weekly test 8

According to Alderfer's ERG theory,

208

What is the primary managerial implication of Maslow's theory?

Managers should devise programs to satisfy emerging or unmet needs.

Brian has a Master's degree in electrical engineering and brings 10 years of experience to his current job. He is known for putting in long hours of hard work on his job. He receives a salary of $75,000, medical and dental coverage, and two weeks paid vacation per year. From Brian's perspective, which of the following is an input into the individual-organization exchange relationship?

Master's degree in electrical engineering.

According to equity theory, which of the following is true?

People have a higher tolerance for negative inequity than they do for positive inequity.

According to Edwin Locke's model of goal setting, goal setting has four motivational mechanisms that directly affect goal achievement. Which of the following is a motivational mechanism of goal setting?

direct attention

According to Vroom, expectancy represents a person's belief that a particular outcome is contingent on accomplishing a specific level of performance.

false

According to equity theory, employee recognition is an input in the individual-organization exchange relationship.

false

In the language of Vroom's expectancy theory, an expectancy ranges from zero to one. When an expectancy equals one, there is complete uncertainty that a person "can-do" a task.

false

Job enlargement calls for moving employees from one specialized job to another.

false

Maslow viewed love as the highest step in the hierarchy of needs

false

One implication of Maslow's theory is that managers can feel comfortable that once an employee has been motivated, he or she will remain motivated.

false

According to the job characteristics model, people feel experienced responsibility when they perceive their work as worthwhile or important.

false autonomy

Aderfer's ERG theory is a process model of motivation because it describes what motivates.

false content theory

When faced with an inequitable situation, taking longer breaks is one way a person can decrease his or her outcomes.

false decrease inputs

Hygiene factors are associated with job satisfaction.

false dissatisfaction

Pat and Chris are both computer programmers, but Pat earns more money than Chris. However, Chris perceives an equitable relationship because Pat

has more education and experience

According to Vroom's expectancy theory, __________ represents an individual's belief that a particular outcome is contingent on accomplishing a specific level of performance.

instrumentality

Which of the following statements about job enlargement is true? Job enlargement _____.

involves combining specialized tasks of comparible difficulty.

Vertical loading is associated with _______

job enrichment.

According to McClelland, the __________ is defined as the desire to accomplish something difficult. To master, manipulate, or organize physical objects, human beings, or ideas, and to do this as rapidly and as independently as possible.

need for achievement

According to McClelland, the __________ is defined as the desire to spend time in social relationships and activities.

need for affiliation

According to Herzberg's motivator-hygiene model, which of the following is a hygiene factor?

supervisor relations

Job enlargement and job enrichment are examples of the _____ approach to job design.

top down

According to McClelland individuals with high achievement motivation are more likely to be successful entrepreneurs.

true

According to equity theory when faced with negative inequity, one way a person can restore perceptions of fairness is by cognitively distorting his own or his comparison persons outcomes and inputs.

true

According to equity theory, job security is an outcome in the individual-organization exchange relationship.

true

According to expectancy theory of motivation, a valence refers to the positive or negative value people place on outcomes.

true

According to the job characteristics model, five core job characteristics (skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy and feedback) lead to three critical psychological states (experienced meaningfulness, responsibility for outcomes, and knowledge of results), which in turn affect organizational outcomes like internal motivation.

true

Employees are more likely to accept and support organizational policies, procedures and reward systems when they perceive those factors are equitable. Employees perceptions of procedural justice are enhanced by allowing employees to participate in decision making. Employees should be given the opportunity to appeals a decision which fosters perceptions of distributive and procedural justice.

true

Equity theory holds that employees should experience positive inequity if they are receiving greater outcomes than relevant co-workers with similar inputs.

true

Goal-setting research has shown that specific high goals lead to higher performance.

true

Job enlargement calls for putting more variety into a worker's job by combining specialized tasks of comparable difficulty. Some call this horizontal loading the job.

true

Maslow believed that once a need is satisfied it activates the next higher need in the hierarchy.

true

McClelland noted that people with high need for achievement may be prone to "cheat and cut corners and to leave people out of the loop."

true

McClelland's need theory is a content theory of motivation.

true

Motivation through goal-setting directs attention, regulates effort, increases persistence, and fosters strategies and action plans.

true

Research findings show that expectancy theory can significantly predict performance, effort, intentions, preferences, and choice.

true

The use of monetary incentives enhances performance, but individuals neglected aspects of their jobs not covered in the performance goals.

true

class - For individuals with the ability to perform, goal-setting research has consistently shown that specific, difficult goals lead to higher performance than do your best goals.

true

class - On simple, routine tasks, difficult, challenging goals are more motivational than "Do your best" goals, subject to employees ability to perform.

true

Apply equity theory: Deena works 60 hours per week and does not feel that she is being adequately recognized or rewarded. According to equity theory, Deena is least likely to:

Increase her efforts by working longer hours

_____ is defined as what an individual is trying to accomplish; the object or aim of an action.

a goal