuels to produce a gallon of ethanol. (Studies vary on the exact number, ranging from an EROI of 0.8 to 1.3, but the average is zero net gain.)Basically US ethanol blending is an enormous make-work scheme for big corporate farm interests and Iowa co-ops. It is an enormous sop to the key farm lobby in early Presidential Primary states. That's the only real reason we make vast quantities of corn-based ethanol and mandate its use in the US. Nobody would want to buy the stuff if it weren't for legal blending requirements imposed on refiners and fuel distributors.Again, some countries can do ethanol better. Climate is important to biofuels. But it is not a good fuel choice for most nations.

Pent-roof combustion chamber

Combustion chamber that resembles a hemispherical combustion chamber, but with flat, angled surfaces. In engine design, the penta engine (or penta head) is an arrangement of the upper portion of the cylinder and valves that is common in engines using four valves per cylinder. Among the advantages is a faster burn time of the air-fuel mix. Pentagon at top of the cylinder

polyp

Coral polyps are tiny, soft-bodied organisms related to sea anemones and jellyfish. At their base is a hard, protective limestone skeleton called a calicle, which forms the structure of coral reefs. Reefs begin when a polyp attaches itself to a rock on the seafloor, then divides, or buds, into thousands of clones.

what animals have no brains?

Corals and jellyfish (Cnidarians) are just two animals that have no brain. In addition, the echinoderms (starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars, etc.) as well.

how does the electoral college work

Electoral College: A group of persons called electors who are selected by the voters in each state, and this group officially elects the president and vice-president. Members of the electoral college are party functionaries who are selected by the state parties in every state with no qualification other than being loyal party supporters who are dependable. These are the people who actually elect the president and vice president. So When the people actually vote in the election day in November they are truly voting for these party functionaries who in turn go out and vote for President and Vice President in mid-December in their state capitals. The total number of electoral college equals to the total number of members of US House of Representatives and US Senate plus 3.(representing Washington DC) Electoral College: US House+US Senate+3=538 It is important to note that these are not the actual representatives and senators. Just symbolically their number is the same. Whichever candidate wins 270 of 538 electoral college vote wins the presidency. Winner Take All: Whichever candidate for president wins the popular vote in a state he/she gets all of the electoral votes in that state. There is no Constitutional provision or Federal law that requires Electors to vote according to the results of the popular vote in their states. Some states, however, require Electors to cast their votes according to the popular vote. ... No Elector has ever been prosecuted for failing to vote as pledged.

engine displacement formula

Engine displacement is determined by calculating the engine cylinder bore area multiplied by the stroke of the crankshaft and then multiplied by the number of cylinders. The will result in the overall volume of air displaced by the engine.

why does ethanol burn cleaner than gasoline?

Ethanol helps keep engines clean, too. It burns more completely and at a slightly cooler temperature than gasoline. ... Ethanol burns well because it is an oxygenate, meaning that ethanol molecules contain oxygen. Oxygen atoms inside ethanol join forces with oxygen molecules in the air to help ethanol burn more completely. Brazil makes it work ok due to superior climate for growing sugarcane, but most countries cannot do ethanol well. Definitely not the US.Ethanol: Contains significantly less energy per gallon than gasoline Is hygroscopic, meaning it absorbs water out of the air, which means it can damage engines due to excess water content if not handled carefully Attacks the seals and hoses used in most vehicles -- cars require special design to resist polar solvents in order to use ethanol blending levels greater than 10-15% Takes roughly as much energy to produce (via fertilizers/pesticides and fuels used in corn farming) as it provides, meaning there's zero net gain of domestic energy from producing it Competes for land with food crops, which couples the price of food to the price of fuel, thereby causing volatility in food markets -- which hurts both small farmers and poor consumers Is strongly opposed by car manufacturers at levels above 10% blending in gasoline, and many major automakers have formally stated that use of 15% ethanol blended gas in their vehicles will void the warranty Some of these are straightforward engineering challenges, but others are fundamental and insurmountable flaws. Simply put, corn-based ethanol is bad energy policy. We're already at the maximum blending level in the US (10%) where any further increases will likely harm consumers. There's little environmental OR energy security benefit to ethanol, because it takes about a gallon worth of fossil fuels to produce a gallon of ethanol. (Studies vary on the exact number, ranging from an EROI of 0.8 to 1.3, but the average is zero net gain.)Basically US ethanol blending is an enormous make-work scheme for big corporate farm interests and Iowa co-ops. It is an enormous sop to the key farm lobby in early Presidential Primary states. That's the only real reason we make vast quantities of corn-based ethanol and mandate its use in the US. Nobody would want to buy the stuff if it weren't for legal blending requirements imposed on refiners and fuel distributors.Again, some countries can do ethanol better. Climate is important to biofuels. But it is not a good fuel choice for most nations.

flame retention head

Flame retention flames are created by a slower air/gas mixture to create smaller, more stable flames to continuously re-light the main flame as it tries to lift off the burner Used on oil burners; sits on the end of the air tube

How does inhaling Nitrous oxide (laughing gas) makes a person laugh?

Following inhalation, nitrous oxide is transported in the bloodstream and readily passes through the blood-brain barrier. It acts upon several neural receptors as an agonist or antagonist, depending on the type of receptor, which in turn produces effects that include: muscle relaxation, sedation, mild hallucinations, and (most importantly) anesthesia. Quoting from the drugs forum regarding nitrous oxide's action on the nACh receptor: "Inhibits acetylcholine from acting on its receptor. Acetylcholine is responsible for activating muscles, therefore inhibiting its receptor produces a muscle relaxant effect." As for actually laughing, it appears to be a possible indirect effect, but it's more likely that amused observers viewing the behavior of those under the influence are the ones who would be laughing. Subsequent to Joseph Priestley discovering the gas in 1772, Humphry Davy is credited with coining the term "laughing gas...after watching the amusing effects on people who inhaled it." In terms of the anesthetic effects, you might say that the use of nitrous oxide allows a person to "laugh off" what would normally be a very painful experience, such as the extraction of a tooth.

