week 13 mastering bio

Dr. DeVito is running a half marathon this summer in Yellowstone national park. The elevation at the park is 6,667ft, and the atmospheric pressure is 586 mm Hg. However since she lives in Pennsylvania, she has been training at an elevation of 535 ft above sea level, where the atmospheric pressure is 746 mm Hg. What is the pO2 in Yellowstone?

123.06

Suppose 64% of a remote mountain village can taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and must, therefore, have at least one copy of the dominant PTC taster allele. If this population conforms to Hardy—Weinberg expectations for this gene, what percentage of the population must be homozygous dominant for this trait? 16% 32% 40% 48%

16%

Atmospheric pressure at sea level is equal to a column of 760 mm Hg. Oxygen makes up 21 percent of the atmosphere by volume. The partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in such conditions is _____. 120/75 21/760 760/21 160 mm Hg 16 mm Hg

160 mm Hg

Suppose researchers marked 800 turtles and later were able to trap a total of 300 individuals in that population, of which 150 were marked. What is the estimate for total population size? 200 1050 Correct! 1600 2100

1600

At an atmospheric pressure of 870 mm Hg with 21 percent oxygen, the partial pressure of oxygen is _____. 219 mm Hg 127 mm Hg 151 mm Hg 182 mm Hg 100 mm Hg

182 mm Hg

What was the population density of foxes on Santa Cruz Island in 1999?

2.108

Dr. DeVito is running a half marathon this summer in Yellowstone national park. The elevation at the park is 6,667ft, and the atmospheric pressure is 586 mm Hg. However since she lives in Pennsylvania, she has been training at an elevation of 535 ft above sea level, where the atmospheric pressure is 746 mm Hg. What is the pO2 in Pennsylvania?

156.66

16% increase

16%

In mammals, gas exchange between the atmosphere and the pulmonary blood occurs in the ________. larynx bronchioles alveoli bronchi trachea

alveoli

You are a physician, and you are seeing a patient who complains of abnormal fatigue during exercise. You find that the immediate problem is a buildup of carbon dioxide in the tissues. What is the most likely cause? Not enough hemoglobin Abnormal carbonic anhydrase Abnormal hemoglobin Abnormally shaped platelets

Abnormal carbonic anhydrase

Which lung structure is a tiny sac that functions as an interface between air and blood? View Available Hint(s) Capillary. Diaphragm. Alveolus. Epithelium

Alveolus.

Altitude sickness occurs when a hiker ascends to altitudes where the density of oxygen is low. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors cause less movement of carbonic acid toward carbon dioxide production and are used as a prophylactic treatment of altitude sickness. How does this treatment decrease the symptoms of high altitude sickness? The excess bicarbonate ions in the blood increase the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. The resulting rise in pH increases respiration rate. An increase in bicarbonate ions in the blood stimulates the production of more red blood cells. Excess bicarbonate ions are excreted in the urine and the resulting loss of blood pressure increases respiration rate. An increase in blood acidity leads to an increase in ventilation.

An increase in blood acidity leads to an increase in ventilation.

Which statement best describes what ultimately happens to the chemical energy that is NOT converted to new biomass in the process of energy transfer between trophic levels in an ecosystem? It is undigested and winds up in the feces and is not passed on to higher trophic levels It is used by organisms to maintain their life processes through the reactions of cellular respiration. Heat produced by cellular respiration is used by heterotrophs for thermoregulation Correct! It is eliminated as feces or is dissipated into space as heat, consistent with the second law of thermodynamics.

It is eliminated as feces or is dissipated into space as heat, consistent with the second law of thermodynamics.

