Western Art Exam 3 Written

SFUMATO

"vanished or evaporated" in Italian. Blending everything "without borders, in the manner of smoke". translucent glazes. Leonardo da Vinci

MONA LISA

(1505) Portrait of Lisa Gherardini del Giocondo. Mona was a respectful title. It was actually framed by columns, which were lost by thieves cutting the painting from its frame. Mysterious atmosphere in the background. This is achieved through the method of sfumato one of the most studied and best-known paintings in the history of art. PICASSO was one of the main suspects! Picasso had two Iberian heads in his sock drawer stolen from the Louvre The Mona Lisa is recovered 2 years later! Napoleon had the Mona Lisa hanging in his bedroom for years! During the WWII, the painting was moved 5 times to secret locations in order to avoid being stolen by the Nazis. In 1962 French Government lent it to the United States, where it showed in New York and Washington DC. Before the tour was valued in $100 million. Insurance was never bought. Today has an approximate value of $760 million.

TRANSEPT

(in a cross-shaped church) either of the two parts forming the arms of the cross shape, projecting at right angles from the nave. additional space near the apse-end of the building to form a cross-shape and provide additional space.

ARTISTIC INNOVATIONS Renaissance

1. Revived features of classical architecture (Architecture & Painting) •classical Greek architecture, including the classical orders, temples, triumphal arches, and tombs. •used the past styles to their advantage, and not as a limitation. Even though in Italy pointed arches were not being used anymore, Gothic style was still being constructed in Northern Europe. This revival of classical architecture is seen in Renaissance masterpieces as part of the backgrounds and surroundings of the main elements of the compositions. 2. Proportions of human body (Painting & Sculpture) •Leonardo Da Vinci (scientist/artist) studied in great depth anatomy. He made numerous studies and important notes like Vitruvian Man from 1490 -This drawing portrays ideal human proportions -Vitruvius was the Roman architect that described the human figure as being the main source of proportion. - ideal body should be 8 heads high. •dissecting many human corpses, Leonardo's anatomical drawings include many studies of the human skeleton and muscles. 3. Linear Perspective (Drawing) 4. Atmospheric Perspective (Painting) 5. Very accurate and realistic look (Art in general) *Most of these innovations prevail today in the conventions of "realistic" and popular art. •Medieval paintings were very representational, but human figures and patterns on clothing had a "flat" look. •During the Renaissance paintings started to look very realistically. More knowledge in general: anatomy, proportions and different perspectives (linear and atmospherical) Temperas were replaced by oil colors, which enhanced the power of the color palette due to their luminosity and plasticity. Help of optical aids such as the 'camera obscura', 'camera lucida' and curved mirrors.

DONATELLO

1386 - 1466 Great sculptor of early Renaissance Gothic style. Later he will develop a style of lifelike, highly emotional sculptures. Contemporary of Brunelleschi and influence by his ideas. accompanied Brunelleschi to Rome in search of knowledge of art and architecture of ancient Rome. His great reputation will be only shadow by Michelangelo during the high Renaissance decades later.

LAST SUPPER

1495 dining hall wall of the Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie in 1495 15x29 feet. instant just after Jesus reveals that one of his friends will betray him. every apostle was based on a real-life model. When it came time to pick the face for the traitorous Judas (fourth from the left, holding a bag full of telltale silver), Leonardo searched the jails of Milan for the perfect villain. sort of tempera on stone. first coated with a strong base of some material which would not only absorb the tempera emulsion but also protect it against moisture. pigment soon began to break and a process of progressive decay started as early as 1517. Why did Leonardo did not painted as a fresco? wanted to achieve a grander luminosity than the fresco allowed for. didn't wanted to feel the rush to finish the work before the plaster dried. This is a clear example of a 1 Point Linear Perspective, where the vanishing point is Jesus' face, and atmospheric perspective through the windows. align the orthogonals to the vanishing point- nail on Jesus' temple-strings- perspective 1652 a doorway was added to the wall. lower central chunk of the piece, which included Jesus' feet, was lost. not built for big crowds. 20 to 25 people at a time for 15 minutes. least 2 months in advance. dress conservatively, or you may be turned away from the convent.

PIETA

1500 French Cardinal -memorial for his tomb that would capture the tragic moment of the Virgin Mary taking Jesus down from the cross. popular in art in Northern European art at the time, but not in the South. job description was to create "the most beautiful work of marble in Rome, one that no living artist could better" 24 years old when completed- became well known afterwards. single slab of Carrara marble. marble is white and blue and it is named after the region in Italy where it is mined. favorite medium of sculptors since the days of ancient Rome. only work Michelangelo signed. across Mary's chest. to gain fame, he regretted it later, and resolved never to sign another piece of his work. depiction of Mary was heavily criticized. She looks younger than Jesus, who was supposed to be 33 at the time. supposed to be a pure woman, and that these stay fresh much more than those who weren't pure. Mary's head is a bit too small for her very large body. couldn't impose realistic proportions and have her hold her adult son as he envisioned. oversized the body - dramatic folding design garments in order to disguise her true proportions. amazing detail in drapery. In 1972, attacked by a Hungarian geologist with a hammer. 12 blows, knocked off Mary's left arm, snapped off the tip of her nose, and damage her cheek and left eye. sent to a mental hospital for two years and was deported after his release. 100 bits of marble broken off puzzled them back together. took 10 months. Today, bulletproof glass. In 1964, the Vatican loaned to the United States, where it was displayed as part of the 1964 New York's World's Fair. To ensure the safety of the statue, seven massive sheets of Plexiglas that collectively weighed more than 4900 pounds. conveyor belt-style mobile walkways were installed.