Why is gasoline not soluble in water?

Gasoline is a complex mixture of non-polar compounds such as long chained hydrocarbons etc. Water is a polar molecule. ... Gasoline is not soluble in water. Gasoline is a complex mixture of non-polar compounds such as long chained hydrocarbons etc. This is why ocean fires can happen.

Enigma machine

German code machine broken by the Allies and used to predict what the Germans would do Enigma, device used by the German military command to encode strategic messages before and during World War II. The Enigma code was first broken by the Poles, under the leadership of mathematician Marian Rejewski, in the early 1930s. The Enigma machine is an encryption device developed and used in the early- to mid-20th century to protect commercial, diplomatic and military communication. It was employed extensively by Nazi Germany during World War II, in all branches of the German military

how does glass block uv light?

Glass is primarily made of SiO2 - silicon dioxide; the band gap of Silicon Dioxide is about 8.9 eV, which means that it can absorb any light with energies at or above 8.9 eV, which corresponds to a wavelength of about 139 nm (UV has wavelengths in the 100 nm - 400 nm - according to wikipedia: Ultraviolet); so silicon dioxide could absorb the highest-energy ultraviolet light, but there's a lot of dangerous UV that it can't absorb. So viewing glass as silicon dioxide doesn't explain how glass can block UV. According to wikipedia, the main components of most glass are silicon dioxide and sodium dioxide; it appears that combining these components yields a material with a smaller bandgap - around 4 eV range (judging by this paper: http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitst...). A material with a 4 eV band gap would be able to absorb wavelengths shorter than 310 nm - which is everything but UVA light, the least dangerous type of UV light. But I haven't explained: what is this magical band gap? We need a little bit of quantum mechanics to explain this. Electrons in an atom can only fit in specific places, or orbitals, around the atom; these orbitals are determined by the positioning of atoms and other electrons around the atom. In non-conducting crystals, their is often a clear divide in the energies that electrons in that crystal can have - a gap in energy where there are no quantum states for electrons to fill, known as the band gap; in a pure crystal, there are exactly enough states below the band gap for all the electrons to fit in states beneath the band gap. The absorbs light in photons - when this happens, an electron absorbs some of the photon's energy and jumps to a more energetic state - however, as there are no states in the band gap, the electrons can't absorb any photon whose energy is less than the band gap. With a band gap of 4eV, glass can't absorb any photons with less energy than UVB light; namely, it is transparent to UVA, visible light, infrared, etc; but the higher energy photons can and are highly likely to be absorbed. It's worth noting that this band gap doesn't occur in metals, which is part of why metals are opaque and conductive. Another: You mean how? By downshifting the frequency of its vibration (lengthening its wavelength) so that it passes through as visible light instead of UV. Something similar takes place in fluorescent lighting tubes. The mercury vapor inside the tube is energized by an electric wave. When the wave comes, the electrons in the mercury atoms absorb that energy. When the wave passes, the electrons release that energy in the form of UV EM radiation. The UV EM radiates in all directions. The rays enter the phosphor coating on the inside of the glass tube, and excite the electrons of the atoms of the phosphors, and they absorb the UV energy. When that energy is then released, it has been transduced by the phosphors down to visible light. Interestingly, we perform the same action on all the energy which enters into us. Try to imagine how much energy enters the body of a person who eats every day and lives for 80 years, it's a phenomenal amount of energy, plus the billions of electron volts of energy in the form of sensory impressions, the vast majority of which goes entirely unnoticed by the occupant of that body receiving those impressions. It gets transduced in us during convergence, then radiated back out into space.

Odin

He is a god of war, death, wisdom, poetry, and knowledge, and rides the eight-legged horse Sleipnir. Odin is a god in Norse mythology, who was associated with healing, death, knowledge, sorcery, poetry, battle and the runic alphabet. He was the husband of the goddess Freya or Frigg. He was also popular in Germanic religion. Odin was mentioned as a god throughout the recorded history of the Germanic peoples.

what is the leading cause of death for women in a workplace?

Homicide is a leading cause of workplace death for women

What characteristic allows the Turritopsis Dohrnii jellyfish to "live forever"?

If a T. dohrnii jellyfish is exposed to environmental stress or physical assault, or is sick or old, it can revert to the polyp stage, forming a new polyp colony. It does this through the cell development process of transdifferentiation, which alters the differentiated state of the cells and transforms them into new types of cells. Theoretically, this process can go on indefinitely, effectively rendering the jellyfish biologically immortal, although in practice individuals can still die. In nature, most Turritopsis are likely to succumb to predation or disease in the medusa stage, without reverting to the polyp form. Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, is a process in which one mature somatic cell transforms into another mature somatic cell without undergoing an intermediate pluripotent state or progenitor cell type. It is a type of metaplasia, which includes all cell fate switches, including the interconversion of stem cells. Current uses of transdifferentiation include disease modeling and drug discovery and in the future may include gene therapy and regenerative medicine. The term 'transdifferentiation' was originally coined by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 to describe a change in cell properties as cuticle producing cells became salt-secreting cells in silk moths undergoing metamorphosis.

how many people are in prison in the US due to drugs? how many people are in prison in the US?

In 2016, about 200,000, under 16%, of the 1.3 million people in state jails, were serving time for drug offenses. As of 2016, 2.3 million people were incarcerated in the United States, at a rate of 698 people per 100,000. Total US incarceration peaked in 2008. Total correctional population (prison, jail, probation, parole) peaked in 2007. In 2008 the US had around 24.7% of the world's 9.8 million prisoners.