Which of the following is the most important assumption for the mark-recapture method to estimate the size of wildlife populations? All females in the population have the same litter size More individuals emigrate from, as opposed to immigrate into, a population Over 50% of the marked individuals need to be trapped during the recapture phase Correct! Marked individuals have the same probability of being recaptured as unmarked individuals during the recapture phase

Marked individuals have the same probability of being recaptured as unmarked individuals during the recapture phase

Which of the following is primarily responsible for the change in membrane potential between points D & E? Movement of K out of the cell Movement of Na into the cell Movement of Na out of the cell Movement of K into the cell Inhibition of Na/K ATPase

Movement of K out of the cell

An increase in blood carbon dioxide content causes hemoglobin to ________. give up more of its oxygen molecules bind more oxygen molecules release all bound carbon dioxide molecules increase its binding of H+ denature

increase its binding of H+

When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe? falling oxygen rising carbon dioxide rising oxygen falling carbon dioxide

rising carbon dioxide

What about the life history traits of pigs allowed them to thrive on the Channel Islands? (Select all that apply) Correct! Pigs produce a large number of young per litter. Pigs are nocturnal, while Golden Eagles are diurnal. About 60% of female pigs reproduce each year. Correct! Adult pigs are too large to generally be eaten by Golden Eagles

- Pigs produce a large number of young per litter. -Adult pigs are too large to generally be eaten by Golden Eagles

Which of the following aquariums would require the most air bubbled in to maintain oxygenation of the water: - Aquarium A with warm water and some fish Aquarium B with cold water, some fish, and some algae; or Aquarium C with warm salt water and some fish -Aquarium A -All the tanks would need the same amount of air bubbled in if they are the same volume. -Aquarium C -Aquarium B

-Aquarium C

Gas exchange is more difficult for aquatic animals with gills than for terrestrial animals with lungs because _____. -water contains much less oxygen per unit volume than air -water is less dense than air -gills have less surface area than lungs -gills allow only unidirectional transport -gills collapse in air

-water contains much less oxygen per unit volume than air

In which location would you expect the oxygen concentration to be the lowest? -the environment -the lungs -the heart -within tissues -the blood

-within tissues

What is the density of species on Santa Rosa Island?

.54

In a hypothetical population of 1000 frogs there exists a gene with two alleles. 280 of the frogs are homozygous dominant (DD), and 220 are homozygous recessive (dd). What is the frequency of heterozygotes in the population? 0.28 Correct! 0.5 0 0.22

0.5

The air pressure in Denver, Colorado, is about 83 percent of the air pressure in Miami Beach, which is at about sea level. Given that the air pressure in Miami Beach is 760 mm Hg and oxygen makes up 21 percent of the air in Miami Beach, what are the percentage of oxygen and the partial pressure of oxygen in Denver? Correct! 21%; 132 mm Hg 21%, 21mm Hg 17.4%; 21 mm Hg 17.4%; 132 mm Hg

21%; 132 mm Hg

At the summit of a high mountain, the atmospheric pressure is 380 mm Hg. If the atmosphere is still composed of 21 percent oxygen, then the partial pressure of oxygen at this altitude is about ________. 380 mm Hg 0 mm Hg 160 mm Hg Correct! 80 mm Hg

80 mm Hg

What would you predict if the curve were steeper than the one pictured? See Section 42.4 (Page) . View Available Hint(s) A constant change in oxygen saturation of hemoglobin relative to a change in oxygen partial pressure A larger change in oxygen saturation of hemoglobin relative to a change in oxygen partial pressure No change in oxygen saturation of hemoglobin relative to a change in oxygen partial pressure A smaller change in oxygen saturation of hemoglobin relative to a change in oxygen partial pressure

A larger change in oxygen saturation of hemoglobin relative to a change in oxygen partial pressure

The competitive exclusion principle states that ________. it is not possible for two species to compete for the same resources two species with different niches will not compete for the same resources Correct Answer it is not possible for two species with the same niche to coexist in the same region two species with the same niche will constantly be competing for resources

Answer it is not possible for two species with the same niche to coexist in the same region

How is most carbon dioxide transported from tissues to the lungs? View Available Hint(s) As carbonic acid. As bicarbonate ions (HCO3−HCO3−). As carbon dioxide gas. As protons (H+H+).

As bicarbonate ions (HCO3−HCO3−).