DAVID (MICHELANGELO)

1504 Florence commissioned series of statues - roofline of Florence's cathedral dome. patrons overwhelmed by David's beauty -place it in the middle of the capital city square a single block of unwanted marble. twice discarded by other sculptors. waiting 40 years for someone who was up to is challenge. deteriorated and grown rough from the elements and already had more than one chisel mark in its surface. religious statue -David who faced down the vicious giant Goliath. holding a sling over his left shoulder and a stone with his right hand. Michelangelo broke from convention-moment before facing down Goliath and not after. There is anxiety in David's gaze. David's right hand is out of proportion. It is too big in proportion with the rest of his body. clever nod to David's nickname, manu fortis (strong hand) Contrapposto -human figure standing with most of its weight on one foot. more dynamic, relaxed appearance. first used by the Greeks political symbol 1494, the Medici family exiled from Florence, and as such this new republic was under constant threat from the returning Medici's (who regained power in 1512) and also surrounding states. Florence felt like the biblical David, and the sculpture became the symbol of the city. statue's gaze was knowingly pointed toward Rome. statue being attacked twice in its early days. Protesters with stones the year it debuted, and in 1527, an anti-Medici riot resulted in its left arm being broken into three pieces. 1991, an Italian artist snuck a small hammer into the Galleria dell'Academia in Florence (where David stands today) and smashed off the second toe on his left foot. 17 feet tall, 3 times the size of the average man. though the Pieta made Michelangelo famous, David defined 29 years old artist as a master sculptor. Over 8 million visitors a year walked through the Galleria dell'Accademia to take in the sight of David. foot traffic created vibrations are similar to constant micro earthquakes that are affecting the properties of the marble.

SISTINE CHAPEL CEILING

1512 age of 33, working on Pope Julius II's marble tomb, when the pope asked to decorate the Sistine Chapel's ceiling. wanted nothing to do with it. considered himself a sculptor rather than a painter, and he had no experience whatsoever with frescoes. reluctantly accepted the commission. wasn't originally chosen to complete the Sistine Chapel. it was Raphael who was the celebrated painter in town, and it was Raphael who Pope Julius II originally chose to work on the Sistine Chapel. Raphael convinced the Pope to hire Michelangelo instead, hoping to prove that Michelangelo was just a sculptor and was not able to paint as well as himself. book of Genesis and it is organized around 9 main panels, which start with the Creation of the World and end at the story of Noah and the Flood. view them right-side-up, the viewer must be facing the altar on the far side of the altar wall. painted fictive architectural molding and supporting statues down the length of the chapel. following the concepts of Linear Perspective developed by Brunelleschi years before. In 1512, revealed to an amazed public used wooden scaffolds that allowed them to stand upright and reach above their heads. designed the unique system of platforms, where he stood for 4 years of his life. completed the entire ceiling without being able to review his piece, since the scaffolding remained in place until the end. first time Michelangelo saw his work, was the time it was unveiled! Working on the Sistine Chapel was so unpleasant that Michelangelo wrote a poem about his misery.: "I have already grown a goiter from this torture" "My stomach squashed under my chin" "My skin hangs loose below me" "My spine is all knotted from folding myself over" He ended the letter by adding: "I'm not in the right place, I'm not a painter" five centuries since its completion. Only one small component is missing, which it fell off and shattered after an explosion at a nearby gunpowder depot in 1797. Experts worry that foot traffic from the millions who visit pose a serious threat. most famous panel might depict a human brain. "The Creation of Adam" figures representing God and Adam reach other with their arms outstretched. outline of a human brain, formed by the angles and robes surrounding God. meant to evoke God's bestowal of intelligence on the first human. The name Sistine comes from the Pope who commissioned the building, Pope Sixtus IV Beginning 1492, hosted numerous papal conclaves, during which cardinals gather to vote on a new pope. A special chimney in the roof of the chapel broadcasts the conclave's result. White smoke indicates the election of a pope, while black smoke indicates that no candidate had been elected yet. 15 years after the completion commissioned to paint the entire wall behind the altar The last Judgment is of the artist's last works of art, which became famous for both its display of artistic genius as well outrageous response from people due to its scandalous content. The fresco depicts the second coming of Christ, who is judging all mankind. The Sistine Chapel has a rectangular shape, 68 feet tall. From the outside there is nothing spectacular about the building

DAVID (DONATELLO)

His most famous work commission by the Medici family, (the foremost art patron of his era) for the court of his Palazzo Medici. 5 feet bronze sculpture in a contrapposto pose first known free-standing nude statue produced since antiquity. fully in the round Instead of being depicted as a powerful man, David is represented as a young nude boy wearing an unusual hat wreathed with laurels (motif of victory) a pair of boots, long hair, delicate features and slim figure Some perceived David as having homo-erotic qualities, and have argued that the this reflected the artist's own orientation. It is arguably the first major work of Renaissance sculpture.