Rendering equation

In computer graphics, the rendering equation is an integral equation in which the equilibrium radiance leaving a point is given as the sum of emitted plus reflected radiance under a geometric optics approximation. The various realistic rendering techniques in computer graphics attempt to solve this equation. The main goal of computer graphics is to calculate the image that could be seen by a camera in a virtual world. This requires the calculation of the power reaching the camera from a given direction, i.e. through a given pixel, taking into account the optical properties of the surfaces and the light sources in the virtual world. The spectral properties of this power are responsible for the color sensation. The power is usually evaluated on a few (at least 3) representative wavelengths, then the color sensation is determined from these samples.

Helmholtz equation

In mathematics, the eigenvalue problem for the laplace operator is called Helmholtz equation. It corresponds to the linear partial differential equation: where is the Laplacian, is the eigenvalue, and is the function This equations follows from the study of partial differential equations, e.g. wave equation or heat equation.

qualia

In philosophy, private conscious experiences of sensation or perception. In philosophy and certain models of psychology, qualia are defined as individual instances of subjective, conscious experience.

i4 engine

Inline-four engine The inline-four engine or straight-four engine is a type of inline internal combustion four-cylinder engine with all four cylinders mounted in a straight line, or plane along the crankcase.

What is an intermittent short?

Just a fancy way to say a short. Intermittent electrical faults are the bane of the auto repair business. If an electrical component has failed, or there is an open or a short in a circuit, you can usually find it fairly quickly because it isn't hiding from you. It's a persistent fault that can be isolated by a systematic process of elimination. You have an intermittent open not short. A short is a low resistance path between the two sides of a single phase service and would trip the breaker or blow the fuse. An intermittent open is caused by a loose conection that opens usually because of mechanical or thermal reasons.

ganglia

Masses of nerve cell bodies a structure containing a number of nerve cell bodies, typically linked by synapses, and often forming a swelling on a nerve fiber.

African grey parrot

Medium-sized Gray in color with white areas around eyes Short red tail Highly intelligent: can talk to alexa on yt Good talking capability Average life span 50 to 65 years

nitrous oxide

Nitrous oxide, commonly known as laughing gas or nitrous, is a chemical compound, an oxide of nitrogen with the formula N₂O. At room temperature, it is a colourless non-flammable gas, with a slight metallic scent and taste. At elevated temperatures, nitrous oxide is a powerful oxidizer similar to molecular oxygen. So the injection of nitrous oxide into an engine means that more oxygen is available during combustion. Because you have more oxygen, you can also inject more fuel, allowing the same engine to produce more power. Nitrous oxide is one of the simplest ways to provide a significant horsepower boost to any gasoline engine.

OBD-II Port

OBD-II is an on-board computer that monitors emissions, mileage, speed, and other data about your car. It's connected to the Check Engine light, which illuminates when the computer detects a problem. The OBD-II on-board computer features a 16-pin port located under the driver's side dash. Diagnostic port on car

The Mind of an Octopus

Octopuses and their kin (cuttlefish and squid) stand apart from other invertebrates, having evolved with much larger nervous systems and greater cognitive complexity. The majority of neurons in an octopus are found in the arms, which can independently taste and touch and also control basic motions without input from the brain. Octopus brains and vertebrate brains have no common anatomy but support a variety of similar features, including forms of short- and long-term memory, versions of sleep, and the capacities to recognize individual people and explore objects through play. Octopuses, cuttlefish and squid belong to a class of marine mollusks called cephalopods, along with now extinct creatures called ammonites and belemnites. The fossil record of octopuses remains skimpy. As the only cephalopods without an external or internal shell and no hard parts except for a beak, they do not preserve well. But at some stage during their evolution, they radiated—around 300 species are known at present, including deep-sea as well as reef-dwelling forms. They range from less than an inch in length to the giant Pacific octopus, which weighs in at 100 pounds and spans 20 feet from arm tip to arm tip. As the cephalopod body evolved toward these modern forms—internalizing the shell or losing it altogether—another transformation occurred: some of the cephalopods became smart. "Smart" is a contentious term to use, so let's begin cautiously. First of all, these animals evolved large nervous systems, including large brains. Large in what sense? A common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) has about 500 million neurons in its body. That is a lot by almost any standard. Human beings have many more—something nearing 100 billion—but the octopus is in the same range as various mammals, close to the range of dogs, and cephalopods have much larger nervous systems than all other invertebrates. Given all this, the way to work out how smart octopuses are is to look at what they can do. Octopuses have done fairly well on tests of their intelligence in the laboratory, without showing themselves to be Einsteins. They can learn to navigate simple mazes. They can use visual cues to discriminate between two familiar environments and then take the best route toward some reward. They can learn to unscrew jars to obtain the food inside—even from the inside out. But octopuses are slow learners in all these contexts. Against this background of mixed experimental results, however, there are countless anecdotes suggesting that a lot more is going on. The most famous octopus tales involve escape and thievery, in which roving aquarium octopuses raid neighboring tanks at night for food. Those stories—the basis for octopod hijinks in the 2016 Disney-Pixar film Finding Dory—are not especially indicative of high intelligence. Neighboring tanks are not so different from tide pools, even if the entrance and exit take more effort. But here is a behavior I find more intriguing: in at least two aquariums, octopuses have learned to turn off the lights by squirting jets of water at the bulbs and short-circuiting the power supply. At the University of Otago in New Zealand, this game became so expensive that the octopus had to be released back to the wild. Philosopher Stefan Linquist of the University of Guelph in Ontario, who once studied octopus behavior, puts it like this: "When you work with fish, they have no idea they are in a tank, somewhere unnatural. With octopuses it is totally different. They know that they are inside this special place, and you are outside it. All their behaviors are affected by their awareness of captivity." Linquist's octopuses would mess around with their tank and deliberately plug the outflow valves by poking in their arms, perhaps to increase the water level. Of course, this flooded the entire lab. As cephalopods evolved, some ganglia became large and complex, and new ones were added. Neurons concentrated at the front of the animal, forming something more and more like a brain. The old ladderlike design was partly submerged, but only partly. For instance, in an octopus, the majority of neurons are in the arms themselves—nearly twice as many in total as in the central brain. The arms have their own sensors and controllers. They have not only the sense of touch but also the capacity to sense chemicals—to smell or taste. Each sucker on an octopus's arm may have 10,000 neurons to handle taste and touch. Even an arm that has been surgically removed can perform various basic motions, such as reaching and grasping. The internal coordination of each arm can be quite graceful, too. When an octopus pulls in a piece of food, the grasping by the very end of the arm creates two waves of muscle activation, one heading inward from the tip and the other heading outward from the base. Where these two waves meet, a joint is formed that is something like a temporary elbow. The nervous systems in each arm also include loops in the neurons (recurrent connections, in the jargon) that may give the arm a simple form of short-term memory, although it is not known what this system does for the octopus. As I mentioned earlier, when you approach an octopus in the wild, in at least some species the octopus sends out one arm to inspect you—behavior that suggests a kind of deliberateness, an action guided by the brain. Despite their many differences, cephalopods bear some striking similarities to vertebrates. For instance, vertebrates and cephalopods separately evolved "camera" eyes, with a lens that focuses an image on a retina. The capacity for learning of several kinds is also seen on both sides. Learning by attending to reward and punishment, by tracking what works and what does not work, seems to have been invented independently several times in evolution. If, on the other hand, it was present in the human/octopus common ancestor, it was greatly elaborated down each of the two lines. There are also more subtle psychological similarities. Research indicates that octopuses, like us, seem to have a distinct short- and long-term memory. They seem to have something like sleep. And a 2012 study led by Jean G. Boal of Millersville University in Pennsylvania discovered that cuttlefish appear to have a form of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, similar to the sleep in which we dream. (It is still unclear whether octopuses share this REM-like sleep.) Other similarities are even more abstract, such as recognizing individual humans. This ability makes sense if an animal is social or monogamous, but octopuses are not monogamous, have haphazard sex lives and do not seem to be very social. Further, in an octopus, it is not clear where the brain itself begins and ends. The octopus is suffused with nervousness; the body is not a separate thing that is controlled by the brain or nervous system. The usual debate is between those who see the brain as an all-powerful CEO and those who emphasize the intelligence stored in the body itself. But the octopus lives outside both the usual pictures.

