Week 4 test

Middle and late childhood as a period of slow, consistent growth Grow an average of 2-3 inches per year Gain an average of 5-7 pounds a year Body proportion changes Muscle mass and strength increase as "baby fat" decreases

Body growth and change

Second leading cause of death in children 5-14 years old Most common child cancer is leukemia Children with cancer are surviving longer, advancements in treatment

Cancer

growth mindset

Carol Dweck concluded that individuals have one of two mindsets, namely fixed mindset and:

Produces one correct answer Tested by standardized intelligence tests

Convergent thinking

Ability to think in novel and unusual ways and come up with unique solutions to problems

Creative thinking

Involves thinking reflectively and productively, evaluating evidence

Critical thinking

Motor skills become smoother and more coordinated Improvement of fine motor skills due to increased myelination of the central nervous system Boys outperform girls in gross motor skills Girls outperform boys in fine motor skills

Motor development

Argue that Piaget got some things right, but that his theory needs considerable revision Elaborated on Piaget's theory Gave more emphasis to how children use attention, memory, and strategies to process information

Neo-Piagetians

Heredity and environmental contexts Linked to diabetes, hypertension, and elevated blood cholesterol levels

Overweight children

(Ages 7 to 11) Can perform concrete operations and reason logically as applied to specific or concrete examples: Classification Seriation Transitivity

Piaget's Concrete Operational stage

self-esteem; self-concept

References to self-worth or self-image are global evaluations categorized as ________, whereas domain-specific evaluations are categorized as ________.

Ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension

Seriation

Deliberate mental activities that improve the processing of information Include: Elaboration Engage in mental imagery Understanding the material Repeat with variation Embed memory-relevant language

Strategies

Total brain volume stabilizes Significant changes in structures and regions occur Especially in the prefrontal cortex Activation of some brain areas increase while others decrease

The Brain

Involves manipulating and transforming information in memory Thinking critically and creatively

Thinking

Ability to logically combine relations to understand conclusions

Transitivity

Dyslexia - Severe impairment in the ability to read and spell Dysgraphia - Difficulty in handwriting Dyscalculia - Developmental arithmetic disorder

Types of learning disabilities

The spread of state-mandated tests to assess what students had or had not learned

What is the result of the public and government demand for increased accountability from schools?

stimulation

Which of the following functions of friendship involves providing interesting information, excitement, and amusement?

Decreasing opportunities and rewards for bullying

Which of the following is the approach of the bullying intervention program created by Dan Olweus?

self-efficacy; helplessness

________ is the belief that "I can"; ________ is the belief that "I cannot."

central ideal of information

gist

Milder disorder Good verbal language skills Restricted range of interests and relationships

Asperger syndrome

characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity Number of children diagnosed has increased Possible causes: Genetics Brain damage during prenatal or postnatal development Cigarette and alcohol exposure during prenatal development Low birth weight High physical activity level in adolescence was linked to lower level of ADHD in emerging adulthood

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD):

range from autistic disorder to Asperger syndrome Autism spectrum disorders can often be detected as young as 1-3 years

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD):

More severe autistic disorder Deficiencies in social relationships; abnormalities in communication; and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior

Autistic disorder

precise details of information

verbatim memory trace

inferiority

According to Erik Erikson, parents who continually see their children's efforts at making things as "mischief" or "making a mess," and communicate this to their children often, will tend to foster a sense of ________ in their children.

girls engage in more prosocial behavior.

Across childhood and adolescence, research suggests that:

Produces many answers to the same question Creativity

Divergent thinking

Extensive processing of the information

Elaboration

industry versus inferiority

Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development, appearing during middle and late childhood, is called:

Concrete operational abilities do not appear in synchrony Education and culture exert strong influences on children's development

Evaluating Piaget's theory

American children do not get enough exercise Increasing exercise levels has positive outcomes Aerobic exercise benefits: Attention, memory, effortful and goal-directed thinking and behavior, creativity Parents and schools play important roles in children's exercise levels Screen time linked to low activity levels and obesity

Exercise

Middle and late childhood is a time of excellent health Disease and death are less prevalent

Health, illness, and disease

was foundational and came before increases in moral development.

In terms of moving up in moral development stages, Kohlberg believed cognitive development:

Educating a child with special education needs full-time in the regular classroom

Inclusion

Written statement that is specifically tailored for the disabled student

Individualized education plan (IEP)

Mandates for providing educational services to children with disabilities, including: Individualized Education Plan (IEP) Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) Inclusion

Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (2004)

Difficulty in learning that involves: Understanding or using spoken or written language Listening, thinking, reading, writing, and spelling Approximately 80% of children with a learning disability have problems with reading

Learning disability

Setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which non-disabled children are educated

Least restrictive environment (LRE)

A relatively permanent and unlimited type of memory Increases with age during middle and late childhood Knowledge and expertise Experts have acquired extensive knowledge about a particular content area

Long-term memory

Cognition about cognition Consists of several dimensions of executive function Including planning and self-regulation, memory strategies Metamemory - Knowledge about memory

Metacognition