western civ

He improved __________________________ by restoring the ___________-_________ civil service examination system. Later in his rule, however, when problems developed, Hongwu became a ___________ ___________.

imperial administration, merit-based, ruthless tyrant.

Hongwu's agricultural reforms increased _______ production and improved _________________. He also encouraged_______________________ and growing commercial crops, such as _____________ and _________ ______

rice, irrigation, fish farming, cotton and sugar cane.

By the mid-1700s, Japan began to shift from a ___________ to an __________ society. Edo had grown from a small village in 1600 to perhaps the largest city in the world. Its population was more than __ million.

rural to an urban, 1

They included ___________, soldiers, carpenters, interpreters, accountants, doctors, and ___________________. Like a huge floating city, the fleet sailed from port to port along the ________________________.

sailors, religious leaders, Indian Ocean

The success of the missionaries upset ___________________________

Tokugawa Ieyasu

The____________________ era was marked by a return to __________________ values and ideas.

Tokugawa, Confucian

Demand for Chinese goods had a ripple effect on the _________________. Industries such as ______-__________ and _____________ grew rapidly.

economy, silk-making and ceramics

The ______________ had the top rank but was just a _______________.

emperor, figurehead

the Manchus seized Beijing, and their leader became China's new _______________

emperor.

To maintain social stability, Ming leaders used various organizations, including the _____________, to manage China's considerable ethnic diversity. One example of this was in the ethnically diverse province of Yunnan.

military

Christian _________________________ accompanied European traders into _________. They brought ______________________ and knowledge of European science and technology, such as the _________.

missionaries, China, Christianity, clock

Hongwu continued to rule from the former Yuan capital of Nanjing in the south. He began _________________________________________ devastated by war, erase nearly all _________________________________ , and promote China's ____________ and prosperity.

reforms designed to restore agricultural lands, traces of the Mongol past, power

China during the Ming dynasty was home to many different ______________, including Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism, and even ___________________, which was promoted by _____________________ from Europe

religions, Christianity, missionaries

He hoped they would impress the world with the power and splendor of Ming China. He also wanted to _________________________________________

expand China's tribute system.

After the seventh voyage, in 1433, China _______________ into _________________

withdrew into isolation.

The rise of large commercial centers also increased employment opportunities for _______________.

women.

New places of ___________, such as __________, were built, and monks taught and wrote about ________________ ideas.

worship, temples, religious

During the Ming era, religion, and particularly Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism, flourished

----

His expeditions were remarkable for their size. Everything about them was large—distances traveled, fleet size, and ship measurements.

----

For more than ________________, Japan remained basically ______________ to Europeans. In addition, the Japanese were __________________ ___ _______, so as not to bring back foreign ideas. Japan would continue to develop, but as a self-sufficient country, free from European attempts to ______________ or to establish their presence.

200 years, closed, forbidden to leave, colonize

the Ming had ruled for more than _____________, and the ____________ was weakening.

200 years, dynasty

Fleet's crews numbered over _____________ on some voyages.

27,000

Francis Xavier baptized about a hundred converts before he left Japan. By the year 1600, other European missionaries had converted about _____________ Japanese to ________________.

300,000, Christianity

Among them were fighting ships, storage vessels, and huge "treasure" ships measuring more than _________________ long.

400 feet

Why It Matters Now

China and Japan's economic independence from the West continues today, though China is pursuing new economic ties with the outside world

The Big Idea

China during the Ming and Qing dynasties and Japan under the Tokugawa regime were uninterested in European contact.

Soon, European countries were seeking trade relationships in East Asia, first with ___________ and later with _________. By the time Portuguese ships dropped anchor off the ______________________ in 1514, the Chinese had driven out their ________________________ and had united under a new dynasty.

China, Japan, Chinese coast, Mongol rulers

if foreign states wished to trade with China, they would have to follow ______________________ . These rules included trading only at special ports and paying tribute.

Chinese rules

________________________ began arriving in Japan. The Japanese accepted the missionaries in part because they associated them with the _____________ and other European goods that they wanted to purchase.

Christian missionaries, muskets

Many Chinese resisted rule by the non-Chinese Manchus, but they slowly earned respect. They upheld China's traditional ______________________________ and social structures. They made the country's frontiers safe and restored China's _________________. Two powerful Manchu rulers contributed greatly to the acceptance of the new dynasty.

