Week 3 Review Quiz Ch.1, Ch.2, Ch.3, Ch.4

Approximately how many active hotspots have been active within the last 10 million years?

125

In which year was manganese nodules discovered during the voyage of HMS challenger?

1872

Approximately, how deep is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge?

5 miles

What is the expected calcium carbonate content in modern surface sediments at a latitude of 40 degrees south and a longitude 140 degrees east?

50-80% by weight

How many volcanic peaks are known to exist on the Pacific sea floor?

>20,000

Which of the following is the deepest part of the ocean?

Abyssal Plain

Which volcanic rock is named after the Andes Mountains in South America?

Andesite

The largest reef system in the world is the Great Barrier Reef. Where is it located?

Australia

Who of the following is thought to be the first Viking to have seen what is now called Newfoundland?

Bjarni Herjolfsson

Where are the only two places in the world where continental ice sheets occur today?

Greenland and Antartica

The first systematic bathymetric measurement of the oceans were made in 1872 about the ________.

HMS Challenger

Rock salt (halite) is an example of which of the following sediment types?

Hydrogenous sediment

Sandstone is an example of which of the following sediment types?

Lithogenous Sediment

Which of the following represents Earth's plates that are involved in plate tectonic motion?

Lithosphere

Which of the following is Earth's rigid layer that includes the middle and lower mantle?

Mesosphere

Which institution is not associated with JOIDES?

NOAA

Which part of the ocean is considered to be the most climatically sensitive regions on Earth?

North Atlantic

Which European navigator was known for using a simple method for determining latitude in the Northern Hemisphere?

Pytheas

Which ocean is actually a part of three other oceans?

Southern Ocean

How did the Moon form?

The Moon formed due to the impact of a Mars-sized body with the Earth.

The ________ is a transition zone between the continental slope and the deep-ocean floor comprised of a huge submerged pile of debris.

continental rise

*Where are the thickest marine sediments located?

continental shelf

Phosphate-rich nodules form in ________.

continental shelf waters

The Alpine Fault of New Zealand is an example of ________ plate boundary.

continental transform

Older lithosphere is destroyed in association with ________.

deep-sea trenches

What type of seafloor feature does a transform plate boundary make?

fault

The main energy resources associated with marine sediments are petroleum and ________.

gas hydrates

What is the expected calcium carbonate content in modern surface sediments at a latitude of 20 degrees south and a longitude of 20 degrees west?

greater than 80% by weight

Underwater volcanic peaks that resemble volcanoes on land except that they are flat on top are called ________.

guyots

Sediments derived from preexisting rocks on land are called ________.

lithogenous

Shale is an example of which of the following sediment types?

lithogenous

Which type of sediment deposit has an average rate of deposition (per 1000 years) of 0.001 millimeter (0.00004 inch)?

manganese nodule; pelagic deposit

Which of the following represents Earth's high-density, mostly iron-silicate layer?

mantle

Which of the following natural gasses is most common in gas hydrates from under the ocean floor?

methane

Ascension Island is an example of a volcanic island associated with volcanic activity at a(n) ________.

mid-ocean ridge

New lithosphere is produced in association with ________.

oceanic ridges

The steeply-sloping and slower-spreading parts of the mid-ocean ridge are called ________.

oceanic ridges

Convergent active margins are associated with which type of boundary?

oceanic-continental convergent

Which of the following resources found in ocean sediments has the greatest economic value?

petroleum

The Earth's interior can be subdivided based on its ________.

physical composition

One of the most abundance, chemically stable, and durable minerals in the Earth's crust is ________.

quartz

Which of the following is the most advanced technology used to collect sediment samples from the deep ocean?

rotary corer

The method that is used most frequently to investigate sediment and rock layers of the sea floor is ________.

sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling)

Ocean sediments consist of particles that have slowly settled out of the water by which of the following the processes?

suspension settling

Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and debris are ________.

turbidity currents

The speed of sound in seawater varies with ________.

water pressure, temperature, and salinity

Warm-water (From 30°C to 350°C) hydrothermal vents form ________.

white smokers

Tectonic plates move about as fast as ________.

your fingernails grow

Is a linear sea floor feature that has the following properties a transform fault, a fracture zone, or neither? It is seismically inactive, it occurs between offset mid-ocean ridge segments, and the relative movement between two points on either side of the feature is in the same direction.

fracture zone

Which of the following is the predominant process that forms the metallic minerals in and around black smokers?

precipitation

Which ocean is mostly, but not entirely, in the southern hemisphere?

Indian Ocean

Most of the explorations by northern and western Europeans during the Middle (Dark) Ages were undertaken by ________.

Vikings of Scandanavia

The Gulf of California is an example of ________ plate boundary.

a continental-continental divergent

What is the main rock type of oceanic crust?

basalt

The two relatively flat areas on the hypsographic curve represent ________.

interior continental areas and abyssal plains on the ocean floor

The direction of motion along a seafloor transform fault is ________.

is in the same direction as plates are spreading

Oceanic ridges and rises result from seafloor spreading along ________.

divergent plate boundaries