VTNE
True/False: Drugs with low solubility (blood/gas solubility coefficients) produce rapid induction and recovery rates
True
True/False: Fasting is usually not necessary in reptiles.
True
True/False: Inhalant drugs with low minimum alveolar concentrations (MAC) are the most potent.
True
True/False: Ketamine increases BP.
True
True/False: The somatic nervous system is responsible for voluntary muscle movements,
True
true/False: Stimulation of the Vagus nerve results in a slow heartrate.
True
True/False: Demodex is not usually associated with pruitis.
True.
True/False: Vomiting is a complication seen in dogs with an epidural.
False
You are responsible for anesthetizing an adult cat. What size endotracheal tube would you have ready for this patient?
#4
You are working in the critical care unit and learning to perform central venous pressure readings. What is a normal CVP reading?
0-10 cm H2O
A cat is having a surgical procedure. How long should food be withheld prior to general anesthesia?
10 hours
A dog has snail bait poisoning (metaldehyde) and presents with seizures. His temperature is 109F, and you begin cooling techniques while the veterinarian treats the seizures. At what temperature should you stop trying to cool him?
103F
You are monitoring an adult cat under anesthesia. Since induction, the heart has been slowing down. What is the approximate lowest acceptable heart rate for this cat?
120
A patient is hypoventilating and the end-tidal CO2 is rising. The doctor instructs you to give the patient a breath. The pressure on the manometer to which you ventilate the patient is:
20 cm H2O
What is the ideal time period to withhold food in large ruminants prior to general anesthesia for an elective procedure?
24-48 hours
Perioperative antibiotics are essential in preventing unwanted infections. What is the best time to administer the antibiotic?
30 minutes prior to making an incision
Your clinic has decided to start harvesting blood from volunteer donors to administer to patients. How long can whole blood units be stored in the refrigerator if properly collected?
35 days
Which anesthetic breathing circuit should be used for rabbit anesthesia?
A breathing circuit with minimal dead space
A 6-year old male domestic short hair presents dyspneic with fluid dripping from both nares. The veterinarian suspects heart failure due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. What type of injection would most likely immediately be given?
A diuretic
What is the function of soda lime in an anesthetic machine?
Absorb carbon dioxide
What is the neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle?
Acetylcholine
Which of the following drugs is a neuroactive steroid and general anesthetic? Propofol, Alfaxalone, Telazol, or Thiopental?
Alfaxalone
A dog with a hematocrit of 23% has which of the following?
Anemia
A 10-year old Golden Retriever presents with a distended abdomen, and when you touch his belly you notice a fluid wave. What is the medical term for free fluid in the abdomen?
Ascites
While performing an epidural on a dog, your needle begins to fill with a clear pale straw colored fluid, what is the appropriate action?
Aspirate and if there is no blood it is ok to administer half of the calculated dose of anesthetic.
Padding is extremely important when a horse is under general anesthesia. When the animal is placed in dorsal recumbency, how much padding is required between the surgical table and the horse?
At least six inches
What is the major concern when a patient has a long recovery post-op and is laterally recumbent for an extended period of time?
Atelectasis
What is another name for a non-rebreathing anesthesia circuit?
Bain system
Increased input from the vagus nerve can result in which of the following responses?
Bradycardia
What is the pattern of blood flow through the heart?
Blood flows from the right atrium, to the tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonic valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, then to the rest of the body
Blood lactate is a marker of what?
Blood perfusion and oxygen delivery to tissues
An injury to what region of the brain is most likely to result in respiratory arrest?
Brain stem
What part of the brain controls heartbeat, respiration, and blood pressure?
Brain stem
A 3-year old female Yorkie presents to your hospital as an emergency for seizures and tetany. In the history, you learn that the bitch had a litter of 3 puppies about 2 weeks ago. What is the most likely treatment this dog will need to correct the cause of its problem?
Calcium gluconate IV
Which species commonly has laryngospasm when you are trying to place an endotracheal tube during anesthetic induction?
Cat
A hypotonic solution will do what to a red blood cell?
Cause the red blood cell to burst
Which part of the brain coordinates motor activity? Disease of this part of the brain can cause a hypermetric gait.
Cerebellum
When performing anesthesia in the horse, what should always be done prior to induction and intubation?