Confucian beliefs, prosperity

Hongwu used respected traditions and institutions to bring stability to China. For example, he encouraged a return to _____________________________________________.

Confucian moral standards.

The _________ were masters of the Indian Ocean trade by the time of ____________________. They accepted China's restriction. Their diplomats paid tribute to the emperor through gifts and by performing the required ____________ ________. as a result, the Chinese accepted the ________ as ___________ partners.

Dutch, Qian-long, "kowtow" ritual, Dutch, trading

Europeans had met with much resistance in their efforts to open the ___________________. But expansion to the West, in the Americas, would prove much more successful for European traders, missionaries, and colonizers.

East to trade

The strong leaders who later took power did not like the introduction of European ideas and ways, but they valued_______________________

European trade.

The Japanese purchased weapons from the Portuguese and soon began their own production. _____________ forever changed the time-honored tradition of the Japanese warrior, whose principal weapon had been the sword.

Firearms

__________________, a Jesuit, led the first mission to Japan

Francis Xavier

_________ ____________ also wanted to increase trade with China. But the British did not like China's __________ __________________

Great Britain, trade restrictions

even before they came to power in China, the Manchus invaded __________ and made the country change its allegiance from the Ming to the ________________

Korea, Manchus

Its origin stretched back to the _______________________, and its population was comprised of Han Chinese as well as non-Han Chinese, including Chinese Muslims. Ming leaders, however, used the ______________ to push ethnic Chinese into Yunnan in hopes of strengthening their control of the area.

Han dynasty, military

The official interpretation of primary Confucian books was put forth by an institution called the __________________________. Established during the _______ dynasty, Hanlin scholars advised the Chinese emperor on history and ___________________________.

Hanlin Academy,Tang, Confucian thought.

A peasant's son, ________________, commanded the _________________ that drove the Mongols out of China in 1368. That year, he became the __________________________

Hongwu, rebel army, first Ming emperor.

They hoped to involve themselves in ___________________________ and Southeast Asia. The Portuguese brought clocks, eyeglasses, tobacco, ________________, and other unfamiliar items from Europe.

Japan's trade with China, firearms

Europeans began coming to __________ in the 16th century, during the Warring States period. Despite the severe disorder in the country, the Japanese welcomed ______________and________________ from Portugal and, later, other European countries.

Japan, traders and missionaries

___________ enjoyed more than _____________________ of ______________, ______________________, and _____________ under the __________________ ______________. Farmers produced more _______, and the _____________________ rose.

Japan, two and a half centuries, stability, prosperity, and isolation, tokugawa shoguns, food, population

However, the religious orders of Jesuits, Franciscans, and Dominicans came to convert the ______________.

Japanese

______________________________ eager to expand their _______________ were happy to receive the newcomers and their goods.

Japanese merchants, markets

The first, _____________ (kahng•shee), became _______________ in 1661 and ruled for some 60 years

Kangxi, emperor

_________________________________ delivered a letter from _______________________ to Qian-long. It asked for a better trade arrangement, including Chinese acceptance of British manufactured goods. Macartney refused to ____________, and Qian-long denied Britain's request. China, in the emperor's view, was self-sufficient.

Lord George Macartney, King George III, kowtow

the ________________ (MAN•chooz), the people of that region, invaded China and the Ming Dynasty _____________________.

Manchus, collapsed

The first missionary to have an impact was an Italian Jesuit named ___________________. He gained special favor at the Ming court through his _____________________ and fluency in _______________. Still, many educated Chinese opposed the European and _________________ presence.

Matteo Ricci, intelligence, Chinese, Christian

_________________ were at the bottom, but they gradually became more important as the Japanese economy expanded.

Merchants

To the Chinese, their country—called the ______________________ —had been the cultural center of the universe for 2,000 years.

Middle Kingdom

China had become the dominant power in Asia under the ____________________________

Ming Dynasty

_________________ were killed or driven out of Japan

Missionaries

Most commercial contacts with Europeans ended. One port, ________________, remained open to foreign traders. But only _______ and _________________________ were allowed into the port. Since the Tokugawa shoguns controlled Nagasaki, they now had a monopoly on foreign trade, which continued to be profitable.