RENAISSANCE SYNOPSIS

= Rebirth 1400 - 1600 (approx.) Bridge between the Middle Ages and Modern History started as a cultural movement in Italy and later spread to the rest of Europe Italian City States - Republic of Florence Middle Ages thinking= Life was hard People in Florence studied Greek and Roman civilizations Birth of HUMANISM (new way of thinking) Life could be enjoyable with comforts and knowledge Art, Music, and Science could make life better for everyone FLORENCE was a Republic (like ancient Rome) and had become a rich city. Commissions: Wealthy merchants and businessmen hire artisans and craftspeople competitions among artists and thinkers Art began to flourish and new thoughts began to emerge

HUMANISM

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements •: intense spirit of inquiry - Investigate the natural world around them - Conduct scientific and mechanical experiments - Exploration of Africa, Asia and the Americas - Question of authority of the pope and Church hierarchy.

TESSERAE

A mosaic is a piece of art or image made from assembling from assembling od small pieces of colored glass, stone, mineral, tile, shell, or other materials . These individual small tiles, usually formed in the shape of a cube called ___

ICONOCLASM

ICON - small graphic symbols in software and powerful cultural figures. "Icon" is Greek for "image" or "painting", and during medieval era, this meant a religious image on a wooden panel used for prayer and devotion. More specifically, icons came to typify the art of the Orthodox Christian Church. ICONOCLASM - destruction of images or hostility toward visual representations in general. More specifically, the word is used for the iconoclastic controversy that shook the Byzantine Empire for more than 100 years

HAGIA SOPHIA

AD 360 (completed in 537) beginning of the Middle Ages Constantinople (known as Istanbul today) largest building and an engineering marvel of its time. the masterpiece of Byzantine Architecture and is said to have changed the history of architecture. remained the world's largest cathedral for nearly a thousand years. dome is still one of the largest domes of masonry in the world. cathedral until 1453 that it was converted into a Mosque by the Ottoman Empire. In 1935 it was secularized and opened as a museum. Today is the main touristic site in Turkey. interior- light-filled space that created heavenly atmosphere. massive dome was possible to build by the pioneering use of pendentives: triangular segments of a spherical surface, filling up the corners of a room, in order to form, at the top, a circular support dome. 40 windows gilded* the frame of the windows so that the stone refracts and reflects light, making it appear that the dome is floating. *Gilding is the decorative technique that applies a very thin coat of gold to solid surfaces. Sophia is the phonetic spelling in Latin of the Greek word for wisdom. Its full name is "Shrine of the Holy Wisdom of God". large collection of relics fall of Constantinople in 1453 -cathedral was maintained, new Ottoman rulers who conceived its conversion to a mosque. The bells, altar, icons, relics and most of the mosaics depicting Jesus, Mary, saints, and angles were destroyed or plastered over. Islamic features were added, like the four minarets (mosque towers)

CHRISTIANITY medieval

Almost nothing is known about Jesus beyond biblical accounts, but we do know about the cultural and political context in which he lived (Jerusalem in the first century). interpretations and disagreements among historians about the history of Christianity. JESUS son of a carpenter, was a Jew and a champion of the underdog. rebelled against the occupying Roman government in what was then Palestine. crucified for upsetting the social order and challenging the authority of the Romans and their local Jewish leaders. The Romans crucified Jesus, a typical method of execution, especially for those accused of crimes against the government. after three days he rose from the grave and later ascended into heaven. His original followers, known as disciples or apostles, travelled great distances and spread Jesus' message. His life is recorded in the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, which ae found in the New Testament. "Christ" means messiah or savior (this belief in a savior is a traditional part of Jewish theology). The NEW TESTAMENT collection of early Christian literature, which together with the Old Testament forms the Holy Scriptures of the Christian churches, the Bible. The origin of the New Testament was a multi-stage process written in Greek dating from 50 to 150 AD. 27 books which tell the life and teaching of Jesus, a number of letters and epistolary writings, as well as the story of the first Christians. The first Christians were Jews (whose bible we refer to as the Old Testament of the Hebrew Bible), but soon pagans too converted to this new religion. Christians saw the predictions of the prophets in the Hebrew Bible come to fulfillment in the life of Jesus Christ. CHRISTIANITY in the ROMAN EMPIRE 2nd century that Christianity began to be understood as a religion distinct from Judaism. persecuted by the Romans until the 4th century, when the Roman Emperor Constantine experienced a conversion and made it acceptable to be a Christian. Less than a hundred years later, the Roman Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official state religion. DIFFERENT CHRISTIANITIES Christianity emphasized belief and a personal relationship with God. a diversity and practice. The two dominant early branches of Christianity were the Catholic (Western Europe) and Orthodox (Eastern Europe). Protestantism and its different forms emerged later during the late Renaissance. Christianity expanded beyond Europe during the 16th century throughout the world. Today, there are approximately 2.2 billion Christian who belong to a multitude of sects.

POINTED ARCH

An arch with a pointed crown, characteristic of Gothic architecture.

TERTULLIAN & AUGUSTINE

Augustine: Illusionary images are lies like actors, are lying. An actor on a stage lies because he is playing a part, trying to convince you that he/she is a a character in the script when the truth he/she is not. An image lies because it is not the thing it claims to be. A painting of a cat is not a cat, but the artist tires to convince the viewer that it is. Augustine cannot reconcile these lies with patterns of divine truth and therefore does not see a place for images in Christian practice. Tertullian: can artists be Christians 3rd century theologian and ecclesiastical author Idolatry is the worship of an idol or cult image, being a physical image, such as a statue or a person in place of God. illusionary art, or all art that seeks to look like something or someone in nature, has the potential to be worshiped as an idol. against artists as Christians, he acknowledges that there are many artists who are Christian and indeed some who are even priests. In the end, Tertullian asks artists to quit their work and become craftsmen.

