Week 7 NR283 Patho

Which is the cause of most pulmonary emboli?​

A blood clot in the deep veins of the leg​

What can cause shortness of breath in someone with anemia?​

A lack of hemoglobin

Which is the most likely cause of this young adult's anemia?​

Acute blood loss

Your neighbor, Jack, a 67-year-old (preferred pronouns he, him), is not feeling well. Jack has shortness of breath, a productive cough with yellow sputum, chest pain when he breathes in, and weakness. Jack said that at the healthcare provider's office yesterday he had a fever of 101.4 and the oxygen saturation was 89%. Jack is a non-smoker and has no history of lung disorders. He is up-to-date on all his vaccinations and has had no recent hospitalizations. 3/3 Which of the following reduces the risk of pneumonia? Select all that apply.​

Air filtration​ Handwashing Vaccination against known microorganisms​

Which actions can prevent pneumonia?​ Select all that apply.

Air filtration​ Handwashing Vaccines

Which of the following causes wheezing during an asthma attack?​

Air passing through narrowed bronchioles and mucus during exhalation​

Altered Gas Exchange 4/4 Which actions will help prevent gas exchange problems in the future? Select all that apply.​

All are correct

Which are increased risk factors for an embolus? Select all that apply.​

All are correct

Which of the following are risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? Select all that apply.​

All are correct

Where in the lungs does pneumonia attack?

Alveoli

Sally most likely has __________ caused by ________

An asthma attack Grass smell

Which of the following strategies helps to prevent complications of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? Select all that apply.​

Avoiding air pollution​ Education on pursed-lip breathing​

What statement best describes anemia ?

Below normal concentrations in the blood

Red blood cell production begins in the ___--

Bone marrow

Which of the following strategies could prevent or reduce the likelihood of an asthma attack? Select all that apply.​

Briskly walk a mile per day while able to talk in full sentences Get vaccinated for influenza Use your inhaler at the first sign of wheezing like your plan directs​ Avoid pollen from an olive tree, which is a known trigger for you​

Which signs and symptoms may indicate that someone has a pulmonary embolus? Select all that apply.

Chest pain​ Loss of skin color​ Cough with blood-tinged sputum​

Which of the following suggests that hospitalization may be necessary to decrease the morbidity or mortality of pneumonia? Select all that apply.​

Client at age 68 ​ Respiratory rate of 34 breaths per minute​ Heart rate of 122 beats per minute​

Which of the following is the most effective prevention strategy for Sally?​

Closing the window before the lawn is mowed​

Your neighbor, Jack, a 67-year-old (preferred pronouns he, him), is not feeling well. Jack has shortness of breath, a productive cough with yellow sputum, chest pain when he breathes in, and weakness. Jack said that at the healthcare provider's office yesterday he had a fever of 101.4 and the oxygen saturation was 89%. Jack is a non-smoker and has no history of lung disorders. He is up-to-date on all his vaccinations and has had no recent hospitalizations. 1/3 If Jack has pneumonia, it is most likely aspiration ________. The type of pneumonia that Jack is most likely to have is ________

Community acquired Bacterial Viral

Altered Gas Exchange 3/4 Which of the following can cause alterations in gas exchange? Select all that apply.​

Confusion​ Loss of consciousness Low oxygen saturation​

Which vaccinations should someone with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease receive to reduce the risk of increased lung complications? Select all that apply.​

Coronavirus​ Pneumonia​ Influenza​

What is the primary source of pulmonary emboli?

DVT in the legs

When gas exchange is impaired, the body compensates. ______ oxygen levels in the arterial blood signal the body to _____ respirations, blood pressure, and heart rate so quicker gas exchange can occur.

Decreased Increase

A healthcare provider saw a client in the office with symptoms that suggested pneumonia. Immediately, the healthcare provider prescribed an antibiotic. This is an example of which type of treatment?​

Empiric treatment​

Which condition can result in normocytic normochromic anemia? Select all that apply.​

End stage renal disease​ Decreased iron in diet​ Chronic illness​

Which are homeostatic mechanisms used by the body when there is a gas exchange problem? Select all that apply.​

Forcing respiratory muscles to work harder​ Changing the pH of the blood​ Increasing respiratory rate​

Which actions can reduce the risk and impact of pneumonia in an immunocompromised client? Select all that apply.​

Frequent handwashing by anyone in contact with them Administration of vaccinations for the client and anyone in frequent contact with them Ordering groceries for delivery

Pneumonia may develop from which of the following? Select all that apply.

Fungus Bacteria Virus

Which best describes the way oxygen and carbon dioxide move between the alveoli and capillaries?

Gases move from a high pressure and concentration to a low pressure and concentration.

What happens when air is trapped in the body as a result of asthma?​

Hyperinflation of the lungs​

A total or partial airway obstruction during an asthma attack may lead to which condition?

Hypoxia

Altered Gas Exchange 2/4 Which of the following can cause alterations in gas exchange? Select all that apply.​

Inability for carbon dioxide to diffuse across capillaries and into the alveoli​ Blockage in the blood traveling away from the lung Inability for air to be exhaled from the lung​ Inability for oxygen to diffuse across the capillaries and into the red blood cell​ Blockage of air traveling into the lung​

Which of the following pathophysiological changes occurs in someone with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? Select all that apply.​

Inability to clear mucus from lower airways​ High pressure in the pulmonary artery​ Low oxygen levels to body tissue​

Your neighbor, Jack, a 67-year-old (preferred pronouns he, him), is not feeling well. Jack has shortness of breath, a productive cough with yellow sputum, chest pain when he breathes in, and weakness. Jack said that at the healthcare provider's office yesterday he had a fever of 101.4 and the oxygen saturation was 89%. Jack is a non-smoker and has no history of lung disorders. He is up-to-date on all his vaccinations and has had no recent hospitalizations. 2/3 Pneumonia is caused by a blood _______ in the _______ causing fluid that blocks ______ exchange.