Turritopsis dohrnii

Of course, Turritopsis dohrnii isn't truly 'immortal'. They can still be consumed by predators or killed by other means. However, their ability to switch back and forth between life stages in response to stress means that, in theory, they could live forever Theoretically, this process can go on indefinitely, effectively rendering the jellyfish biologically immortal, although in practice individuals can still die. In nature, most Turritopsis are likely to succumb to predation or disease in the medusa stage, without reverting to the polyp form. The capability of biological immortality with no maximum lifespan makes T. dohrnii an important target of basic biological, aging and pharmaceutical research. Most jellyfish species have a relatively fixed life-span, which varies by species from hours to many months (long-lived mature jellyfish spawn every day or night; the time is also fairly fixed and species-specific).[19] The medusa of Turritopsis dohrnii is the only form known to have developed the ability to return to a polyp state, by a specific transformation process that requires the presence of certain cell types (tissue from both the jellyfish bell surface and the circulatory canal system). Experiments have revealed that all stages of the medusae, from newly released to fully mature individuals, can transform back into polyps under the conditions of starvation, sudden temperature change, reduction of salinity and artificial damage of the bell with forceps or scissors.[3] The transforming medusa is characterized first by deterioration of the bell, mesoglea, and tentacles. All immature medusa (with 12 tentacles at most) then turned into a cyst-like stage and then transformed into stolons and polyps. However, about 20%-40% of mature medusa went into stolons and polyps stage without passing cyst-like stage. Polyps were formed after 2 days since stolons had developed and fed on food. Polyps further multiply by growing additional stolons, branches and then polyps, to form colonial hydroids. In the experiment, they would eventually transform into stolons and polyps and begin their lives once again even without suffering from environment changes or injury.[3] Diagram of the transformation procedure can be found at the further reading. This ability to reverse the biotic cycle (in response to adverse conditions) is unique in the animal kingdom, and allows the jellyfish to bypass death, rendering Turritopsis dohrnii potentially biologically immortal. The process has not been observed in their natural habitat, in part because the process is quite rapid, and because field observations at the right moment are unlikely.[3] Regardless, most individual medusae are likely to fall victim to the general hazards of life as mesoplankton, including being eaten by predators or succumbing to disease. The species' cell development method of transdifferentiation has inspired scientists to find a way to make stem cells using this process for renewing damaged or dead tissue in humans.[9]

how many kids are in foster care

On any given day, there are nearly 443,000 children in foster care in the United States. In 2017, more than 690,000 children spent time in U.S. foster care. On average, children remain in state care for nearly two years and six percent of children in foster care have languished there for five or more years.

embodied cognition

One of its central ideas is that our body, rather than our brain, is responsible for some of the "smartness" with which we handle the world. The joints and angles of our limbs, for example, make motions such as walking naturally arise. Knowing how to walk is partly a matter of having the right body. Embodied cognition is a topic of research in social and cognitive psychology, covering issues such as social interaction and decision-making. Embodied cognition reflects the argument that the motor system influences our cognition, just as the mind influences bodily actions.