CAMERA LUCIDA

Drawing tool that consists of a prism and adjustable stand that projects reality in front of you. trace what you see during daylight; there is no need for a dark room or enclosure. It is portable, easy to use, and the image is only recognizable to the person looking through the prism. By the mid-1800s, camera lucidas were everywhere.

HELIOCENTRIC

Early 1500s Copernicus proves the earth is not the center of the universe Sun at center

CRAQUELURE

French word for "cracking" surface of materials, - ageing or of their original formation or production. tempera or oil paintings. forgers have used different styles, materials, periods, and countries where the art works where made. Italian (usually perpendicular to the grain of the panel) Flemish (usually ordered network) Dutch (usually connected network) French (usually curved cracks) These names refer to the typical patterns , and an Italian painting might show a "French" craquelure.

LITURGY

Greek word that means "public service" or "work of the people" and has long been used to describe Christian worship. Churches are the spiritual places that offer services with some kind of structure (welcome, opening prayer, hymn singing, sermon, closing prayer, dismissal, etc.)

GOTHIC ARHCT. INNOVATIONS

Handout- movie

GOTHIC CATHEDRALS (Refer to questionnaire)

Handout- movie

LATE GOTHIC ART

LATE GOTHIC ART manifestation of religious painting, sculpture, and architecture in the 12thc century. more natural and free-flowing depiction. bridge between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. much more lifelike as painters began to work with concepts as perspective. Perspective =things appear to recede into the distance from the central image of the painting. more detail and depicted many figures in motion rather than statically sitting or standing. more "natural" look that earlier ones had. Sculptors strove to create more natural-looking images, adding detail, movement and very human facial expressions to their sculptures. more natural depiction of the subject matter allowed, for example, viewers to see the Virgin Mary as caring for her son, Jesus, as any human mother would, rather than as a stiff, stone figure. Emotions such as joy and sorrow also became evident created for the cathedrals, which are considered the crowning artistic achievement of the Gothic period of art. late Gothic period can also be seen as blending into Proto Renaissance pre-Renaissance period (1300-1400) in Italy development of a more natural, realistic approach to figures and images in painting and sculpture. frequently with religious subject matter, but they began to also paint and sculpt images from classical Greece and Rome. more true sense of the "humanness" of the image and a more realistic presentation of natural settings. Some of the most important artists of the Proto Renaissance were Giotto, Duccio and Cimabue.

CARRARA

Michelangelo carved The Pieta from a single slab of Carrara marble. marble is white and blue and it is named after the region in Italy where it is mined. favorite medium of sculptors since the days of ancient Rome.

RELATIVE SIZE

Objects look smaller when they are farther from the viewer in linear perspective

VANISHING POINT

Point where parallel lines seem to connect as they recede into the space

MEDIEVAL ART SYNOPSIS

ROMAN ART - MEDIEVAL ART - RENAISSANCE between the fall of the Roman Empire (c. 476), which marks the end of antiquity, and the Renaissance, or rebirth of classical learning. Dark Ages due- period of intellectual darkness due to the loss of the classical learning. not a time of ignorance and backwardness, but rather a period during which Christianity flourished in Europe. Catholicism in the Latin West, brought with it new views of life and the world that rejected the traditions and learning of the ancient world. Roman empire slowly fragmented into many smaller political entities. The geographical boundaries for European countries were established during the Middle Ages. formation and rise of universities the establishment of the rule of law numerous periods of ecclesiastical reform and the birth of tourism industry. The visual arts prospered Wealthy and influential members of society commissioned cathedrals, churches, sculptures, paintings, textiles, manuscripts, jewelry and ritual items from artists. Many of these commissions were religious in nature, but medieval artist also produced secular art. Overall, this period wasn't dark after all!

SECRET KNOWLEDGE

Rediscovering the lost Techniques of the Old Masters David Hockney For many art historians David Hockney was attacking the idea of innate artistic genius -artist to use optical aids would be 'cheating'. 1st Paragraph of the book Hockney writes: "Let me say here that optics do not make marks, only the artist's hand can do that, and it requires great skill" "Optics would have given artists a new tool with which to make images that were more immediate, and more powerful" To suggest that artist used optical devices, as I am doing here, is not to diminish their achievements. For me, it makes them all the more astounding."

SCHOOL OF ATHENS

Stanza della Signatura contains four grand paintings which represent Philosophy, Poetry, Theology and Law. The School of Athens, which represents Philosophy, is considered Raphael's greatest masterpiece. 1511 all the greatest mathematicians, philosophers and scientists from classical antiquity gathered together sharing their ideas and learning from each other. lived at different times, but they are gathered under one roof. depicts a realistic space heavily populated with natural posses. 1 Point Linear Perspective focuses the viewer's attention on Plato and Aristotle. making them the focal point of the composition, emphasizing their pivotal role in the discipline of Philosophy. Plato( Aristotle's teacher) is pointing to the heavens, because in his philosophy the changing world that we see around us is just a shadow of a higher, true reality that is eternal and unchanging (which include elements like goodness and beauty. Plato is holding his book called the Timaeus. Aristotle has his palm down, because for him the only reality is the one that we can see and experience by sight and touch. Aristotle is holding his book Ethics, which emphasizes the relationships, justice, friendship, and government of the human world and the need to study it. their different philosophies were incorporated into Christianity. philosophers have double identities. painted many of his contemporaries as models to represent the classical figures of ancient Greek and Rome. Even though, Plato and Aristotle are identified by their books, the rest unidentified deliberately. He leaves clues encouraging the audience to guess and engage with the painting. Bramante, a renowned architect contemporary of Raphael, appears as Euclid bending in the foreground giving a geometry lesson. Michelangelo disguised as Heraclitus, in an intentionally heavier style that makes reference to Michelangelo's own painting in the Sistine Chapel. Plato looks like Leonardo da Vinci? Raphael himself is the figure on the far right edge looking at us, next to a white cloaked man identified as his teacher, Perugino The illusionistic arch that pulls the viewer into the painting follows carefully the basics of Linear perspective. Raphael took into consideration the shape of the walls and vaulted ceiling of the room in order to blend the frescoes with the space. Even the architectural scene is imaginary, it is very much influenced by the new design for the design of Saint Peter's basilica rebuilt by Bramante.

