week 10 module
The Adequate Intake for total water intake is approximately _____ cups per day for young adult women and approximately _____ cups per day for young adult men.
11; 15.5
Beginning around age _____, maximum peak bone mass has been achieved and slow, steady bone loss begins.
30
Which food source can have such high selenium contents that consumption is recommended in moderation?
Brazil nuts
Which minerals play a role in regulating energy metabolism?
chromium, zinc, magnesium, iron
Copper is involved in which of the following functions?
collagen production and iron metabolism
What are recommended strategies to help reduce the risk of osteoporosis?
Exposing skin to reasonable levels of sunlight; Regularly performing weight-bearing exercises; Consuming adequate intakes of calcium
The ways by which parathyroid hormone (PTH) affects blood calcium levels.
Increases intestinal absorption of calcium; Stimulates increased breakdown of bone; Reduces excretion of calcium in urine
Which gland uses iodine?
thyroid
Goiter is the enlargement of the _____.
thyroid gland
For which reasons do animal foods tend to be a more reliable source of minerals such as calcium and iron compared to plant foods?
Plant foods contain substances that can reduce bioavailability of these minerals; Animal foods contain higher concentrations of these minerals
Risk factors for osteoporosis
Smoking; Leading a sedentary lifestyle; Having Asian or Caucasian ancestry
Selenium assists iodine in the production of _____.
thyroid hormone
_____ can be a good source of calcium if it is made with calcium sulfate.
tofu
Factors that decrease calcium absorption.
Vitamin D deficiency; Daily intake of high supplemental calcium intakes; Advancing age
What are symptoms of severe potassium deficiency?
abnormal heartbeat and muscle weakness
Which of the following are good sources of magnesium?
beans, nuts, seeds
Plant foods that are good sources of calcium and do not have greatly reduced calcium bioavailability.
bok choy, kale, broccoli
Magnesium plays a role in which of the following functions in the body?
bone health and enzyme activity
The hormone secreted by the thyroid gland when blood calcium levels are too high is _____.
calcitonin
Building and maintaining bones is one of the major roles of __________.
calcium
Which are good food sources of calcium?
cheese and other dairy products
Your body uses _____ to make several enzymes that function as antioxidants.
copper
Which two trace minerals are components of hundreds of enzymes?
copper and selenium
A reliable food source of calcium in the diet is _____.
dairy foods
High supplemental intakes of magnesium can lead to _____.
diarrhea
A substance that increases urine production is called a(n) _____.
diuretic
Calcium absorption is highest....
during infancy
Cells maintain proper hydration by controlling the amounts of _____ in each compartment.
electrolytes
Minerals such as chromium, iodine, and zinc are involved in the regulation of _____.
energy metabolism
Which mineral is beneficial for bones and teeth but is not considered an essential nutrient?
fluoride
_____ is often added to public water supplies.
fluoride
Long term overconsumption of fluoride can result in a condition known as dental _____.
fluorosis
Copper and selenium are both components of enzymes that _____.
function as antioxidants
People with osteoporosis _____.
have weak bones that fracture easily
The iron-containing protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen to tissues is _____.
hemoglobin
Iron plays a role in _____.
immune system function
Chromium may help with the function of which hormone?
insulin
A goiter is caused by inadequate intakes of _____.
iodine
_____ is a component of hemoglobin and myoglobin.
iron
Which two minerals are involved in chemical reactions that release energy from macronutrients?
iron and magnesium
Which mineral is the most common nutrient deficiency in both the United States and the rest of the world?
iron-deficiency anemia
Which mineral helps maintain normal blood pressure levels?
magnesium
_____ is found in chlorophyll, making plant foods rich sources of the mineral.
magnesium
Myoglobin is an iron-containing protein found in _____.
muscle cells
The type of iron found in plant foods is called _____.
non-heme iron
A chronic disease characterized by a loss of normal bone mass and a resultant weak bone structure is called _____.
osteoporosis
By age 18 in girls and age 20 in boys, up to 90% of _____ has been achieved.
peak bone mass
Select features that can be associated with dental fluorosis.
permanently stained teeth and teeth that do not resist decay as well as healthy teeth
Arsenic, nickel, and vanadium are classified as _____.
possible essential minerals
People who experience excessive body fluid losses through sweating are at risk for low electrolyte levels, including low _____.
potassium
Calcitonin helps to regulate blood calcium levels by _____.
removing calcium from the blood for use in rebuilding bone tissue
Signs and symptoms of long-term _____ toxicity include loss of hair and nails, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue.
selenium
What are the two minerals that have a key role in maintaining fluid balance?
sodium and potassium
Calcium is often added to which foods?
soy milk, ready to eat cereals, orange juice
Which foods supply calcium but also contain oxalic acid?
spinach and collard greens
The consumption of fluoride helps to _____.
strengthen bones and teeth
What is the organ that is the major regulator of body water?
the kidneys
The water obtained from both metabolic and external sources is called _____.
total water intake
Rank how water is lost from the body in order from the greatest source of loss to the smallest source of loss.
urine, sweat, exhaled air, feces
What vitamin can boost your body's absorption of nonheme iron?
vitamin C
In children and adolescents, a deficiency of which mineral can cause slowed growth and delayed sexual maturation?
zinc
component of numerous enzymes and thus is needed for a wide variety of functions in the body
zinc