proposed reasons for aging

One of the proposed reasons we age is the changes to gene expression that our cells experience as we get older; these are known as epigenetic alterations. These alterations cause harmful changes to cellular function and gradually shift our cells from a youthful to aged state. Gene expression is modified by the addition of epigenetic markers to the DNA that change the pattern of gene expression in a cell, suppressing or enhancing the expression of certain genes in a cell as the situation demands. Ageing is a degenerative process leading to tissue dysfunction and death. A proposed cause of ageing is the accumulation of epigenetic noise, which disrupts youthful gene expression patterns that are required for cells to function optimally and recover from damage1-3. Changes to DNA methylation patterns over time form the basis of an 'ageing clock'4, 5, but whether old individuals retain information to reset the clock and, if so, whether this would improve tissue function is not known. Of all the tissues in the body, the central nervous system (CNS) is one of the first to lose regenerative capacity6, 7. Using the eye as a model tissue, we show that expression of Oct4, Sox2, and Klf4 genes (OSK) in mice resets youthful gene expression patterns and the DNA methylation age of retinal ganglion cells, promotes axon regeneration after optic nerve crush injury, and restores vision in a mouse model of glaucoma and in normal old mice. This process, which we call recovery of information via epigenetic reprogramming or REVIVER, requires the DNA demethylases Tet1 and Tet2, indicating that DNA methylation patterns don't just indicate age, they participate in ageing. Thus, old tissues retain a faithful record of youthful epigenetic information that can be accessed for functional age reversal.

why does sugar dissolve in water?

Polar interactions with functional groups Sugar dissolves in water because energy is given off when the slightly polar sucrose molecules form intermolecular bonds with the polar water molecules. ... When one of these solids dissolves in water, the ions that form the solid are released into solution, where they become associated with the polar solvent molecules.

scalar examples

Scalar, a physical quantity that is completely described by its magnitude; examples of scalars are volume, density, speed, energy, mass, and time. Other quantities, such as force and velocity, have both magnitude and direction and are called vectors.

Sirtuin

Sirtuins are a family of proteins that regulate cellular health. Sirtuins play a key role in regulating cellular homeostasis. Homeostasis involves keeping the cell in balance. However, sirtuins can only function in the presence of NAD+, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme found in all living cells. Sirtuins nicknamed "longevity genes" are a family of 7 proteins that play a role in ageing by controlling Cellular health.Sirtuins can function only in the presence of NAD(Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide),Coenzyme found in living cells playing a vital role in metabolism and other biological processes. If sirtuins are the company's CEO,then NAD is the money which pays salary of both CEO and employees of company.But levels of NAD in body declines with age limiting the function of sirtuins with age. Of 7 sirtuins in the body,3 of them are present in mitochondria,3 of them work in nucleus and remaining 1 works in cytoplasm each playing a variety of roles.Basic function of sirtuins is to remove acetyl groups from other proteins. Sirtuins manage everything in the cells in order to keep the body as productive as possible. Sirtuins are a class of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-consuming enzymes that are implicated in numerous biological pathways and are considered a promising target for treating human diseases. There are seven sirtuins in mammals, SIRT1-7. They are from a family of histone deacetylases that have been shown to regulate organismal lifespan as well as oxidative stress and DNA damages.

Sonoluminescence

Sonoluminescence is a phenomenon that occurs when a small gas bubble is acoustically suspended and periodically driven in a liquid solution at ultrasonic frequencies, resulting in bubble collapse, cavitation, and light emission.

sperm vs semen

Sperm is the microscopic male reproductive cell while semen refers to the seminal fluid that contains millions of sperms. ... Sperm is the genetic bearer and is haploid, while semen has no such characteristic other than nourishing the sperm cells and keeping them motile.

totipotent stem cells

Stem cells that can differentiate into any type of specialised cells found in organisms of that species. Totipotent stem cells are cells that have the capacity to self-renew by dividing and to develop into the three primary germ cell layers of the early embryo and into extra-embryonic tissues such as the placenta. They differ in the kinds of cells they can give rise to. Totipotent stem cells are the most flexible and can be used to generate all types of body cells PLUS cells of the extraembryonic membranes or placenta. When a zygote first starts to divide, the cells formed in the first few divisions are totipotent, but as more divisions occur, the cells become more restricted in what they can form and lose their totipotency. Pluripotent stem cells can give rise to all kinds of body cells. Placental cells or embryonic stem cells are pluripotent in nature.

function of dmt in human brain

Strassman's theory is that the purpose of DMT is to help people transition from a living state to a post-death state, whatever that might be. Current mainstream scientific thinking is that the brain dies and consciousness ceases. New research and evidence is beginning to challenge that. DMT was later found to be naturally occurring in the human body, found in large quantities in the cerebral spinal fluid. It's thought to be produced in the lungs and in the eye. It's also speculated, but not proven, that it's made in the pineal gland.

how many women are raped per hour in the united states?

That is 78 women raped each hour; 1871 each day, or 683,000 each year.

hemi engine

The Chrysler Hemi engines, known by the trademark Hemi, are a series of I6 and V8 gasoline engines built by Chrysler with hemispherical combustion chambers. Hemispherical lobe at the top of the cylinder

Helmholtz reciprocity

The Helmholtz reciprocity principle describes how a ray of light and its reverse ray encounter matched optical adventures, such as reflections, refractions, and absorptions in a passive medium, or at an interface. It does not apply to moving, non-linear, or magnetic media. For example, incoming and outgoing light can be considered as reversals of each other, without affecting the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) outcome. If light was measured with a sensor and that light reflected on a material with a BRDF that obeys the Helmholtz reciprocity principle one would be able to swap the sensor and light source and the measurement of flux would remain equal. In the computer graphics scheme of global illumination, the Helmholtz reciprocity principle is important if the global illumination algorithm reverses light paths (for example Raytracing versus classic light path tracing).