STANDARD SCENES

The life of Christ visually represented -teach the birth of Christian faith. The Annunciation: The angel Gabriel visits Mary to announce to her that she will be the mother or God. The Nativity: Mary gave birth to Christ in a stable while the animals watched. In works of art, Joseph often sits off to the side and sleeps. The Adoration of the Magi: Three Magi (kings from the East), follow a miraculous star that leads them to baby Jesus. The Temptation: Satan visited Christ during his 40 day fast in the wilderness and tempted him to use his powers. The Raising of Lazarus: Lazarus died and was in the grave for four days before Christ raised him from the dead. This was one of the many miracles Christ performed that are recorded in the Gospels. The Entry into Jerusalem: Christ rode into Jerusalem on a donkey, where he was greeted by crowds of people as their leader. The Last Supper: Christ ate dinner with his apostles and encouraged them to eat bread and drink wine in remembrance of him. He also told the apostles that one of them would betray him. The Agony in the Garden: After the last supper, Christ went to pray in the garden with his apostles. They fell asleep while Jesus prayed alone and bled from every pore. The Kiss of Judas: Judas, who was paid to betray Christ's whereabouts to the Roman authorities identifies him with a kiss. Christ before Pilates: Pilates tries Jesus, but does not find him guilty. He chooses to release one prisoner, but the angry crowd do not choose Jesus. The Crucifixion: Christ is crucified at Golgotha as his mother Mary and the apostle John watch. The Deposition or Descend from the Cross: Christ's body is taken down from the cross. The Resurrection: Christ emerges triumphant from the tomb and carries the banner of the resurrection, a white flag with a red cross. This scene was first developed in Early Renaissance art. The Ascension/Pentecost: After forty days with his followers, Christ ascends into heaven. As he does this, the Holy Spirit descends on them, and event known as Pentecost. Last Judgment: Christ is often represented in art as judge at the end of time. The scenes often show Christ enthroned in heaven surrounded by apostles and angles, who help him judge the souls of humankind. A NEW PICTORIAL LANGUAGE: The Image in Early Medieval Art Classical art, or the art of ancient Greece and Rome, sought to create a convincing illusion of reality for the viewer. Artists sculpting the images of gods and goddesses tried to make their statues appear like an idealized human figure. Some of these sculptures, such as the Aphrodite of Knidos by Praxiteles, were so life like that legends spread about the statues coming to life and speaking to people. After all, a statue of a god or goddess in the ancient world was believed to embody deity.

CAMERA OBSCURA

a darkened box with a convex lens or aperture for projecting the image of an external object onto a screen inside. It is important historically in the development of photography.

PILGRIMAGE

a journey to a sacred place. important part of Christian devotion since the religion became legal throughout the Roman Empire. Certain relics have influenced religious activity on a much larger scale beyond the walls of the church. There are three main Christian pilgrimages: Pilgrimage to Rome (to the tomb of Saint Peters) Pilgrimage to Jerusalem (to the holy tomb of Jesus Christ) Pilgrimage to Compostela, the Way of St. James or "El Camino de Santiago" (to the tomb of disciple James)

CHIAROSCURO

a painting technique- strong value contrast between light and dark areas, making the images more dramatic. Baroque painters, symbol of the new period after the Renaissance.

MOSAIC ART

a piece of art or image made from assembling from assembling od small pieces of colored glass, stone, mineral, tile, shell, or other materials. individual small tiles-tesserae (tessera - singular). tesserae applied onto surface prepared with an adhesive (often mortar). work visually once they are placed together. decorative art or as interior decoration for the walls, ceilings and floors. during Byzantine Art that it became one of the leading pictorial art forms. widely used for religious purposes across cultures. depicted portraits intricate details liberal use of glimmering gold leaf. most if these works have been destroyed (during the Byzantine iconoclasm), those that remain are celebrated Renaissance artists rejected the craft, it was revived by Modernists. From the great Antoni Gaudi to art deco designers, these modern artists helped keep the ancient art from alive and paved the way for contemporary mosaic-makers.

FLYING BUTTRESS

an arched stone support on the outside of buildings, which allows builders to construct higher walls

RELIC

an object surviving from an earlier time, especially one of historical or sentimental interest. Certain relics have influenced religious activity on a much larger scale beyond the walls of the church. There are three main Christian pilgrimages: Pilgrimage to Rome (to the tomb of Saint Peters) Pilgrimage to Jerusalem (to the holy tomb of Jesus Christ) Pilgrimage to Compostela, the Way of St. James or "El Camino de Santiago" (to the tomb of disciple James)

MICHELANGELO

lives 89 years, working to the last day of his life became the wealthiest artist alive. committed fraud by creating a sleeping cupid and treating in acid in order to make it seem ancient. sold it to a dealer, who sold it to a Cardinal. After the Cardinal heard rumors about the fraud, he got his money back. impressed - invited him to Rome for a meeting.

