Week 4 NUT

Which of the following is a property of the fat-soluble vitamins? Select one: a. Most of them are synthesized by intestinal bacteria b. Intestinal transport occurs by way of the portal circulation c. Deficiency symptoms may take years to develop on a poor diet d. Toxicity risk is higher for vitamins E and K than for other fat-soluble vitamins

Deficiency symptoms may take years to develop on a poor diet

Increasing the amount of polyunsaturated fats in the diet increases the need for vitamin Select one: a. A. b. E. c. K. d. D.

E

Which of the following is a naturally occurring food source of vitamin D? Select one: a. Egg yolks b. Red meats c. Tomato juice d. Whole-wheat bread

Egg yolks

Which of the following is a feature of water? Select one: a. Not a vital nutrient b. Not found in foods c. Oxidized to yield energy d. Generated from oxidation of energy nutrients

Generated from oxidation of energy nutrients

Which of the following is a characteristic of caffeine intake and water balance? Select one: a. Caffeine inhibits water absorption from the GI tract b. Caffeine is know to act as a dieretic only when consumed as coffee or tea c. Regular intake of caffeine promotes an increase in water retention volume d. Habitual consumers of caffeine lose almost no more fluid from the body than when ingesting non-caffeinated beverages

Habitual consumers of caffeine lose almost no more fluid from the body than when ingesting non-caffeinated beverages

Which of the following is a feature of niacin nutrition? Select one: a. Low doses may lead to kidney stones b. High doses may lower blood cholesterol c. Low doses may lead to heartburn and low blood pressure d. High doese may elevate red blood cell count in mildly anemic individuals

High doses may lower blood cholesterol

What is a feature of sodium and health? Select one: a. Salt sensitivity is generally rare in African Americans b. High sodium intake is known to promote calcium excretion. c. High sodium intake over many years leads to hypertension in most people. d. Sodium alone and sodium in salt have nearly equivalent effects on blood pressure.

High sodium intake is known to promote calcium excretion.

What is the most likely reason for the development of a vitamin B12 deficiency? Select one: a. Inadequate intake b. Increased excretion c. Inadequate absorption d. Increased losses in food preparation

Inadequate absorption

What is the relationship of the amount of sodium excreted to the amount ingested in a normal day? Select one: a. Intake is higher. b. Excretion is higher. c. Intake and excretion are equal. d. Excretion is unrelated to intake.

Intake and excretion are equal.

Which of the following conditions may improve with vitamin E therapy? Select one: a. Diabetes b. Pernicious anemia c. Muscular dystrophy d. Intermittent claudication

Intermittent claudication

What is the function of intrinsic factor in vitamin B12 absorption? Select one: a. It catalyzes release of the vitamin from its protein-bound form. b. It attaches to the vitamin, thereby allowing absorption from the small intestine. c. It acts as a storage protein for the vitamin within the intestinal epithelial cells. d. ​It acts as a cofactor for mucosal enzymes involved in absorption of the vitamin.

It attaches to the vitamin, thereby allowing absorption from the small intestine.

In what major way does alcohol intake affect vitamin B6 metabolism? Select one: a. It reduces acetaldehyde formation b. ​It increases fecal excretion of the vitamin c. It dislodges the PLP coenzyme from its enzyme d. It interferes with synthesis of the PLP coenzyme

It dislodges the PLP coenzyme from its enzyme

What organ provides the major control for homeostasis of body fluids? Select one: a. Liver b. Heart c. Kidneys d. Skeletal muscle

Kidneys

What term identifies the characteristic tingling sensations and reddening of the skin after ingesting a pharmacologic dose of nicotinic acid? Select one: a. Niacin flush b. NAD dermatitis c. Niacin erythrema d. Bilateral symmetrical dermatitis

Niacin flush

Vitamin A supplements are helpful in treating which of the following conditions? Select one: a. Acne b. Rickets c. Osteomalacia d. Night blindness

Night blindness

Which of the following vitamins is known to sustain substantial losses during processing of food? Select one: a. Biotin b. Niacin c. Vitamin B12 d. Pantothenic acid

Pantothenic acid

What is the greatest single source of sodium in the diet? Select one: a. Processed foods b. Unprocessed foods c. Natural salt content of foods d. Salt added during cooking and at the table