Clean the oral cavity
A 10-year old Chow Chow needs a whole blood transfusion due to anemia from chronic renal failure. The patient has received multiple blood transfusions over the last 2 years. What blood test is needed prior to initiating the transfusion?
Crossmatch
An increase in the total protein, PCV, and BUN with a urine specific gravity of 1.061 may be due to:
Dehydration
Which of the following is not a common medication administered to horses post-operatively? Pen G, or Dexamethasone?
Dexamethasone
What is the name for the blood pressure measurement when the ventricles of the heart are relaxed?
Diastolic pressure
What is the most common location for placement of an arterial catheter (a-line) in a dog?
Dorsal metatarsal artery
When anesthetizing a rabbit for anesthesia, which vein is most often used?
Ear vein
In neonatal calves and foals, what is the most common reason that these animals succumb to disease and death?
Failure of passive transfer
True/False: Obesity is a contraindication of using an epidural.
False.
You are working in the ICU; a dog on a high rate of fluids has a very sudden drop in urine production in his urine collection bag. What do you do first?
Flush the urinary catheter with sterile saline
A patient presents with rodenticide toxicity and is hemorrhaging. The doctor decides the animal needs a transfusion. What blood product is most likely to help stop the patient's bleeding?
Fresh frozen plasma
What is one way to help determine if a nasogastric tube was properly placed in a horse?
Gently blow air into the tube and listen for gurgling
A dog under anesthesia has an end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) reading of 60 mm Hg. What should be done?
Give the patient a breath, or ventilate, to lower the ETCO2
Which anticholinergic is the best choice for use in rabbits?
Glycopyrrolate
The owner of an 8-year old German Shepherd dog calls to report that the dog may have ingested an unknown quantity of rat bait 12 hours ago. What would be the best course of action to advise over the phone?
Have the owner bring the dog to the clinic immediately
Which anesthetic gas would be most likely to induce a cardiac arrhythmia?
Halothane
When cattle are placed in lateral recumbency during general anesthesia, how should the head be positioned to decrease the risk of aspiration?
Head and oral cavity lower than the neck
A 2-year old Dalmatian presents after being hit by a car. Anisocoria is noted during the initial physical examination. What type of trauma would be suspected?
Head trauma
You are checking the fax machine and get a report from the local emergency clinic that a patient from the hospital where you work presented overnight for severe urticaria. What did this patient have?
Hives
What is an expected finding in a patient with Hypervitaminosis D, or Vitamin D toxicity?
Hypercalcemia
A Boston terrier puppy presents lethargic and minimally responsive at your clinic. The owner says he hasn't been eating very well; his gums are a little pale, temperature is 99.1F. What is the likely cause of his acute symptoms?
Hypoglycemia
During calving, the rupture of the umbilical cord before birth causes which of the following?
Hypoxia in the calf
A 5-year old feline presents after being hit by a car. The veterinarian wants you to administer mannitol intravenously. For what reason was mannitol chosen as a therapy?
It reduces intracranial pressure
Oscillometric or Doppler equipment is a way of measuring what parameter?
Indirect blood pressure
What is Myositis?
Inflammation of muscle
You have a small canine patient in cardiac arrest that needs emergency drugs. The animal does not have venous access, and placing a venous catheter would be too difficult and take too long. What is the best way to get the drugs to this animal quickly?
Intraosseous catheter
A dog is hit by a car and presents in a Schiff-Sherrington posture. Which is true regarding this condition?
It causes paralysis of the hindlimbs
Which bacteria are known for causing a head tilt and neurologic symptoms in ruminants?
Listeria
A kitten presents to the emergency service for burns in the mouth after biting into an electrical cord. Aside from the oral burns, what organ system would you most be concerned about?
Lungs
A shock organ is the organ or tissue that exhibits the most marked response to an allergic reaction. What is the shock organ in the cat?
Lungs
"Grass tetany" may been seen in sheep or goats due to a deficiency in which mineral?
Magnesium
You are using a Bain circuit to anesthetize a ferret for a spay procedure. Which of themeasures is the most important thing to do to prevent re-breathing of carbon dioxide by the ferret?
Maintain high flow rates of oxygen in the circuit
What heart valve is responsible for separating blood between the left atrium and left ventricle?
Mitral valve
A 14-year old DSH has been prescribed total parenteral nutrition (TPN). What type of catheter would be most appropriate for TPN administration?