Laplace transform

The Laplace transform is similar to the Fourier transform. While the Fourier transform of a function is a complex function of a real variable (frequency), the Laplace transform of a function is a complex function of a complex variable. Laplace transforms are usually restricted to functions of t with t ≥ 0. A consequence of this restriction is that the Laplace transform of a function is a holomorphic function of the variable s. Unlike the Fourier transform, the Laplace transform of a distribution is generally a well-behaved function. Techniques of complex variables can also be used to directly study Laplace transforms. As a holomorphic function, the Laplace transform has a power series representation. This power series expresses a function as a linear superposition of moments of the function. This perspective has applications in probability theory.

Why do eggs have both yolks and whites?

The chick gestates such that its stomach forms around the yolk, and it eats the white later.

Why does it rain more often on the weekend?

The feeling that it always rains at weekends may be more than just a myth about the weather. New research shows weekends are wetter. The cause, scientists suspect, is the build up of pollution during the week, resulting in rain at the weekend. ... On Saturdays there was about 22% more rain than on Mondays.

neurons all over human body

The human body is made up of trillions of cells. Cells of the nervous system, called nerve cells or neurons, are specialized to carry "messages" through an electrochemical process. The human brain has approximately 86 billion neurons. To learn how neurons carry messages, read about the action potential. The movements of the arms must be fast, precise, and strong to complete the diverse activities the body engages in throughout the day. Even the tiny hand muscles, which perform very delicate and precise movements, are driven by about 200,000 neurons.

self ignition temperature

The minimum temperature at which the self-heating properties of a material lead to ignition. Self Ignition Temperature(STI) is the lowest temperature at which a diesel/Petrol will ignite itself without the presence of a spark or flame. The Self Ignition Temperature of Diesel is 210°C and that of Petrol varies from 247°C to 280°C. Ignition via compression in an engine. Used in diesel engines.

Baby jellyfish

The most familiar stage is the medusa stage, where the jelly usually swims around and has tentacles hanging down. Male and female medusae reproduce and form thousands of very small larvae called planulae. ... Each polyp will bud off many baby jellyfish called ephyrae that grow very quickly into adult medusae. Scientists have discovered a jellyfish which can live forever. Turritopsis dohrnii is now officially known as the only immortal creature. The secret to eternal life, as it turns out, is not just living a really, really long time. It's all about maturity, or rather, the lack of it.

Laminar flow

The movement of water particles in straight-line paths that are parallel to the channel. The water particles move downstream without mixing. In fluid dynamics, laminar flow is characterized by fluid particles following smooth paths in layers, with each layer moving smoothly past the adjacent layers with little or no mixing.[1] At low velocities, the fluid tends to flow without lateral mixing, and adjacent layers slide past one another. There are no cross-currents perpendicular to the direction of flow, nor eddies or swirls of fluids.[2] In laminar flow, the motion of the particles of the fluid is very orderly with particles close to a solid surface moving in straight lines parallel to that surface.[3] Laminar flow is a flow regime characterized by high momentum diffusion and low momentum convection. When a fluid is flowing through a closed channel such as a pipe or between two flat plates, either of two types of flow may occur depending on the velocity and viscosity of the fluid: laminar flow or turbulent flow. Laminar flow occurs at lower velocities, below a threshold at which the flow becomes turbulent. The velocity is determined by a dimensionless parameter characterizing the flow called the Reynolds number, which also depends on the viscosity and density of the fluid and dimensions of the channel. Turbulent flow is a less orderly flow regime that is characterized by eddies or small packets of fluid particles, which result in lateral mixing.[2] In non-scientific terms, laminar flow is smooth, while turbulent flow is rough.

Reynolds number

The ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces. The Reynolds number (Re) is the ratio between the inertial forces in a fluid and the viscous forces. A fluid in motion tends to behave as sheets or layers of infinitely small thicknesses (smaller than the wavelength of light) sliding relative to each other. The viscosity of a fluid is the resistance to flow, which in turn translates as resistance to shear between the layers. The inertia (momentum) of the fluid is a dynamic function of its mass and speed, or resistance to a change in motion, which works to create shear between the fluid layers. This shear is created as a fluid encounters viscous resistance from an outside obstacle, such as the inner wall of a pipe, where flow is slowed by drag against the surface while remaining mostly unimpeded near the center of the pipe. For any given fluid, as flow rate increases, at a certain point the inertial forces begin to overcome the viscous forces; the smoothly-sliding layers of the fluid begin to roll past each other, and rough, turbulent flow results. Reynolds number is used to predict both where and at what scale in the flow this transition will happen for any given fluid in any given flow situation. Reynolds number is an important dimensionless quantity in fluid mechanics used to help predict flow patterns in different fluid flow-situations. At low Reynolds numbers, flows tend to be dominated by laminar (sheet-like) flow, while at high Reynolds numbers turbulence results from differences in the fluid's speed and direction, which may sometimes intersect or even move counter to the overall direction of the flow (eddy currents). These eddy currents begin to churn the flow, using up energy in the process, which for liquids increases the chances of cavitation. The Reynolds number has wide applications, ranging from liquid flow in a pipe to the passage of air over an aircraft wing. It is used to predict the transition from laminar to turbulent flow, and is used in the scaling of similar but different-sized flow situations, such as between an aircraft model in a wind tunnel and the full size version. The predictions of the onset of turbulence and the ability to calculate scaling effects can be used to help predict fluid behaviour on any scale, ranging from microscopic scales where Reynolds numbers tend to be extremely low and viscosity dominates, to very large scales such as in local or global air or water movement and the associated meteorological and climatological effects, to astronomical scales such as accretion flows around proto-stars, galaxies, and black holes where Reynolds numbers are extremely high and turbulent flow dominates.