Processed foods

Which of the following is known to require vitamin K for its synthesis? Select one: a. Albumin b. GI Mucosa c. Prothrombin d. Mucopolysaccharides

Prothrombin

Which of the following is the name of the vitamin A compound that is active in the visual response? Select one: a. Opsin b. Keratin c. Retinal d. Carotene

Retinal

A deficiency of what vitamin produces a characteristic crackingand redness at the corners of the mouth? Select one: a. Biotin b. Niacin c. Riboflavin d. Ascorbic acid

Riboflavin

In what system would the effects of a vitamin D deficiency be most readily observed? Select one: a. Nervous b. Skeletal c. Muscular d. Circulatory

Skeletal

What is an overt sign of a possible B vitamin deficiency? Select one: a. Anemia b. Smooth tongue c. Abnormal liver function d. Abnormal heart function

Smooth tongue

When a person loses fluid by sweating or bleeding, what minerals are lost in greatest quantity? Select one: a. Sodium and chloride b. Bicarbonate and sulfate c. Calcium and magnesium d. Potassium and phosphate

Sodium and chloride

Which food choice would be the only substantial source of vitamin B12? Select one: a. Pecans b. Steak c. Cauliflower d. Whole-grain bread

Steak

Approximately what percentage of naturally occurring dietary folate is bioavailable?​ Select one: a. 10 b. 25 c. 50 d. 80

50

What is the sodium-potassium pump? Select one: a. A cell membrane protein that uses energy to pump sodium into the cell b. A cell membrane protein that uses energy to pump sodium out of the cell c. A mechanism present throughout interstitial fluid for draining sodium from the circulation d. A mechanism present in the kidneys that exchanges sodium with lactic acid in order to regulate organic acid concentration

A cell membrane protein that uses energy to pump sodium out of the cell

Which of the following nutrients is synthesized in significant amounts in the body? Select one: a. Choline b. Thiamine c. Ascorbic acid d. Pantothenic acid

Choline

What is a chief function of the B vitamins? Select one: a. Antioxidation b. Anticoagulation c. Antibody stabilization d. Coenzyme participation

Coenzyme participation

The absorption of which vitamin is most affected by the disorder atrophic gastritis? Select one: a. Choline b. Vitamin C c. Vitamin B12 d. Pantothenic Acid

B12

Which of the following food substances can be converted to vitamin A in the body? Select one: a. Tryptophan b. Chlorophyll c. Xanthophyll d. Beta-carotene

Beta-carotene

Which of the following vitamins is synthesized by intestinal bacteria? Select one: a. Folate b. Biotin c. Cyanocobalamin d. Pantothenic acid

Biotin

What are the known effects of raising animals on diets containing retinoic acid as the only source of vitamin A? Select one: a. Growth is stunted. b. Blindness develops. c. Retinal synthesis is stimulated. d. ​Retinol synthesis is stimulated.

Blindness develops.

In what chief capacity does vitamin K function? Select one: a. Blood clotting b. Energy metabolism c. Calcium utilization d. Epithelial tissue renewal

Blood clotting

What do beta-carotene and vitamin E have in common? Select one: a. Both act as antioxidants. b. Both are found in animal fats. c. Neither is involved in free radical control. d. Neither is involved in synthesis of retinal.

Both act as antioxidants.

Riboflavin needs are more difficult to meet when the diet is low in Select one: a. meats b. grains c. vegetables d. dairy foods

dairy foods

Which of the following vitamins is least associated with the process of bone remodeling? Select one: a. A b. K c. E d. D

e

Which vitamin prevents the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins?​ Select one: a. A b. E c. K d. D

e

A person with a disorder that limits absorption of bile is at increased risk for deficiency of Select one: a. folate. b. niacin. c. riboflavin. d. ascorbic acid.

folate.

Habitual intake of soft water is most likely to aggravate Select one: a. scurvy. b. diabetes. c. hypertension. d. megaloblastic anemia.

hypertension.

Abnormally low blood sodium concentration is known specifically as Select one: a. hypertension. b. hyponatremia. c. hyperkalemia. d. water intoxication.

hyponatremia.

Which vitamin is stored primarily in muscle tissue? Select one: a. biotin b. folate c. vitamin B6 d. pantothenic acid

vitamin B6

the body, water that resides between cells is known as Select one: a. dieretic fluid. b. interstitial fluid. c. edematous fluid. d. intravascular fluid.

interstitial fluid.