Multi-lumen jugular catheter
In the United States, what type of gas is in a blue gas tank?
Nitrous oxide
A 7-year-old Lab mix presents to your hospital with a very swollen muzzle. The vet suspects the swelling is from a rattlesnake bite. How could you support this suspicion?
Perform a blood smear and look for echinocytes
A dog presents to the emergency hospital in status epilepticus. Which of the following drugs may be given for this condition? Propofol or Ketamine?
Propofol
Which anatomic structure is the passageway for both the respiratory and digestive systems?
Pharynx
Certain drugs may cause a rapid rise in temperature during anesthesia. This is known as malignant hyperthermia. Which species is at greatest risk for this condition?
Pigs
A large canine patient that has been in the hospital developed a decubital ulcer. What is likely causing this?
Pressure from laying in one position for too long
What is the "minute volume" of a patient under anesthesia?
Respiratory rate multiplied by tidal volume
A dog with bradycardia and a low albumin on a high rate of IV fluids is at risk for developing which of the following?
Pulmonary edema
Oxygenated blood returning from the lungs travels in which blood vessel?
Pulmonary vein
A veterinarian has diagnosed a horse with a fracture of the distal metatarsal. In regards to emergency management, which of the following is NOT part of triage?
Repair of the fracture
What are complications seen in animals with an epidural?
Respiratory depression, urinary retention, and hypotension
Name the heart chamber responsible for pumping blood toward the lungs.
Right Ventricle
In what order does an electrical impulse travel through the heart?
SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers
You are hooking up the anesthesia machine and place the pulse oximeter on the dog's tongue. This is to measure what?
SPO2 and pulse
A foal has petechial hemorrhages on its pinna, injected sclera, and brick red mucous membranes. These are signs of which of the following?
Sepsis
Electrical activity that serves as the pacemaker in the heart originates from what specific area?
Sinoatrial node in the right atrium
A 13-year old diabetic cat arrests during hospitalization during a blood glucose curve. During resuscitation efforts, an emergency blood panel is run which reveals a blood pH of 6.4. What drug may be requested by the veterinarian to help correct this abnormality but would not be used as a long-term therapy?
Sodium bicarbonate
A patient under general anesthesia has become hypoxic. You suspect that the endotracheal tube might be in too far. How can you be sure?
Take an endotracheal tube with a similar outside diameter, line up the measurement numbers on the proximal end of the tube, and then lay it against the outside of the patient approximately following the route of the trachea
A 2-year old cat presents 15 minutes after being attacked by a dog. The cat is in cardiac arrest. The owner wants CPR to be undertaken, and the veterinarian is not currently on the premises. What course of action should be taken?
The cat should be immediately intubated and CPR should commence.
Approximately 5ccs of an inhalant anesthetic is spilled while the vaporizer on an anesthetic machine is being filled. What course of action should be taken?
The vaporizer should be closed and the room well ventilated
Generally, how much time do you have before cardiac arrest causes irreversible brain damage?
Three minutes
A dog with which condition should not have blood drawn from the jugular vein?
Thrombocytopenia
You are monitoring a 2 kg kitten being spayed at the humane society; she is intubated and is on isoflurane gas for maintenance. She is on IV fluids at 10 mL/hr. Her blood pressure starts to drop during the procedure. You have already given her a bolus of fluids. Which of the following should you do first to try to increase her blood pressure?
Turn down the anesthetic gas
In a non-rebreathing anesthesia circuit, which of the following is NOT used?
Unidirectional valve
A 7-year old female spayed domestic short hair previously diagnosed with diabetes mellitus presents to your clinic dull and unresponsive. In addition to obtaining a blood glucose, what other laboratory test would be important for determining the cat's diabetic status?
Urine ketones
A pet Guinea Pig is presented to your hospital for emergency treatment after sustaining a crushing injury. Which of the following is not considered part of the initial emergency assessment of the patient?
Wound stabilization
What drug can be used to reverse anesthesia induced by xylazine in a cat?
Yohimbine
You are attempting to give an intra-jugular injection to a horse and insert the needle to the hub. Blood is forcefully pulsating and ejecting from the needle. What is the most likely explanation?
You are in the carotid artery
True/False: The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is directly related to amount of blood flow to the kidneys.
True