Norse mythology

The religion of Mythology. Gods like Thor, Odin (power with knowledge) Norse mythology is the body of myths of the North Germanic peoples, stemming from Norse paganism and continuing after the Christianization of Scandinavia, and into the Scandinavian folklore of the modern period. the Norwegian language, especially in its medieval form.

Straight-five engine

The straight-five engine or inline-five engine is an internal combustion engine with five cylinders aligned in one row or plane, sharing a single engine block and crankcase. The justification for a five cylinder engine is that it is almost as compact as an inline-four, and almost as smooth as a straight-six engine

Empathy gap

The tendency to underestimate the influence or strength of feelings, in either oneself or others. A hot-cold empathy gap is a cognitive bias in which people underestimate the influences of visceral drives on their own attitudes, preferences, and behaviors. The most important aspect of this idea is that human understanding is "state-dependent". For example, when one is angry, it is difficult to understand what it is like for one to be calm, and vice versa; when one is blindly in love with someone, it is difficult to understand what it is like for one not to be, (or to imagine the possibility of not being blindly in love in the future). Importantly, an inability to minimize one's gap in empathy can lead to negative outcomes in medical settings (e.g., when a doctor needs to accurately diagnose the physical pain of a patient),[2] and in workplace settings (e.g., when an employer needs to assess the need for an employee's bereavement leave). Hot-to-cold: People under the influence of visceral factors (hot state) don't fully grasp how much their behavior and preferences are being driven by their current state; they think instead that these short-term goals reflect their general and long-term preferences. Cold-to-hot: People in a cold state have difficulty picturing themselves in hot states, minimizing the motivational strength of visceral impulses. This leads to unpreparedness when visceral forces inevitably arise.

v vs. inline engine

V engines with equal number of cylinders are usually half in size. ... A V engine also produces more torque at lower rpms because of the power stroke coming from two sides of the crankshaft. An inline engine is more balanced than its V counterpart because of the equal weight distribution An inline 6 will be cheaper to build than a V6 engine and there can be less complications in this 6 as there is one engine head for the timing belt or chain to connect to.

vr6 engine vs v6

VR6 engines are V6 piston engines with a narrow angle between the cylinder banks and a single cylinder head covering both banks of cylinders. Volkswagen introduced the first VR6 engine in 1991 and VR6 engines currently remain in production. From 1997-2006, Volkswagen also produced a five-cylinder VR5 engine based on the VR6. A version with four valves per cylinder (for a total of 24 valves) was introduced in 1999.[6] The 24-valve versions use one camshaft for the intake valves of both banks (using rockers to reach the furthest bank) and the other camshaft for the exhaust valves of each bank (again, through the use of rockers).[7] This operating principle is more akin to a double overhead camshaft (DOHC) design, with one camshaft for intake valves, and one for exhaust valves.

VTEC (Variable Valve Timing & Lift Electronic Control)

VTEC is a system developed by Honda to improve the volumetric efficiency of a four-stroke internal combustion engine, resulting in higher performance at high RPM, and lower fuel consumption at low RPM. The VTEC system uses two camshaft profiles and hydraulically selects between profiles.

why are some molecules hydrophobic?

Water is a polar molecule which means that it carries a partial charge between its atoms. Hydrophobic molecules are molecules that do not have a charge, meaning they're nonpolar. Hydrophobic materials often do not dissolve in water or in any solution that contains a largely aqueous (watery) environment. They are non-polar!

Why can't we use oxygen tanks in place of nitrous oxide tanks in race cars?

We can - but there is a major disadvantage Nitrous can be stored as a liquid in the tank and then squirted into the engine this is because under pressure the boiling point of Nitrous is above normal temperatures This means that you can get nearly 1 Kg of Nitrous in a 1 liter container Oxygen cannot - be liquefied at normal temperatures so unless you are using cryogenic storage you have to store it as a gas At 10 Bar pressure (about the pressure that Nitrous is stored at) one liter container of oxygen will only have about 14 grams of oxygen Even at 200 Bar pressure you will only have 280 grams of oxygen So your Oxygen tank will be a LOT heavier than your Nitrous tank for the same amount of benefit - not a good idea in racing!

throttle valve on car

When the driver pushed down on the pedal, the cable would pull the throttle plate open, allowing air into the engine. Throttle bodies on cars made since that time are usually electronically controlled. In an electronic throttle control (ETC) system, an electric motor is used to open and close the throttle plate

how nitrous oxide engine work

When you heat nitrous oxide to about 570 degrees F (~300 C), it splits into oxygen and nitrogen. So the injection of nitrous oxide into an engine means that more oxygen is available during combustion. Because you have more oxygen, you can also inject more fuel, allowing the same engine to produce more power. When you inject the NOx into the engine its in liquid form and boils at -127.3°F which allows more air and fuel to enter the cylinder since it will take up less volume than a normal intake stroke. The fuel and NOx is regulated via solenoids.

sapiosexual

a person who finds intelligence to be a sexually attractive quality in others A sapiosexual is someone that is sexually and mentally turned on by smart people. Sapiosexuals are aroused by intelligence.

haber process

an industrial process for producing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen by combining them under high pressure in the present of an iron catalyst The Haber Process combines nitrogen from the air with hydrogen derived mainly from natural gas (methane) into ammonia. The reaction is reversible and the production of ammonia is exothermic. The catalyst is actually slightly more complicated than pure iron.

alien meatball

an infant; baby

screaming meat siren

an infant; baby

eye floaters

as you age, the vitreous humor's fine collagen fibers shrink and tend to clump together; bits of debris cast tiny shadow onto the retina Floaters are tiny specks that can be seen in your field of vision, especially when you look at a light-coloured area such as a blue sky or white wall. They are created when tiny clumps form in the clear, jelly-like substance (the vitreous humour) inside the eyeball. ... In most cases, floaters are normal and harmless.