GILDING

decorative technique that applies a very thin coat of gold to solid surfaces.

BRUNELLESCHI

father of Linear Perspective. Young Italian sculptor-turned-architect, was one of the major pioneers of Renaissance architecture. Florence 1400s. Originator of Linear Perspective. Main work: Dome of Florence Cathedral (Santa Maria del Fiore). Cathedral was being built but they did not know how to solve the unsupported dome. Bigger dome than Pantheon. They couldn't use cement. There was competition to see what architect could actually make the dome without collapsing. •His dome is gothic style with an octagonal outer shell made out of bricks. •Each portion of the dome reinforced the next one as it was built up layer by layer through the herringbone brick pattern.

LITURGICAL CALENDAR

life in the Middle Ages was measured out by this serves Catholic consists of the cycle of liturgical seasons that determine when feast days and other holy days are observed, and which scripture and gospel readings are used at mass. determines interior decoration of a Church, the priest's vestment colors, the timing of spiritual seasons and practices such as lent among others. Churches were focal points of the medieval landscape and their ceremonies and processions periodically mapped out the sacred even beyond the church walls.

CHRISTIAN ART medieval

life of Christ has been visually represented in order to teach the birth of Christian faith.

LEONARDO

mathematics, science, engineering, anatomy, geology, meteorology, architecture, mechanics, and fine arts. only few works of art. one subject to another and he rarely finished projects. experimental techniques and mediums -difficult their conservation. Main artworks works: Vitruvian Man, Last Supper, and Mona Lisa Leonardo worked the last years of his life for the king of France. The king of France bought the painting to his assistant who inherited most of Leonardo's work.

BYZANTINE ART

more than a millennium and penetrated geographic regions far from its capital in Constantinople. 1300s - 1400s Italian peninsula, the eastern edge of the Slavic world, the Middle East, and North Africa. three distinct periods: Early Byzantine (c. 220-750) Middle Byzantine (c.850-1204) Late Byzantine (c. 1261-1453) EARLY BYZANTINE ART emperor Constantine adopted Christianity and in 330 moved his capital from Rome to Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul), at the eastern frontier of the Roman empire. earliest Christian churches were built during this period, Hagia Sophia, which was built in the sixth century under Emperor Justinian. Decorations for the interior of churches, including icons and mosaics, Icons served as tools for the faithful to access the spiritual world, they served as spiritual gateways. In mosaics like those in the Church of San Vitale in Ravenna, sought to evoke the heavenly realm. gave worshippers some access to that world as well. At the same time, there are real world political messages affirming the power of the rulers in these mosaics. continued some of the traditions of Roman art. differs in that is interested in depicting that which we cannot see, the intangible world of Heaven and the spiritual. The Greco-Roman interest in depth and naturalism is replaced by an interest in flatness and mystery. MIDDLE BYZANTINE ART followed a period of crisis for the arts called Iconoclasm. Many images from Early Byzantine period were destroyed. stylistic and thematic interests of the Early Byzantine period continued -focus on building churches and decorating their interiors. empire spread into the Slavic world with the Russian adoption of Orthodox Christianity in the 10th century. Byzantine art was therefore given a new life in the Slavic lands. centralized cross-in-square plan for which Byzantine architecture is best known. much smaller scale that the massive Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, however they were still defined by a dome or domes. increased ornamentation on church exteriors. increased stability and wealth. wealthy patrons commissioned private luxury items, including carved ivories that were used as private devotional objects. There is more Greco-Roman influence, since there are some works that represent the body with some more naturalism. LATE BYZANTINE ART 1204 and 1261, the Byzantine Empire suffered another crisis: the Latin Occupation. Crusaders from Western Europe invaded and captured Constantinople in 1204, temporarily toppling the empire in an attempt to bring the eastern empire back into the fold of western Christendom. Christianity had divided into two distinct camps: eastern (Orthodox) Christianity in the Byzantine Empire and western (Latin) Christianity in the European west. By 1262 the Byzantine Empire was free of its western occupiers and stood as an independent empire once again, however markedly weakened. arts continued to flourish in the Late Byzantine period as much as it had before. Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453 bringing the end of the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine art and culture continued to live in different ways around Europe. The Russian Empire carried on as the heir of Byzantium, with churches and icons created in a distinct "Russo-Byzantine" style. When the Renaissance first emerged, it borrowed heavily from the traditions of Byzantium. The work of Cimabue and Giotto are main example of this transition. So, while we can talk of the end of the Byzantine Empire in 1453, it is much more difficult to draw geographical or temporal boundaries around the empire, for it spread out to neighboring regions and persisted in artistic traditions long after its own demise. LATE GOTHIC ART manifestation of religious painting, sculpture, and architecture in the 12thc century. more natural and free-flowing depiction. bridge between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. much more lifelike as painters began to work with concepts as perspective. Perspective =things appear to recede into the distance from the central image of the painting. more detail and depicted many figures in motion rather than statically sitting or standing. more "natural" look that earlier ones had. Sculptors strove to create more natural-looking images, adding detail, movement and very human facial expressions to their sculptures. more natural depiction of the subject matter allowed, for example, viewers to see the Virgin Mary as caring for her son, Jesus, as any human mother would, rather than as a stiff, stone figure. Emotions such as joy and sorrow also became evident created for the cathedrals, which are considered the crowning artistic achievement of the Gothic period of art. late Gothic period can also be seen as blending into Proto Renaissance pre-Renaissance period (1300-1400) in Italy development of a more natural, realistic approach to figures and images in painting and sculpture. frequently with religious subject matter, but they began to also paint and sculpt images from classical Greece and Rome. more true sense of the "humanness" of the image and a more realistic presentation of natural settings. Some of the most important artists of the Proto Renaissance were Giotto, Duccio and Cimabue.

