Week 3: Evolution of the Major Programming Languages

first machine independent language; first language whose syntax was formally define (BNF) ?

ALGOL

which language was the first widely used language with time sharing ?

BASIC

John Backus

Fortran primary designer(s)

Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, and Ken Thompson

Go primary designer(s)

James Gosling

Java primary designer(s)

Which language is based on formal logic and is non-procedural and is comparatively inefficient ?

Prolog

Alan Kay

Smalltalk primary designer(s)

Which one of the following features was NOT a feature of Fortran 77?

dynamic arrays (supports character string handling, logical loop control statements and an If with an optional Else clause)

which two early dynamic languages were characterized by dynamic typing and dynamic storage allocation with untyped variables ?

APL and SNOBOL

Which language has powerful set of operators, but poor type checking and is initially spread through UNIX ?

C

Larry Wall

C primary designer(s)

Alain Colmerauer, Philippe Roussel and Rober Kowalski

Prolog primary designer(s)

Steve Russell, Timothy P. Hart, and Mike Levin

LISP primary designer(s)

Yukihiro Matsumoto

Ruby primary designer(s)

short code pseudocodes

developed by Mauchly for BINAC computers

One of the greatest single advances in computing came with the introduction of the IBM [a] in 1954, in large measure because its capabilities prompted the development of [b].

704; Fortran

which language was designed as a hardware description language at IBM (by Ken Iverson, 1960) and is highly expressive and difficult to read programs ?

APL (A Programming Language)

contributions of ___ includes packages support for data abstraction, execution handling (elaborate), generic program units, concurrency (through the tasking model)

Ada

which language was the history's largest design effort ?

Ada

Bjarne Stroustrup

C++ primary designer(s)

which language is based on FLOW-MATIC (UNIVAC was beginning to use FLOW-MATIC) and was the first language required by DoD ?

COBOL

which language has LISP-like syntax, treats code as data, has a dynamic type system (determined at runtime, like perl) and runs in JVM ?

Clojure (2007)

which language is an effort to combine features of several dialects of LISP into a single language? (large, complex, used in industry for some large applications)

Common LISP

which two languages are contemporary dialects of LISP

Common lisp and scheme

Bertrand Meyer

Eiffel primary designer(s)

Between 1951 and 1953, a team led by [a] at UNIVAC developed a series of "compiling" systems named A-0, A-1, and A-2 that expanded a pseudo-code into machine code subprograms in the same way as macros are expanded into assembly language.

Grace Hopper

Which language was based on C++, significantly simplified, supports on OOP, has references but not pointers, includes support for applets and form of concurrency and developed at Sun (1990)

Java

genealogy of common languages: Sort this list of Functional Programming Languages by the order of the year of their appearance/release. Clojure Scala Haskell Common LISP LISP Scheme ML Miranda (COBOL SNOBOL Java C C++ Prolog Perl Python Pascal Ruby)

LISP, (COBOL, SNOBOL, C, Pascal Prolog,) Scheme, ML, Miranda, Common LISP, (C++, Perl) Haskell, (Python, Java, Ruby,) Scala, Clojure

The first widely-used functional programming language (called [a]) was invented to provide language features for list processing, the need for which grew out of the first applications in the area of [b].

LISP; artificial intelligence

which language is conceived to develop proof tactics in the LCF theorem prover; it's known for its use of Hindley-Milner type system, whose type inference algorithm can automatically assign the types of most expressions without requiring explicit type annotations?

ML (MetaLanguage)

Brad Cox and Tom Love

Objective-C primary designer(s)

Rasmus Lerdorf

PHP primary designer(s)

_____ contributions: - First unit-level concurrency - First exception handling - Switch-selectable recursion - First pointer data type - First array cross sections

PL/I

which language was designed for teaching structured programming and is small and simple ?

Pascal

Which language gained widespread use for CGI programming on the web, and also used for a replacement for UNIX system admin language

Perl

PHP's array data structure is a combination of what two data structures from other languages?

Perl hashes and Javascript arrays

scripting languages for the web include:

Perl, JavaScript, PHP, Python, Ruby and Lua

Although never implemented, and not even published until 1972, the first high-level language, [a], was developed in Germany between 1936 and 1945 by [b].

Plankalkul, Konrad Zuse

Guido van Rossum

Python primary designer(s)

which language was designed as a string manipulation language with powerful operators for string pattern matching and is slower than alternative languages ?

SNOBOL

Which language is full functional support, very strong static type system and runs in JVM ?

Scala (scalable language, 2004)

Guy L. Steele and Gerald Jay Sussman

Scheme primary designer(s)

which language was the first to full implementation of an object-oriented programming (data, abstraction, inheritance, and dynamic binding and has pioneered the graphical user interface design and promoted OOP)

Smalltalk

Speedcoding pseudocodes

developed by Backus for IBM 701 (for arithmetic and math functions; conditional and unconditional branching; auto-increment registers for array access; slow and only 700 words left for user program)

fortran evaluation (compilers)

highly optimizing compilers

LISP syntax is based on ___ ___

lambda calculus

What data structure(s) does Python use in place of arrays?

lists, tuples and dictionaries

concerns of PL/I

many new features were poorly designed; too large and complex

what's wrong with using machine code?

poor readability, poor modifiability, expression coding was tedious, and machine deficiencies (no indexing or floating point)

What characteristic does Ruby share with Smalltalk?

pure object oriented language

which language has extensive use of static scoping; function as first class entities; and also have a simple syntax (and small size)?

scheme

is it true that ML, Haskell and F# are also functional programming languages

yes