discount someone's happiness

bar from attention or consideration brush aside, brush off, dismiss, disregard, ignore, push aside

in a nutshell

briefly, in a few words; summary

mTOR

enzyme that controls the rate of protein synthesis within the myofibrils after resistance training mTOR is a member of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase family of protein kinases. mTOR links with other proteins and serves as a core component of two distinct protein complexes, mTOR complex 1 and mTOR complex 2, which regulate different cellular processes. mTOR is a protein that is important in promoting cellular growth. In the health field, this protein is relevant as targeting specifically, inhibiting, mTOR is the mechanism of action of some prescription medications. Rapamycin is an example. It slows the proliferation of T-cells, so for instance, it is used to prevent the patient's immune system from rejecting transplanted organs. Interestingly, I recently met with a researcher who has over the past few years, been accumulating more and more laboratory evidence suggesting mTOR inhibition as a possible future therapeutic option for certain causes of epilepsy, such as focal cortical dysphasia. Overall, immundomodulators such as mTOR inhibitors are promising treatments for a variety of diseases. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine protein kinase which is a central regulator of cellular metabolism, growth and survival in response to hormones, growth factors, nutrients, energy and stress signals. The TOR pathway was originally discovered in yeast, by the identification of mutations that conferred resistance to the growth inhibitory effects of rapamycin.TOR is present in at least two unique complexes with other proteins, TOR complex 1 (TORC1) and TOR complex 2 (TORC2). These complexes are differentially regulated by distinct upstream signals, and they function in the regulation of distinct downstream effector pathways.Functions of TORC1: Promotes protein synthesis by phosphorylating key regulators of mRNA translation and ribosome synthesis Stimulates the pyrimidine synthesis pathway Regulates lipid synthesis Regulates mitochondria biogenesis Negatively regulates autophagy Regulation of TORC1: Activated by insulin signalling Inhibited by low cellular energy levels Regulated by nutrient levels Functions of TORC2: Regulates cytoskeleton rearrangement in response to growth Regulation of TORC2: Nutrient-insensitive and regulation is independent of TORC1 Regulated by PI3K signalling Activated by growth factors

Valhalla

hall of feasting heroes Viking heaven In Norse mythology, Valhalla is a majestic, enormous hall located in Asgard, ruled over by the god Odin. Chosen by Odin, half of those who die in combat travel to Valhalla upon death, led by valkyries, while the other half go to the goddess Freyja's field Fólkvangr.

Germanic

having characteristics of or attributed to Germans or Germany.

Magpie

long-tailed black-and-white bird that utters a chattering call Nice choice of image ... the corvids, e.g. magpies, have shown exceptional intelligence and skills with vocal expression, imitation and learning, communication, etc. More notable are the inconsistencies. The Eurasian magpie has "passed the mirror test".[1] The picture above is not the Eurasian magpie but a related species. Just because it hasn't passed a rather arbitrary test, can I classify it as non-sentient? Of course not! Did you test an appropriate spectrum of birds (or other animals) or did you luck out and just get the thick (or stressed) ones? Did you try hard enough?

feedback processing

neurons away from receptors (more centrally located) can influence firing earlier in the line (closer to receptors how you react to information input

entho-

race or culture; people; nation ethno- a combining form meaning "race," "people," or "culture," used in the formation of compound words: ethnography; ethnogenic.

Norwegian

relating to Norway or its people or language.

vasectomy

removal of a segment of the vas deferens to produce sterility in the male Vasectomy reversal is surgery to undo a vasectomy. It reconnects each tube (vas deferens) that carries sperm from a testicle into the semen. After a successful vasectomy reversal, sperm are again present in the semen, and you may be able to get your partner pregnant. Sperm is the microscopic male reproductive cell while semen refers to the seminal fluid that contains millions of sperms. ... Sperm is the genetic bearer and is haploid, while semen has no such characteristic other than nourishing the sperm cells and keeping them motile.

serial breeder

someone who has way too many kids

induced pluripotent stem cell

stem cell that derives from totipotent stem cells and is capable of differentiating into many, but not all, cell types Pluripotent stem cells are cells that have the capacity to self-renew by dividing and to develop into the three primary germ cell layers of the early embryo and therefore into all cells of the adult body, but not extra-embryonic tissues such as the placenta. I think you wanted to write Induced Pluripotent Stem cells. Pluripotent stem cells are those cells which are unspecialized and can differentiate into one of the many 200 types of cells in our body. Generally pluripotent cells are found in embryonic stages . As adults we have adult stem cells, but they are multipotent or unipotent. So there potency is restricted to 2-10 different types of cells. Yamanaka in 2006 established the technology to convert adult stem cells into pluripotent stem cells by reprogramming them. Thus a patient's cells can be used to make stem cells by reversing there programming. The iPSC technology has big implications . Yamanaka was awarde the Nobel Prize in 2012. So to end, the induced pluripotent stem cells can be used and made to differentiate into any type of cell which is needed by the patient. As the stem cells are derived from the patient itself the problem of donor patient matching is eliminated .

Ethology

study of animal behavior

epigenetics

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change the study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself. In biology, epigenetics is the study of heritable phenotype changes that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence. The Greek prefix epi- in epigenetics implies features that are "on top of" or "in addition to" the traditional genetic basis for inheritance.

Goliath frog

the world's largest frog, weighing 7 pounds The goliath frog otherwise known as goliath bullfrog or giant slippery frog (Conraua goliath) is the largest living frog on Earth.[2] Specimens can grow up to 33 centimetres (13 in) in length from snout to vent, and weigh up to 3.25 kilograms (7.2 lb). This species has a relatively small habitat range in Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea. Its numbers are dwindling due to habitat destruction and its collection for food and the pet trade.

epi-

upon; above; on top of

indo-

within; inside