PROTO-RENAISSANCE

no "period" or art begins and ends abruptly, the late Gothic period can also be seen as blending into this term in fine art that refers to the pre-Renaissance period (1300-1400) in Italy the late Gothic/Proto Renaissance development of a more natural, realistic approach to figures and images in painting and sculpture. early Renaissance still worked with religious subject matter, but they began to also paint and sculpt images from classical Greece and Rome. capture a more true sense of the "humanness" of the image and a more realistic presentation of natural settings. Some of the most important artists of the Proto Renaissance were Giotto, Duccio and Cimabue.

CATACOMB

of Rome date back to the 1st century, among the first ever build underground tombs, first by Jewish communities and then by Christian communities. In ancient Rome, not permitted for bodies to be buried within the city walls. pagans cremated their dead, Christians, who were not legally allowed to practice their religion, turned to underground cemeteries, built beneath land owned by the city's few rich Christian families. became shrines for martyrs buried there. Christianity was legalized in 313 AD, funerals moved above ground, and by the 5th century, the use of catacombs as grave sites dwindled, though they were still revered as sacred sites where pilgrims would come to worship. The Rome catacombs fell victim to looting by Germanic invaders around the early 9th Century. relics of Christian martyrs and saints were moved from the catacombs to churches in the city. underground burial tunnels were abandoned altogether, only to be rediscovered via excavations in the 1600s. Rome depict some of the earliest Christian artwork in the world, dating back to the 2nd Century, featuring paintings on the tunnel walls that depict ancient life.

RAFAEL

one of the three great masters of the Renaissance along with Michelangelo and Leonardo. short life, three distinctive periods: -The early years in Perugia, where he was influenced by his master Perugino. -His 4 years in Florence, where he studied and learned from Leonardo and Michelangelo. -Finally, his last 12 years in Rome, where he worked for two popes and became the leading painter of the city. 1500 -became a pupil of Perugino, who was among the leading artist of Italy. acquired extensive professional knowledge developing style apparent in the Marriage of the Virgin, the painting in which, for many, he surpasses his master. 1504 to 1508, worked in Florence, studied his contemporaries. experiment with techniques pioneered by Leonardo like sfumato and chiaroscuro. Chiaroscuro is a painting technique that uses strong value contrast between light and dark areas, making the images more dramatic. This technique will be perfect by the Baroque painters, making chiaroscuro the symbol of the new period after the Renaissance. popularity during his time- numerous small paintings of Madonna and Christ Child. beautiful and delicate -talent in portraiture and his technique as a draftsmen. The Madonna of the Beautiful Garden. calm faced Madonna in an informal pose with Christ and the young John the Baptist. Rome- most active Italian artistic and intellectual center and Pope Julius II began a campaign to rebuild Rome and the Vatican. 1508- commissioned by the Pope Julius II to paint a cycle of frescoes in a set of rooms in the Vatican papal apartments. four rooms frescoed known as Raphael Rooms, and the most famous among them is Stanza della Signatura, where he did his masterpiece. design a church in Rome, which it became his first architectural project. For a brief period, leading architect in Rome and in 1514 design the famous St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican City. Most of his work on this basilica was modified or demolished after his death. 1517 - most important artist in Rome. in charge of all the papacy's artistic projects in the city, whether involving architecture, painting, decoration, or preservation of antiquities. died unexpectedly on his 37th birthday. The reason is not known with certainty. some historians, his death caused due to a night of excessive sex after he fell into a fever. didn't tell the doctors the cause of the fever and was given the wrong medicine leading to his death. funeral extremely grand and attended by a large crowd. His famous painting Transfiguration was placed in the ceremony. Raphael buried in the Pantheon in Rome. Raphael and Michelangelo had a bitter rivalry. competed for patrons, and their works were constantly compared. more friendly disposition, Raphael favored of the two, and by 1513 was scooping up all the best commissions . For many art historians, Raphael became the most popular painter of the Renaissance, and was called "the prince of painters".

ICON

refers to many different things today like small graphic symbols in software and powerful cultural figures. These are connected to the word's original meaning: "Icon" is Greek for "image" or "painting", and during medieval era, this meant a religious image on a wooden panel used for prayer and devotion. More specifically, icons came to typify the art of the Orthodox Christian Church. ICONOCLASM refers to the destruction of images or hostility toward visual representations in general. More specifically, the word is used for the iconoclastic controversy that shook the Byzantine Empire for more than 100 years.

