Week 7 Microbio Eukaryotes

Which population(s) is/are most susceptible to Pneumocystis pneumonia?

AIDS

Which of the following is involved in reproduction?

Aerial mycelium

What disease does Trypanosoma brucei cause?

African sleeping sickness

Which component of lichen fixes carbon dioxide to provide sugar for the organism?

Algae

Which of the following regarding algae is FALSE.

All algae are unicellular

True/False: Chlorination is an effective treatment for Cryptosporidium

False, Nitazoxanide

Branched, tubular filaments without crosswalls found in fungi are

coenocytic hyphae

Exserohilum rostratum is a fungus that is commonly found in soil. It is rarely pathogenic. What led to the fungal meningitis outbreak of E. rostratum?

contaminated product being injected into body

Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, and Microsporum often cause

cutaneous mycoses

What is Cryphonectria parasitica "blamed for"?

demise of 4 billion chestnut trees in the eastern US

Why are cysts produced?

dormant protection

True/False: Algae can only grow in warm environments

false

True/False: Cooking shellfish and/or fish can destroy the toxins that cause both PSP and CFP

false

True/False: Giardia lamblia has a high infective dose

false

True/False: Most algae are pathogenic.

false

True/False: Schizogony is a type of sexual reproduction

false

True/False: Trichomoniasis is caused by protozoa that are able to form cysts.

false

True/False: human cells have cell walls.

false

True/False: Protozoa are photoautotrophs

false -- chemoheterotrophs

What is the vector that carries Plasmodium from one host to the next?

female mosquito

What does a candida infection of the lungs generally indicate?

immune suppressed

What are some symptoms of Giardiasis?

ingestion, diarrhea

How is Coccidiomycosis transmitted?

inhaling arthroconidia

Why are fungal infections often treated before identifiable cultures are cultured?

long time to culture

What is the Intermediate Host for Plasmodium?

mosquito

Why was an effective treatment for Trypanosoma brucei unavailable for a length of time?

not profitable until unwanted facial hair

How is Giardia lamblia transmitted?

person to person, water/fecal/oral

List three types of endocytosis

phagocytosis pinocytosis receptor-mediated endocytosis

What is the causative agent of Pneumocystis pneumonia?

pneumocystis jioveci, yeast like fungus tiny

Where is ATP produced in prokaryotes? Eukaryotes?

prokaryotes: cell wall and cytosol by glycolysis eukaryotes: mitochondria

Agar is isolated from which type of algae?

red algae

When do symptoms arise during a Plasmodium infection?

red blood cell stage

What two cells do Plasmodium infect in the human host?

red blood cells, liver cells

How is Trichomonas vaginalis transmitted?

sexual

Which of the following terms best describe fungi?

some aerobes, some facultative anaerobes, chemoheterotroph

What type of fungal infection is sporotrichosis? Is it contagious?

subcutaneous, no

Why are azole drugs effective as an antifungal treatment?

the drugs inhibit ergosterol synthesis

Where is Cryptococcus found?

trees, soil, air

Which of the following is the term for the vegetative form of protozoa?

trophozoite

True/False: CFP is generally a self-limiting disease.

true

True/False: The location of algal growth corresponds with the wavelength of light absorbed during photosynthesis.

true

All protozoa are

unicellular eukaryotes

How is Cryptococcus transmitted?

white blood cells

In what ways are fungi economically important?

• Antimicrobial medicines (for example, penicillin, griseofulvin) • Useful tools for study of eukaryotic cells • Saccharomyces cerevisiae (brewer's or baker's yeast) used in production of wine, beer, bread • cheese making • greatest spoilers of food; tons of food discarded annually • Crop diseases- billions of dollars • Saccharomyces cerevisiae: bread, wine, HBV vaccine • Trichoderma: cellulase • Taxomyces: taxol (anticancer drug) • Entomophaga: biocontrol (gypsy moths) • Coniothyrium minitans: kills fungi (that destroy bean crops) • Paecilomyces: kills termites

What are the main components of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton?

- Actin filaments allow movement • Polymers of actin polymerize and depolymerize - Microtubules are thickest component • Long hollow structures made from tubulin • Make up mitotic spindles • Cilia, flagella • Framework for organelle and vesicle movement - Intermediate filaments provide mechanical support

There are two distinct subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei. What are the main differences between them?

. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense. Gmabiense west and central Africa 97% fever and headaches. Rhodesiense eastern and southern Africa, only effects domestic livestock and animals

Eukaryotic ribosomes are

80 S

What is the Endosymbiotic theory?

Ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts were bacteria - Each partner became indispensable to the other • Endosymbiont lost key features (cell wall, replication) • Several lines of evidence support - Mitochondria, chloroplasts carry DNA for some ribosomal proteins, ribosomal RNA for 70S ribosomes • Nuclear DNA encodes some parts - Double membrane surrounds both - Division is by binary fission - Mitochondrial DNA sequences comparable to obligate intracellular bacteria: rickettsias

Fragmentation is what type of reproduction?

Asexual

Why do many anti-protozoal drugs have side effects?

Because they are eukaryotes, the unicellular protozoal cells have metabolic processes closer to those of the human host than to prokaryotic bacterial pathogens.

Give an example of a fungus that produces pseudohyphae

Candida albicans

Which of the following obtains energy from inorganic/organic compounds?:

Chemotroph

Which is more virulent (dangerous, more likely to cause an infection)?

