Week4: States of Consciousness

A circadian rhythm is a biological clock that dictates fluctuations in heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and body temperature over roughly 1. 1 month 2. 24 months 3. 1 year 4. 24 hours

24 hours

Adults generally need ________ hours of sleep. 1. 6-8 2. 5-7 3. 7-9 4. 10-12

7-9

Which of the following describes parasomnia? 1. Characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity during sleep 2. Persistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep 3. Walking or performing other complex behaviors while sleep 4. Disorder characterized by pauses in breathing that last at least ten seconds during sleep

Characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity during sleep

Which of the following describes sleep apnea? 1. Disorder characterized by pauses in breathing that last at least ten seconds during sleep 2. Characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity during sleep 3. Extreme daytime sleepiness with frequent episodes of "nodding off". 4. Restless legs while sleeping

Disorder characterized by pauses in breathing that last at least ten seconds during sleep

________ is sometimes administered as a way for people to overcome heroin addictions. 1. Methadone 2. Cough suppressant 3. Caffeine 4. Codeine

Methadone (Methadone is used to prevent withdrawal symptoms in patients who were addicted to opiate drugs)

________ is highly addictive and is associated with increased risks of heart disease, stroke, and a variety of cancers. 1. Caffeine 2. Methamphetamine 3. Nicotine 4. LSD

Nicotine (Nicotine is the main cause for the dependence-forming properties of tobacco use, and tobacco use is a major health threat)

Rita finds her roommate, McKenzie, asleep on the couch when she gets home. She's amused to see that McKenzie's eyes seem to be moving around under her eyelids. She is in which stage of sleep? 1. stage 3 2. wakefulness 3. stage 1 4. REM

REM (Rapid eye movement (REM) is a deeper stage of sleep where you have eye movements)

Which best fits the continual-activation theory of dreaming? 1. Dreaming serves to discharge emotional arousals that haven't been expressed during the day. 2. The function of sleep is to process, encode, and transfer data from short-term memory to long-term memory 3. Electrical brain impulses pull random thoughts and imagery from our memories 4. The function of the brain to trigger the heart to pump blood.

The function of sleep is to process, encode, and transfer data from short-term memory to long-term memory

________ neurotransmitters are mostly impacted by hallucinogens. 1. GABA 2. Various 3. serotonin 4. Dopamine

Various

What does blindsight reveal about unconsciousness? 1. Vision can still take place in secondary visual pathways below the level of consciousness 2. Those with damage to the visual cortex see unconsciously through the auditory system instead 3. While blindsight enables people to detect some subconscious visual cues, experiments have generally shown that people cannot accurately describe the things they "see." 4. Vision is primarily a subconscious activity

Vision can still take place in secondary visual pathways below the level of consciousness

What does blindsight reveal about unconsciousness? 1. Vision can still take place in secondary visual pathways below the level of consciousness 2. Vision is primarily a subconscious activity 3. While blindsight enables people to detect some subconscious visual cues, experiments have generally shown that people cannot accurately describe the things they "see". 4. Those with damage to the visual cortex see unconsciously through the auditory system instead.

Vision can still take place in secondary visual pathways below the level of consciousness

Which is the best explanation of how blindsight can happen? 1. The memory system has been damaged, so people with blindsight can report what they see, but then they forget that they saw it. 2. Blindsight is a psychological defense mechanism, caused by a self-protective need to deny visual information that might cause fear, anxiety, or shame 3. People with blindsight can see normally, but they are lying in order to get attention 4. Visual information from the eye is being processed unconsciously, so people with blindsight don't know that they are visually processing information

Visual information from the eye is being processed unconsciously, so people with blindsight don't know that they are visually processing information. (Secondary pathways in the vision system mean that some blind people may process "vision" unconsciously)

________ makes overcoming a substance abuse disorder particularly painful. 1. Withdrawal 2. Dependence 3. Tolerance 4. Access to drugs

Withdrawal (Withdrawal symptoms can cause violent flu-like symptoms).

Which of the following statements best represents a fixed mindset? 1. You are born with a certain level of intelligence, and this isn't something you can really change 2. It is possible to change your level of intelligence but you have to work at it 3. No question, it's definitely possible to change how intelligent you are

You are born with a certain level of intelligence, and this isn't something you can really change. (People with fixed mindsets don't think you can change your intelligence (which, it turns out, is not correct). On the other hand, people with growth mindsets understand that any of us can be good at anything as long as we're willing to put in the time to build our skillset in that area).

The pituitary gland secretes ________ during sleep, which aids in maturation. 1. melatonin 2. serotonin 3. a growth hormone 4. a follicle stimulating hormone

a growth hormone

Depressants are ________ of the GABA neurotransmitter, which has a quieting effect on the brain. 1. antagonists 2. agonists 3. inhibitors 4. stimulants

agonists (Agonists are a substance which initiates a physiological response to a receptor)

Stage 1 sleep is characterized by ________ waves.

alpha

Individual differences in circadian rhythms are known as a person's

chronotype (Chronotype is your own personal biological clock)

awareness of internal and external stimuli is

consciousness (Consciousness is mental awareness)

Alcohol and barbiturates are examples of 1. identity crisis 2. Stimulants 3. depressants 4. hallucinogens

depressants

The belief that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day is consistent with ________ theories about sleep. 1. adaptive 2. cognitive 3. evoluntionary 4. behavioral

evolutionary

Which are most likely to cause altered sensory and perceptual experiences? 1. aspirin 2. hallucinogens 3. depressants 4. stimulants

hallucinogens (Hallucinogens are a substance that alters or distorts sensory impressions)

Which part of the brain plays a critical role in regulating homeostasis? 1. pineal gland 2. corpus callosum 3. hippocampus 4. hypothalamus

hypothalamus. (The hypothalamus regulates many motives including thirst, hunger, and sex drive)

Teenagers need ________ sleep than adults.

more

Stimulants include 1. aspirin and codeine 2. LSD and methamphetamine 3. nicotine and cocaine 4. alcohol and marijuana

nicotine and cocaine

Which category of drugs mimic endogenous pain-killing systems within the body? 1. opiates 2. neurotransmitters 3. depressants 4. stimulants

opiates

The ________ gland in the endocrine system is important in releasing ________, which helps regulate biological rhythms. 1. pituitary; dopamine 2. pineal; melatonin 3. thyroid; testosterone 4. circadian; melamine

pineal; melatonin

A major sleep disruption is ________, which refers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis. 1. rotating shift work 2. insomnia 3. sleep debt 4. jet lag

rotating shift work (When work schedules change sleep disruptions can occur)

Which theory of hypnosis suggests that people are performing the role of a hypnotized person? 1. expectation-role theory 2. theory of relativity 3. dissociation view 4. social-cognitive theory

social-cognitive theory (Social-cognitive theory posits people are acting as they do because of social expectations of how a hypnotized person should behave)

Sleep spindles appear in ________ sleep. 1. stage 1 2. stage 2 3. stage 3 4. stage 4

stage 2

Which brain part is critical for regulating REM sleep? 1. the thalamus 2. the pons 3. amygdala 4. the pineal gland

the pons

Which theory suggests that dreaming should be seen as an ancient biological defense mechanism? 1. threat-simulation theory 2. theory of relativity 3. expectation-fulfillment theory 4. activation-synthesis theory

threat-simulation theory