What might be a consequence of global warming for fishes living in a pond? See Section 42.2 (Page) . Nothing will happen, as temperature and oxygen content are not related. As the planets warms, aquatic habitats such as a pond will contain less dissolved oxygen, reducing the ability of fishes to acquire oxygen for their respiratory needs. With increasing temperature, lower oxygen content of the pond water will lead to an increase in metabolic rate and oxygen consumption in fishes. As the planet warms, the increase in oxygen will lead to increased number of fishes.

As the planets warms, aquatic habitats such as a pond will contain less dissolved oxygen, reducing the ability of fishes to acquire oxygen for their respiratory needs.

Foxes and skunks consume some of the same prey, although foxes are primarily diurnal and skunks are primarily nocturnal. Which graph best represents their respective niches? A Correct! B C D

B

Use the following diagram of a hypothetical food web to answer the question(s) below. The arrows represent the transfer of energy between the various trophic levels. Which letter represents an organism that could be a producer? A Correct! B C D

B

While traveling in Texas, you stumble across a snake with red, yellow, and black bands. You somehow remember that this could be a poisonous coral snake or a harmless milk snake, but you forget how to differentiate them because they both have similar colors and banding patterns. You wisely decide not to pick up the snake. What you don't realize, is that it was the harmless milk snake. What defense of the snake was successful in preventing you from grabbing the snake? Müllerian mimicry Correct! Batesian mimicry

Batesian mimicry

Which letter represents an organism that could only be a primary consumer? A B Correct! C D

C

Why does it take 10 times more energy to grow a kilogram of beef than a kilogram of wheat? Correct! Cattle only integrate 10 percent of their food into biomass. Wheat weighs less. Only 10 percent of wheat is digestible. Cattle eat only 10 percent of their body weight.

Cattle only integrate 10 percent of their food into biomass.

Which of the communities in the figure has the lowest species richness? Community 1 Community 2 Correct! Community 3 Communities 1 and 2

Community 3

Based on the background text, what kind of interspecific interactions are occurring between skunks and foxes? Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism Correct! Competition Consumption

Competition

_________ cells are activated by different wavelengths of light while ____________ cells are activated by light intensity. Rod, cone Correct! Cone, rod

Cone, rod

What interactions exist between a tick on a dog and the dog? +/+ +/0 Correct! +/- 0/0

Correct! +/-

Which of the following is most accurate statement regarding evolution? A.Individuals evolve to be ideal fits for their environment B. Individuals evolve to be good enough to survive in their environment C. Populations evolve to be ideal fits for their environment D. Populations evolve to be good enough to survive in their environment E. Individuals evolve within a population to become ideal fits for their environment

D. Populations evolve to be good enough to survive in their environment

Returning foxes to their pre-Eagle introduction population levels would have what effect on primary consumer populations? Correct! Decrease Increase No Effect

Decrease

Why has the growth of the fox population on Santa Cruz Island started to level off during the last few years of available data? Density-dependent factors lead to fewer births and increased mortality. Density-independent factors lead to fewer births and increased mortality. Hormonal changes promote higher death rates in crowded populations. The incoming energy decreases in populations experiencing a high rate of increase. Individuals voluntarily stop mating so that overcrowding does not occur.

Density-dependent factors lead to fewer births and increased mortality.

Which of the following statements is consistent with the principle of competitive exclusion? Bird species generally do not compete for nesting sites. The random distribution of one competing species will have a positive impact on the population growth of the other competing species Two species with the same fundamental niche will exclude other competing species Correct! Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species

Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species

True or false? The driving force for the unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin into tissues is the difference in PCO2 levels between the blood and body tissues. View Available Hint(s) True False

False

True or false? The pressure inside the human chest cavity is always positive, so the lungs stay relatively inflated even upon exhalation. True False

False

The symbols +, - , and 0 are to be used to show the results of interactions between individuals and groups of individuals in the examples that follow. The symbol + denotes a positive interaction, denotes a negative interaction, and 0 denotes where individuals are not affected by interacting. The first symbol refers to the first organism mentioned. Match the organismal interaction with the appropriate symbols. Golden Eagle/Fox +/- Fox/Skunk 0/0 Golden Eagle/Skunk 0/+