Infection Alveoli Oxygen

Julie has a high fever, chills, and malaise. Viral pneumonia is suspected. Which tests would best identify the cause? Select all that apply.

Influenza polymer reactive chain test​ COVID-19 polymer reactive chain test​

Which statements are true about a pulmonary embolus? Select all that apply​.

It blocks the blood going to the lung capillaries​. It reduces the exchange of gases in the capillaries and alveoli​.

Which are age-related changes that can alter gas exchange? Select all that apply.​

Less elasticity in the alveoli​ Decrease in the volume of air inhaled​

Which causes of anemia are primarily seen in older adults? Select all that apply.​

Low dietary iron intake​ Vitamin B12 deficiency

What factors contribute to a higher mortality rate as people with asthma get older? Select all that apply.

Medication side effects​ Presence of other heart and lung conditions​ Normal physiological decrease in lung function​

Which are risk factors for increased pulmonary emboli in older adults? Select all that apply.​

Medications​ Immobility Injury Surgery

Which values are the standard range for hemoglobin in males and females?

Men 13.5-18 g/100 mL; women 12-16 g/100 mL

Review the laboratory results before answering this question: Which type of anemia is this young adult experiencing?​

Normocytic normochromic anemia​

What do we already know about oxygen?​ Select all that apply.

Oxygen is vital for cellular metabolism. Oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide in the lung alveoli. Hemoglobin is the transport vehicle for oxygen. Each hemoglobin molecule is limited by the amount of oxygen it can carry.

Which are common symptoms of anemia? Select all that apply.​

Pallor​ Shortness of breath​ Chest pain​ Fatigue​

What statement describes asthma?

Periodic, severe, but reversible, bronchial obstructive episodes

What is known as a blood clot or a mass of material that obstructs the pulmonary artery or a branch of it?

Pulmonary embolus

Which actions will help prevent gas exchange problems in the future? Select all that apply.

Reading the warnings and following them when using bleach​ Getting an influenza shot yearly Walking a mile at a fast pace​

Which strategies will decrease an individual's risk for anemia? Select all that apply.​

Reduce alcohol intake​ Wear respiratory protection when working with pesticides and other chemicals​ Increase intake of green leafy vegetables​

Which is an age-related cause of pernicious anemia in older adults?​

Reduced intrinsic factor

Which definition best fits chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?​

Respiratory disorders that include progressive tissue degeneration and airway obstruction in the lungs

Which of the following may require emergency treatment? Select all that apply.​

Severe shortness of breath with no wheezing​ No rescue medications available​ Cyanosis​

Which are common risk factors for pulmonary emboli (PE)? Select all that apply.

Sitting in a chair all day watching television​ A two-day trip on a train in coach seating​ Bedrest after surgery​

Which area of the lung is most affected by asthma?​

Small bronchi or bronchioles

Altered Gas Exchange 1/4 Which of the following suggests a gas exchange problem? Select all that apply.

Smoker​ Cough Chest pain​ Shortness of breath​

What is the leading cause of emphysema and chronic bronchitis?

Smoking

Which clients are at risk for a pulmonary embolus? Select all that apply.

Someone with trauma to an extremity​ Someone who sits for a prolonged period​ Mothers during childbirth​ Someone who does not get out of bed​

Read the case study and then answer the question below. A local health fair is offering health screening for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). One of the participants listed their health information. The participant drinks three beers per day and smokes one pack of cigarettes per day. In addition, they use marijuana edibles. They state having a medical history including hypertension, asthma, and high cholesterol. The participant's mom has diabetes, and the father had emphysema. They currently experience a productive cough every morning, some shortness of breath with activity, occasional dizziness, and heart palpitations. Oxygen saturation taken at the site was 89%.​ Based on their risk factors, which of the following would you recommend for this participant to reduce their risk of COPD? Select all that apply.

Stop smoking​ Follow-up with your healthcare provider about treating your asthma​ Obtain influenza vaccine yearly​

With viral pneumonia, because it starts ________, symptoms more likely include __________.

Systemically Muscle aches

During an asthma attack, which of the following best describes the pathophysiologic process?​

The bronchioles are narrowed by an inflammatory response, making exhalation difficult​.

Empiric treatment of pneumonia means which of the following?​

The cause of pneumonia is predicted and the treatment is based on what is suspected.​

Which of the following pathophysiologic changes occur with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? Select all that apply.​

Thickening of the bronchial walls leads to narrowed airways.​ Breakdown of elastic fibers by elastase causes alveoli to permanently inflate.​ High pressure in the pulmonary system develops over time.​

Which preventive measures will reduce the risk of this young adult's anemia in the future? Select all that apply.​

Treatment for alcohol misuse Always wearing a seatbelt in a vehicle​

In an extrinsic asthma exacerbation, which type of hypersensitivity reaction occurs?​

Type 1

Which of the following are risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? Select all that apply.​

Vaping​ Some people with genetic variants with increased susceptibility​ Outside workers in urban environments​ Smoking​

Which of the following could trigger or make an asthma attack worse? Select all that apply.​

Wait for 12 to 24 hours to see if the attack subsides​ Exposure to an asthma trigger

Based on the risk factors, which could have been done to prevent a pulmonary embolus (PE)? Select all that apply.

Wear support stockings​ Frequent standing and moving while on the plane Smoking​ cessation

Which symptoms are expected findings in someone with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?​ Select that all apply.

Wheezing​ Productive cough​ Barrel shaped chest​ Shortness of breath​