The synthesis of collagen requires both vitamin C and ____. Select one: a. iron b. zinc c. cobalamin d. beta-carotene

iron

Your friend Jane just returned from the doctor, who diagnosed her with a specific vitamin B toxicity. However, she doesn't recall the name of the vitamin. Which vitamin listed is the only possible culprit associated with toxicity symptoms? Select one: a. niacin b. biotin c. robiflavin d. vitamin B12

niacin

The major function of vitamin E is to inhibit the destruction of ____. Select one: a. lysosomes b. free radicals c. mucopolysaccharides d. polyunsaturated fatty acids

polyunsaturated fatty acids

Hyponatremia refers to low blood concentration of Select one: a. renin. b. sodium. c. chloride. d. aldosterone.

sodium.

Absorption efficiency of vitamin D supplements is markedly improved when they are taken ____. Select one: a. with a large meal b. with a small meal c. with orange juice d. on an empty stomach

with a large meal

What is the best source of dietary vitamin K? Select one: a. spinach b. raspberries c. whole wheat bread d. baked potato

spinach

Which food is highest in folate? Select one: a. steak b. whole-wheat bread c. cheddar cheese d. spinach

spinach

Why are vitamin E deficiencies rarely observed in human beings? Select one: a. The vitamin is not essential b. The vitamin is widespread in foods c. Most people take vitamin E supplements d. The vitamin can be synthesized by the bodyQ

The vitamin is widespread in foods

Which of the following is a characteristic of free radicals? Select one: a. They are destroyed by cigarette smoking b. They arise from normal metabolic reactions c. They typically stop chain reactions associated with the production of peroxides d. They are known to accumulate even in the presence of abundant antioxidant nutrients

They arise from normal metabolic reactions

Why might vitamin C supplements be beneficial in treating the common cold? Select one: a. They deactivate histamine b. They reduce episodes of diarrhea c. They destroy intestinal pathogens d. They alter hypothalamic control of body temperature

They deactivate histamine

In which of the following individuals would vitamin A toxicity be most likely to occur? Select one: a. Adolescent women b. Overweight adults c. Those taking Vitamin A supplements d. Those consuming more than 100g of carrots daily

Those taking Vitamin A supplements

Why does vitamin A status depend on the person's protein status? Select one: a. Adequate protein intake is a marker for liberal intake of the vitamin b. Dietary protein assures synthesis of the vitamin's GI tract transporter c. Adequate protein intake reduces the risk for infection from bacteria that degrade the vitamin d. Transport of the vitamin within the body requres sufficient protein to synthesize retinol-binding protein

Transport of the vitamin within the body requres sufficient protein to synthesize retinol-binding protein

Which of the following compounds is known to function as a hormone? Select one: a. Vitamin D b. Vitamin K c. Phylloquinone d. Alpha-tocopherol

Vitamin D

Which property is shared by niacin and riboflavin coenzymes? Select one: a. acceptance and transfer of amino groups b. ​acceptance and transfer of activated carbon dioxide c. acceptance and transfer of hydrogen atoms d. acceptance and transfer of carboxyl groups

acceptance and transfer of hydrogen atoms

What is an early sign of vitamin C deficiency? Select one: a. bleeding gums b. pernicious anemia c. appearance of a cold d. hysteria and depression

bleeding gums

The animal version of vitamin D is known as ____. Select one: a. ergocalciferol b. ​foliocalciferol c. cholecalciferol d. phyllocalciferol

cholecalciferol

The chief symptoms of early vitamin B6 deficiency include Select one: a. confusion and depression. b. muscle cramps and stiffness. c. profound fatigue and anemia. d. hyperactivity and shortness of breath.

confusion and depression.

Of the following, which would most readily induce a vitamin K deficiency? Select one: a. Achlorhydria b. Antibiotic therapy c. Presence of oxalic acid in food d. Insufficient intake of green leafy vegetables

Antibiotic therapy

Riboflavin is most easily destroyed when exposed to ____. Select one: a. heat b. acid c. alkali d. ultraviolet light

ultraviolet light

Which type of food is a major source of vitamin E in the diet? Select one: a. meats b. citrus fruits c. vegetable oils d. milk and dairy products

vegetable oils