Golden Eagle/Fox +/- Fox/Skunk 0/0 Golden Eagle/Skunk 0/+

During exercise, neurons in contact with cerebrospinal fluid monitor pH and use this measure to control breathing. In this example, pH is altered by ____________ and the increase in breathing is an example of an ___________. CO2 binding hemoglobin, Effector H+ generated by Carbonic Anhydrase, Effector CO2 dissolved in the blood, Integrator H+ generated by Carbonic Anhydrase, Integrator CO2 binding hemoglobin, Sensor

H+ generated by Carbonic Anhydrase, Effector

In what way does hemoglobin act as a buffer against changes in blood pH? Hemoglobin binds some of the excess protons released by carbonic acid. Hemoglobin removes excess protons from the red blood cells so that they can be excreted through the kidneys. Subsequent binding of oxygen is drastically reduced after the first one is bound. Hemoglobin produces protons or hydroxide ions as needed to alter the blood pH.

Hemoglobin binds some of the excess protons released by carbonic acid.

How might climate change alter the figure arrows? Correct! Increased evaporation from the ocean Reduced evaporation from the ocean Decreased transpiration Decreased precipitation over land

Increased evaporation from the ocean

Which of the following is the source of genetic variation required for natural selection to take place? Gene flow Natural selection Correct! Mutations Genetic drift Non-random mating

Mutations

What is the term used to describe the process shown in the panels in the accompanying figure, assuming Time 2 follows Time 1? Competition Species interaction Correct! Niche differentiation Niche realization

Niche differentiation

What structures would neurobiologists look for if they are interested in determining if an animal can see in color? Correct! Opsins electroreceptors pupil lens

Opsins

Which of the following kinds of neurons are notcholinergic (i.e. release acetylcholine)? Postganglionic sympathetic neurons Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons Preganglionic sympathetic neurons Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons Motor neurons

Postganglionic sympathetic neurons

How would this curve likely differ for a person whose family has lived atop a mountain for thousands of years? See Section 42.4 (Page) . View Available Hint(s) Shifted to the left Not different at all Shifted to the right Significantly more flat

Shifted to the left

Which of the following characteristics is NOT attributed to the sympathetic division of the ANS? Preganglionic neurons tend to be long, with the ganglion located in or near the effector target tissue(s) Preganglionic neurons are short and synapse in ganglia located near the spinal cord Preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine at synapses with postganglionic neurons You Answered Postganglionic neurons release norepinephrine at their effector junctions Postganglionic neuron cell bodies are located in the collateral chain ganglia or vertebral ganglia

Preganglionic neurons tend to be long, with the ganglion located in or near the effector target tissue(s)

Which photoreceptor cells function in dim light? Correct! Rods Cones

Rods

Use the accompanying diagram of Channel Islands, as well as MacArthur and Wilson's island biogeography principles, to answer the question(s) below: Which island would likely have the greatest species diversity?

Santa Cruz

Which is NOT an element of the efferent division of the peripheral nervous system? Sensory Neurons Parasympathetic Neurons Sympathetic Neurons Somatic Motor Neurons

Sensory Neurons

Most mammals have 1000 or more genes that encode receptor proteins on the surface of odor-receptor neurons, so why do some mammals have a better sense of smell than others? Some of the genes actively transcribing receptor proteins in some species are completely absent in other species. Some species, particularly humans, rely much less on odor detection for survival; thus, the genes have mutated to encode proteins that aid in other senses, such as sight. Some species of mammals have a larger set of "basic odors" than other species Some of the genes that code for receptor proteins may have been mutated and rendered inactive in some species but not in others

Some of the genes that code for receptor proteins may have been mutated and rendered inactive in some species but not in others

If you were to prevent adrenergic receptors from functioning, what branch of the autonomic nervous system would be affected? Sympathetic Parasympathetic Both

Sympathetic

Foxes that escaped Golden Eagle predation tended to be more active at night compared to other foxes. If, under this selective pressure, island foxes become nocturnal what would this suggest about that trait? Correct! That there is an heritable trait associated with time of activity. That foxes learned to be nocturnal.