BASILICA

relationship between worship and the space "liturgy" Greek word that means "public service" or "work of the people" and has long been used to describe Christian worship. Churches are the spiritual places that offer services with some kind of structure (welcome, opening prayer, hymn singing, sermon, closing prayer, dismissal, etc.) Before the year 313 CE, when emperor Constantine legalized Christianity, Christian worship occurred in homes, at grave sites of saints and loved ones, and even outdoors. address the spatial needs of the developing congregation size -Constantine adapted the Roman basilica. Until that point the basilica had been used exclusively as as civic building with diverse functions, including law courts long rectangular buildings, often with a central nave (a wide center aisle) and two side aisles. apse- one semicircular wall, end of the building. did not have the pagan associations that Roman temples did transept- additional space near the apse-end of the building to form a cross-shape and provide additional space. altar upon which the eucharist was celebrated. right in front of or just inside of the apse. The three main areas of the church were attributed with symbolic meaning: The narthex or entry was the world The nave or main hall was the Kingdom of God The Sanctuary or altar area was heaven The spiritual understanding of the church and its architectural also impacted the actual design of medieval churches. Biblical passages such as Revelation 21:9-21, which describes a vision of an angel measuring the city of the Heavenly Jerusalem, inspired medieval Christians to ascribe spiritual significance to the dimensions of the church. As a result medieval architects strived for height while designing/building churches in order to get closer to the heavens.

CONCAVE MIRROR

spherical and curved mirror where the curved surface has an inner surface that acts as the reflecting surface These are used in telescopes, shaving mirrors, and headlights of vehicles. Images formed by a concave mirror may be diminished, magnified, real or virtual according to the position of the object have all the optical qualities of a lens and can project images onto a flat surface.

ALTAR

the table in a Christian church at which the bread and wine are consecrated in communion services.

IDOLATRY

the worship of an idol or cult image, being a physical image, such as a statue or a person in place of God.

FLORENCE

was a Republic (like ancient Rome) and had become a rich city. Commissions: Wealthy merchants and businessmen hire artisans and craftspeople inspired competitions among artists and thinkers Art began to flourish and new thoughts began to emerge

MEDIEVAL ART PERIODS

wide range of centuries and genres. prominent in European regions, the Middle East and North Africa found in churches, cathedrals, and other religious doctrines. use of valuable materials such as gold neither begin nor end neatly at any particular date three following periods: Early medieval Art, Romanesque Art, and Gothic Art. EARLY MEDIEVAL ART 4th century and 1050 AD. Catholic Church and wealthy oligarchs commissioned projects for specific social and religious rituals. in the Roman catacombs or burial crypts beneath the city. featuring biblical tales and classical themes for churches, Roman mosaics, ornate paintings, and marble incrustations. related to Byzantine work of the Eastern Mediterranean. Byzantine art was conservative in nature, featuring religious subject matter with a lack of realism. Paintings in particular were flat with little to no shadows or hint of three-dimensionality. 2. ROMANESQUE ART 11th century, developing in France then spreading to the rest of Europe. growing wealth of Europeans cities and the power of church monasteries. semi-circular arches, thick stone walls, and durable construction. Sculptures were also prevalent during this time, where stone was used to represent biblical matter and church doctrines. stained glass and the continued tradition of illuminated manuscripts. 3. GOTHIC ART 12th century with the rebuilding of the Abbey Church in Saint-Denis, France. Gothic architecture- taller and lighter building designs with more light. Gothic sculpture borrowed motifs from the architecture of the period since it was primarily used to decorate exteriors of cathedrals and other religious buildings. became more realistic and closely related to medieval cathedrals. Paintings also became more lifelike, and with the rise of cities, foundation of universities, increase in trade, and creation of a new class who could afford to commission works, artists started to explore more secular themes and non-religious subject matter.

HIGH RENAISSANCE

•1495 to 1520 Leonardo, Raphael, Michelangelo, and Titian. This short period of approximately 25 years is called High Renaissance. •ends with the death of Raphael in 1520 •Humanism experienced a shift: intense spirit of inquiry - Investigate the natural world around them - Conduct scientific and mechanical experiments - Exploration of Africa, Asia and the Americas - Question of authority of the pope and Church hierarchy.

LINEAR PERSPECTIVE

•Drawing technique with the purpose to recreate 3-Dimensional objects in 2-dimensional space. It is based on the 2 following facts: •Objects look smaller when they are farther from the viewer = RELATIVE SIZE •Parallel lines appear to converge as they recede from the viewer. •Brunelleschi was the father of Linear Perspective. Young Italian sculptor-turned-architect, was one of the major pioneers of Renaissance architecture.

RENAISSANCE CHARACTERISTICS

•Fascination by the material world: observation and representation. •New emphasis on Humanist thinking: science, philosophy, and religious mysticism. •Cities competed with one another to beautify and attract important artists and scholars. •Members of society increased time for leisure and study. * The rise of Humanism did not signify a decline in the importance of Christianity. tried to understand, describe, and reproduced the appearance of the natural world in a rational and scientific way.

REASONS REALISTIC IMPROVEMENT

•Medieval paintings were very representational, but human figures and patterns on clothing had a "flat" look. •During the Renaissance paintings started to look very realistically. More knowledge in general: anatomy, proportions and different perspectives (linear and atmospherical) Temperas were replaced by oil colors, which enhanced the power of the color palette due to their luminosity and plasticity. Help of optical aids such as the 'camera obscura', 'camera lucida' and curved mirrors.

ATMOSPHERICAL PERSPECTIVE

•Variations in color and clarity convey the feeling of distance: Desaturation in color, less value contrast, and soft edges make elements to appear farther from the viewer.