Cryptococcus gattii

What is the causative agent of Cryptosporidiosis?

Cryptospordium parvum is an apicomplexan that completes entire life cycle in single host, oocyst stage is acid-fast sphere with four sporozoites

Which type of mycoses is contagious?

Cutaneous

A microbe in which group can produce domoic acid?

Diatoms

Neurotoxins that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning are produced by:

Dinoflagellates

Which microorganisms include species associated with red tides?

Dinoflagellates

Which of the following is found in eukaryotes but NOT prokaryotes?

Endocytosis

Give an example of fungi being used as biocontrol

Entomophaga: biocontrol (gypsy moths)

Which cell has a more complex cytoplasm:

Eukaryotic

What are the major differences between a eukaryotic and a prokaryotic cell?

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus. Eukaryotes can be single-celled or multi-celled, such as you, me, plants, fungi, and insects. Bacteria are an example of prokaryotes. Prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle.

True/False: All Eukaryotic ribosomes are free-floating in the cytoplasm.

False

True/False: All eukaryotes contain chloroplasts.

False

True/False: All eukaryotes have a cell wall.

False

True/False: Fungi are fastidious and only grow in a few locations.

False

True/False: Molds only reproduce via asexual reproductive spores.

False

True/False: Our cells (humans) have cell walls.

False

True/False: There is a vaccine for Cryptococcus

False

Members of this group have chitin in their cell walls:

Fungi

What is the causative agent of Cryptococcus meningoencephalitis?

Fungi

What type of microbe is Coccidoides immitis?

Fungi

Which of the following is transmitted by the fecal-oral cycle?

Giardia lamblia

Which organism survives the low pH in the stomach by producing cysts and subsequently causes intestinal distress?

Giardia lamblia

ATP synthesis occurs at the

Inner mitochondrial membrane

How do Listeria move from one cell to the next (neighboring) cell?

Listeria uses actin polymerization to pass between host cells

Where does Cryptococcus initiate its infection?

Lungs

Which organelle contains many digestive enzymes?

Lysosome

In which disease does schizogony of the infecting protozoa occur in the human host?

Malaria

What disease does Plasmodium cause?

Malaria

Which of the following organelles is most important in providing energy to a eukaryotic cell?

Mitochondria

Which organelles help to support the Endosymbiotic theory?

Mitochondria, chloroplast, Both A and B

Which of the following are associated w/ plant roots?

Mycorrhizae

How do fungi benefit the plant roots that they are associated with?

Mycorrhizae are symbiotic relationships that form between fungi and plants. The fungi colonize the root system of a host plant, providing increased water and nutrient absorption capabilities while the plant provides the fungus with carbohydrates formed from photosynthesis.

Haploid organisms are considered:

N

Algae are:

Photoautotrophs

What structures are associated with (attached to) the Rough ER?

Ribosomes

Which organelle is attached to the nucleus?

Rough ER

What are some differences between the smooth ER and the rough ER?

Rough ER dotted with ribosomes: Synthesize proteins not destined for cytoplasm Smooth ER: lipid synthesis and degradation, calcium storage ------- Proteins are made on rough ER. Rough ER synthesis of phospholipids and adding it to proteins. Smooth ER can make fats and steroids.

Where do most cases of Coccidiomycosis occur in the US?

SW

How can Salmonella use a host cell's actin to enhance it's pathogenicity?

Salmonella encodes actin-binding proteins that appear to directly nucleate actin filament growth

How do fission yeasts divide?

Symmetrically

Which of the following statements about fungi is false?

Systemic mycoses are common in otherwise healthy adults.

How are pseudohyphae different from true hyphae?

The buds don't break off, so its just buds that keep forming

True/False: Algae reproduce through asexual reproduction only

True

True/False: Candida albicans is often a part of the normal microbiota in many hosts.

True

True/False: Cilia are found in eukaryotes only (not in prokaryotes).

True

True/False: Fungal plasma membranes contain ergosterols.

True

True/False: Fungi are important in elemental cycling

True

True/False: In general, eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic cells.

True

True/False: The nuclear region in a eukaryotic cell is surrounded by a nuclear envelope

True

How is Trypanosoma brucei transmitted?

Tsetse fly

What are some emerging problems with Plasmodial infection treatments?

a lot of strains

How is Histoplasmosis transmitted?

airborne conidia from soil, bat droppings

Why are many dimorphic fungi pathogenic?

because they grow at human body temp

How are cilia and flagella similar? How are they different?

both are used for movement. flagella eukaryote - whip flagella pro - rotate cilia - move fluid

Why are so many antifungal drugs toxic to humans?

both eukaryotes --- The drug must be administered intravenously and is associated with numerous side effects, ranging from phlebitis at the infusion site and chills to renal toxicity, which may be severe. A major advance in the use of this agent has resulted from an understanding of the mechanism of its renal toxicity, which is presumed to involve tubuloglomerular feedback. The suppression of glomerular filtration can be reduced by administering sodium chloride.

Explain how leaf-cutting ants depend on fungi.

• Certaininsectsdependonfungi • Forexample,leaf-cuttingantsfarmfungalgardens • Ants cannot eat often poisonous tropical vegetation • Instead, chop plants into pieces, add mycelium • Fungi grow, digest plant material, produce reproductive structures eaten by ant