That there is an heritable trait associated with time of activity.

Which of the following statements about the oxygen-hemoglobin interaction is true? View Available Hint(s) The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is exponential, which means that hemoglobin can respond quickly to small changes in oxygen demand .The binding of one oxygen molecule to hemoglobin stimulates the unloading of the oxygen molecules that are already bound. The binding of one oxygen molecule to hemoglobin stimulates the binding of other oxygen molecules. Each hemoglobin molecule can bind one oxygen molecule.

The binding of one oxygen molecule to hemoglobin stimulates the binding of other oxygen molecules.

Why are action potentials usually conducted in one direction? The nodes of Ranvier conduct potentials in one direction Correct! The brief refractory period prevents reopening of voltage-gated Na+ channels. The axon hillock has a higher membrane potential than the terminals of the axon Ions can flow along the axon in only one direction Voltage-gated channels for both Na+ and K+ open in only one direction

The brief refractory period prevents reopening of voltage-gated Na+ channels.

Which of the following statements regarding the determination of stimulus intensity is true? Both the frequency of action potentials increases with increasing stimulus intensity and the magnitude of receptor potentials increases with increasing stimulus intensity are true The frequency of action potentials increases with increasing stimulus intensity The magnitude of action potentials increases with increasing stimulus intensity Both the frequency of action potentials increases with increasing stimulus intensity and the magnitude of action potentials increases with increasing stimulus intensity are true The magnitude of receptor potentials increases with increasing stimulus intensity

The frequency of action potentials increases with increasing stimulus intensity

Why is breathing more difficult at high altitudes, such as at the top of Mount Everest? The lower partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere reduces the rate of diffusion of oxygen into your body. At high altitudes, the air only contains nitrogen, so breathing is more difficult. The lower atmospheric pressure reduces the ability of the body to pump air into the body. Carbon dioxide will not diffuse out of your body at high altitude.

The lower partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere reduces the rate of diffusion of oxygen into your body

When you are jogging, your muscles are using more oxygen and releasing more carbon dioxide into the blood than when you are at home on the couch. Which of the following would occur during your jog? The medullary respiratory center would detect rising carbon dioxide levels. Blood pH would become more basic. The volume of the dead air space would decrease. The concentration of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in the blood would decrease.

The medullary respiratory center would detect rising carbon dioxide levels.

A rabbit taken from a meadow near sea level and moved to a meadow high on a mountainside would have some trouble breathing. Why? The percentage of oxygen in the air at high elevations is lower than at sea level The partial pressure of oxygen in the air at high elevations is higher than at sea level. The partial pressure of oxygen in the air at high elevations is lower than at sea level. The percentage of oxygen in the air at high elevations is higher than at sea level.

The partial pressure of oxygen in the air at high elevations is *lower* than at sea level.

A rabbit taken from a meadow near sea level and moved to a meadow high on a mountainside would have some trouble breathing. Why? The partial pressure of oxygen in the air at high elevations is higher than at sea level. The partial pressure of oxygen in the air at high elevations is lower than at sea level. The percentage of oxygen in the air at high elevations is higher than at sea level The percentage of oxygen in the air at high elevations is lower than at sea level

The partial pressure of oxygen in the air at high elevations is lower than at sea level.

Which of the following is TRUE of species interactions? Correct! They can act as agents of natural selection The outcome of any species interactions is static through time. They do little to affect species distributions. They cannot affect species abundance

They can act as agents of natural selection

Which of the following is TRUE of species interactions? Correct! They can act as agents of natural selection. The outcome of any species interactions is static through time They do little to affect species distributions They cannot affect species abundance

They can act as agents of natural selection.

