week 9

The following conversation takes place between classmates Amy, a native English speaker, and Sarah, an ELL.

BICS

Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills (BICS) and Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP) describe two distinct thresholds of language proficiency attanted by a language learner. What are these two thresholds?

BICS skills permit social communications that are face-to-face and include contextual information, informal vocabulary, and relatively simple syntax, while CALP skills are necessary for academic communication, require content-specific vocabularies and more sophisticated syntax, and do not rely upon external contextual information.

Which takes longer to develop, BICS or CALP?

CALP

An ESL teacher has several students who have attained BICS fluency. What must she do to help the students achieve CALP?

Develop tier 2 vocabulary; teach specialized vocabulary essential to a particular complex syntactical structures; offer instruction and practice in organizing ideas in terms of text.

Which of these statements is true?

ELs often understand more in terms of vocabulary and correct syntax than they demonstrate in their own speaking.

What are the characteristics of an additive educational program?

It is a program that uses a student's culture of origin as a scaffold to teach her about her new culture.

An ESL teacher plans the following activities for an upcoming lesson. Activity 1: Students use the class word wall to say "Good morning" to a partner and ask "How are you?"

Jim Cummins' theory on BICS and CALP

Who described the Acquisition-Learning, Monitor, Natural Order, Input, and Affective Filter hypotheses?

Krashen

Which of the following best characterizes Krashen's recommendations for determining appropriateness of reading materials for ESL learners?

They should be at a level of complexity slightly beyond the reader's current reading level.

Match the following terms with the correct definitions.

Translanguaging- knowing and using at least two languages register- word choice a person selects based on the audience communicative competence- knowing a language well enough to use it genre- the type of text that is used for a particular purpose

In the Early Production Stage of language acquistion, an L2 learner typically:

Understands and uses roughly 1,000 words

Ms. Perez wants to raise her students' competency in CALP. Her strategies include "thinking aloud" to demonstrate cognitive process, differentiating instruction by teaching explicitly, and

all of the above

Communicative competence consists of both organizational competence (requiring competence with grammar and discourse) and pragmatic competence (which involves sociolinguistic and speech acts) and is currently the objective of many language education programs. To whom can the spread of its ideas best be attributed?

canale and swain

This innatist is credited with the theory that all humans possess a universal grammar, which allow for all people to acquire a language.

chomsky

An ESL teacher seeks to build a classroom community by helping students get to know each other, creating problem-solving activities for students to work on together, and engaging students in projects with real-life applications. With which of the following is this orientation most consistent?

constructivism

An ESL teacher plans the following activities for an upcoming lesson. Activity 1: Students use the class word wall to say "Good morning" to a partner and ask "How are you?"

context-embedded, cognitively demanding task

In language acquisition, what is Stage II also called?

early production stage

A ninth-grade ESL teacher observes the following interaction between an ELL, Mei, and a native-English-speaking classmate, Rosa, as they look at a poster for an upcoming sporting event at the school.

foreigner talk

Which of the following terms has been used by second-language theorists to refer to a point past which language learners cannot progress without exceptional effort or motivation?

fossilization

Subtractive bilingualism is most likely to occur when second-language learners:

have little opportunity to continue using their first language

Current research suggests that employing a student's L1 in support of his or her L2 is likely to:

increase comprehensibility

Which of Krashen's hypotheses focuses on communication being slightly higher than the current level of the student's L2?

input hypothesis

According to Krashen, people who overuse the monitor are typically:

introverts who lack confidence

Those who argue that students should be allowed to use their home language in class cite which of the following as the primary benefit of this practice?

it enhances exposure to developmentally appropriate context

How are language acquisition and language learning distinct?

language acquisition develops unconsciously through use, while language learning requires instruction

The study of the structure of words, which can impact meaning, plurality, degree, tense, part of speech, etc. is best described as

morphology

After several lessons on conjugating regular verbs in the past tense, an ESOL teacher notices that Ming, an intermediate-level ELL, says things such as, "Yesterday I goed to the store" and "Last weekend my brother corned home to visit." Which of the following is most likely the reason behind Ming's mistakes?

overgeneralization

The study of sound in a language is best described as

phonology

The study of language from the point of view of the speaker and the language choices s/he makes, or the "invisible" language is best described as

pragmatics

The ESL teacher has a goal of increasing interaction among her students. She has studied Swain's theory of comprehensible output, and is basing her instruction accordingly. Which of the following would be an appropriate strategy for her to employ?

project-based learning

The study of the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is best described as

semantics

Cummins' Common Underlying Proficiency theory holds that using one language encourages proficiency in both L1 and L2. What is the opposing theory?

separate underlying proficiency

Research indicated that the Silent/Receptive stage of second language acquisition typically lasts up to ____, during which time a learner can respond to roughly ____ words.

six months; 500

The writing system and rules of a language are best described as

spelling and/or orthography

The rules of language that dictate word order to form comprehensible sentences is best described as

syntax

Krashen's Affective Filter Hypothesis theorizes that L2 acquisition can be supported or harmed by:

the learner's positive or negative level of emotional comfort in L2

What is Krashen's Monitor Hypothesis concerned with?

the ways in which language learning influences acquisition

Second language acquisition research suggests L2s tend to integrate formulaic expressions and then apply them to understand linguistic rules. This statement is:

true