An action potential does not restimulate the adjacent membrane that was previously depolarized because This area of membrane is absolutely refractory to depolarization The resting membrane potential of the axon is too low The resting membrane potential of the axon is too high It is impossible for an action potential to be propagated along an axon toward the nerve cell body Stimulation is inhibited by the myelin sheath

This area of membrane is absolutely refractory to depolarization

In which location would you expect the oxygen concentration to be the lowest? The environment Tissues The blood The lungs

Tissues

True or false? The lungs of humans form from the embryonic foregut. True False

True

Animals that can detect ultraviolet (UV) light differ from humans by having ________. larger eyes that can collect more UV light Correct! UV-specific opsins that extend their visible light spectrum thicker retinas that can capture UV light more efficiently additional visual sensors to allow detection of different light types

UV-specific opsins that extend their visible light spectrum

The exhalation of air from human lungs is driven by ________. a decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity with an associated increase in thoracic pressure the expansion of the rib cage the contraction of the diaphragm a decrease in the residual volume of the lungs the closure of the epiglotti

a decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity with an associated increase in thoracic pressure

During light detection in a photoreceptor, light directly causes what molecular change? inactivation of phosphodiesterase increase in cGMP levels Correct! a retinal change from cis to trans conformation increase in Na+ entry into the photoreceptor

a retinal change from cis to trans conformation

You are a physician, and you are seeing a patient who complains of abnormal fatigue during exercise. You find that the immediate problem is a buildup of carbon dioxide in the tissues. What is the most likely cause? abnormal carbonic anhydrase abnormal hemoglobin not enough hemoglobin abnormally shaped platelets

abnormal carbonic anhydrase

By picking up hydrogen ions, hemoglobin prevents the blood from becoming too _____. acidic basic thick low in oxygen concentration red

acidic

Evolution in a population of island iguanas can be caused by the following agent(s): genetic drift gene flow natural selection all of the above

all of the above

Most carbon dioxide is carried from the body tissues to the lungs _____. as bicarbonate ions (HCO3 -) combined with hemoglobin by the trachea as hydrogen ions (H+) dissolved in blood plasma

as bicarbonate ions (HCO3 -)

Breathing is primarily regulated by ________. hemoglobin levels in the blood the concentration of red blood cells erythropoietin levels in the blood Correct! carbon dioxide concentration and pH sensors

carbon dioxide concentration and pH sensors

In the blood most of the oxygen that will be used in cellular respiration is carried from the lungs to the body tissues _____. as bicarbonate ions (HCO3 -) combined with hemoglobin by the trachea water (H2O) dissolved in blood plasma

combined with hemoglobin

Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is ________. converted to bicarbonate ions by carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme in red blood cells transported in the erythrocytes as carbonic acid simply dissolved in the plasma bound to hemoglobin bicarbonate ions bound to hemoglobin

converted to bicarbonate ions by carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme in red blood cells

Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is ________. bicarbonate ions bound to hemoglobin transported in the erythrocytes as carbonic acid Correct! converted to bicarbonate ions by carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme in red blood cells bound to hemoglobin

converted to bicarbonate ions by carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme in red blood cells

If other factors are equal, which of the following environments would have the highest level of dissolved oxygen? cool freshwater at low elevation cool freshwater at high elevation warm, salty water at low elevation warm freshwater at high elevation cool, salty water at low elevation

cool freshwater at low elevation

Imagine you are resting comfortably on a sofa after dinner. This could be described as a state with ________. decreased activity in the sympathetic nervous system and increased activity in the parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems decreased activity in the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems increased activity in the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system and decreased activity in the parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems

decreased activity in the sympathetic nervous system and increased activity in the parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems

Which of the following is the best modern definition of evolution? Correct! descent with modification change in the number of genes in a population over time survival of the fittest inheritance of acquired characters

descent with modification

Which barrier(s) must O2O2 and CO2CO2 cross to pass between air and blood inside lungs? Check all that apply. extracellular fluid capillary wall epithelial cells diaphragm

extracellular fluid capillary wall epithelial cells

To become bound to hemoglobin for transport in a mammal, atmospheric molecules of oxygen must cross ________. five membranes-in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining an alveolar capillary, and into the red blood cell-to bind with hemoglobin one membrane-that of the lining in the lungs-and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood two membranes-in and out of the cells lining the lung-and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood four membranes-in and out of the cells lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining an alveolar capillary-and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood zero membranes-oxygen binds directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood

five membranes-in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining an alveolar capillary, and into the red blood cell-to bind with hemoglobin

Which of the following sensory receptors is correctly paired with its category? hair cell—mechanoreceptor taste receptor-mechanoreceptor rod—chemoreceptor olfactory receptor—electromagnetic receptor

hair cell—mechanoreceptor

A key aspect of cooperative binding by hemoglobin is that ___________. See Section 42.4 (Page) . View Available Hint(s) it increases delivery of oxygen during periods of rest to save energy and reduce metabolism it reduces the amount of oxygen provided during exercise it permits rapid uptake of oxygen in the lungs and greater delivery of oxygen once blood reaches capillaries in the body's tissues it allows for great binding of carbon dioxide and increases the amount of carbon dioxide that is carried out of the body

it permits rapid uptake of oxygen in the lungs and greater delivery of oxygen once blood reaches capillaries in the body's tissues

Voice sounds are produced by the _____. trachea diaphragm bronchioles larynx lungs

larynx

Deafness caused by loud sounds often results from damage to which receptor cells? thermoreceptors Correct! mechanoreceptors chemoreceptors electroreceptors nociceptors

mechanoreceptors

The primary functions of the _____ are to warm, filter, and humidify air. lungs trachea bronchus nasal cavity alveoli

nasal cavity

Carbon dioxide levels in the blood and in cerebrospinal fluid affect pH of these fluids. This enables the organism to sense a disturbance in gas levels as ________. Carbon dioxide levels in the blood and in cerebrospinal fluid affect pH of these fluids. This enables the organism to sense a disturbance in gas levels as ________. the brain directly measures and monitors oxygen levels and causes breathing changes accordingly neurons in contact with cerebrospinal fluid monitor pH and use this measure to control breathing the brain alters the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid to force the animal to retain more or less carbon dioxide stretch receptors in the lungs cause the medulla oblongata to speed up or slow breathing the medulla oblongata is able to control the concentration of bicarbonate ions in the blood

neurons in contact with cerebrospinal fluid monitor pH and use this measure to control breathing

A photopsin is a protein: Correct! of a photopigment within cone photoreceptors. of a photopigment within rod photoreceptors. that is derived from Vitamin E. that allows ions to flow into rod and cone photoreceptors.

of a photopigment within cone photoreceptors.

The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in _____. the partial pressure of carbon monoxide hemoglobin concentration temperature pH the partial pressure of oxygen

pH

A toxin that binds specifically to voltage-gated sodium channels in axons would be expected to ________. prevent the hyperpolarization phase of the action potential Correct! prevent the depolarization phase of the action potential prevent graded potentials increase the release of neurotransmitter molecules

prevent the depolarization phase of the action potential

The umami receptor in the sense of taste detects ________. glucose sodium ions hydrogen ions the amino acid glutamate

the amino acid glutamate

Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because ________. the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume and decreasing the pressure within the lungs the volume of the alveoli increases as smooth muscles contract pulmonary muscles contract and pull on the outer surface of the lungs a positive respiratory pressure is created when the diaphragm relaxes gas flows from a region of lower pressure to a region of higher pressure

the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume and decreasing the pressure within the lungs

What is the correct order of processes involving the movement of oxygen from the environment to mitochondria in vertebrates? -circulation, cellular respiration, diffusion in tissues -ventilation, circulation, cellular respiration -circulation, ventilation, cellular respiration -diffusion in tissues, cellular respiration, diffusion at respiratory surface -ventilation, diffusion in tissues, circulation

ventilation, circulation, cellular respiration