Nagasaki, Dutch and Chinese merchants

Under his grandson _________________, who ruled from 1735 to 1795, China reached its greatest size and __________________.

Qian-long, prosperity

Manchus took a Chinese name for their dynasty, the________________________________

Qing Dynasty.

______________ _______________ came next

Samurai warriors

The voyages ranged from ____________________________ to eastern ___________.

Southeast Asia, Africa

According to Confucius, the ideal society depended on ______________________, not commerce. _____________, not merchants, made ideal citizens

agriculture, Farmers

A Chinese Muslim admiral named _________________(jung huh) led all of the ____________________________

Zheng He, seven voyages.

When the Manchus established the Qing dynasty, Korea's political relationship with China did not change. But Korea's ______________ did. The Manchu invasion, combined with a________________________ in the 1590s, provoked strong feelings of nationalism in the Korean people.

attitude, Japanese attack

Seen in its entirety, the Ming dynasty was socially and politically stable. One reason for this was because the government operated a ______________________________. In order to work for the government, one had to pass an official ______________________________________ that was based on ancient Confucian texts. There was also an office called the ____________________ that cracked down on corruption.

civil service system, government examination, Censorate

Most Japanese _________________________________ with Eruopeans ended.

commercial contacts,

Its problems grew—ineffective rulers, ____________ officials, and a government that was out of _______________. Higher taxes and bad harvests pushed millions of _________________ toward _________________. Civil strife and rebellion followed.

corrupt,money, peasants toward starvation

Back in Japan, the ____________, too, welcomed the strangers. The daimyo felt that ________________ ________ could provide an __________________ over their rivals.

daimyo, European goods, advantage

Below him were the _______________, the powerful landholding _____________.

daimyo, samurai

All Japanese were forced to demonstrate ___________________________________________. These policies eventually eliminated __________________ in Japan and led to the formation of an exclusion policy.

faithfulness to some branch of Buddhism, Christianity

Because familiarity with Confucian texts was required of anyone seeking a ________________________ _____, teachers of Confucianism had held official positions since the ______ ________________

government job, Han dynasty.

But China did not become highly ____________________ for two main reasons. First, the idea of commerce offended China's _________________________. Merchants, it was said, made their money "_________________________________" Second, Chinese economic policies traditionally favored ___________________________. ___________ on agriculture stayed low. Taxes on _________________________ and _________ skyrocketed.

industrialized, Confucian beliefs, supporting foreigners and robbery, agriculture, taxes, manufacturing and trade

The European voyages of exploration had led to ___________________________________. Europeans made healthy profits from trade in the_____________________________ region

opportunities for trade, Indian Ocean

The ____________ and_______________ followed them. Peasants made up about _________________ of the population.

peasants and artisans, four-fifths

Still, the vast majority of _______________, weighed down by heavy ________, led lives filled with ____________.

peasants, taxes, misery

After an uprising, the Shogun ________________ Christians

persecuted

The _____________________________ was part of an attempt to control foreign ideas.

persecution of Christians

Under Hongwu, this Tang-era institution became a more _______________ one. Hongwu, in his effort to exert direct control over ________________________________, formed out of the Hanlin Academy an institution of six _____________________. These secretaries were under __________________ total control.

political,Chinese provinces, secretaries, Hongwu's

Ming ____________ and society reflected the dynasty's religious _______________.

politics, diversity

Hongwu's death in 1398 led to a ___________ _______________. His son _____________ (yung•lu) emerged victorious. Yonglo continued many of his ___________ _______________, although he moved the___________ ________ to Beijing.

power struggle, Yonglo, father's policies, royal court

Suspecting plots against his rule everywhere, he conducted ___________ of the ___________________, killing thousands of officials.

purges, government

Because so many of the ___________ were Christian, the shogun decided that ___________________ was at the _______ of the rebellion.

rebels, Christianity, root

some daimyo ________________ and trained corps of ___________________ to use muskets. Many samurai, who retained the sword as their principal weapon, would lose their lives to musket fire in future combat.

recruited, peasants

Even so, Chinese _____________-_______________ complained that the voyages _________________________________ that could be used to defend against ________________________________ on the northern frontier.

scholar-officials, wasted valuable resources, barbarians' attacks

Missionaries ___________ traditional ____________________and involved themselves in local politics

scorned, Japanese belief

Yonglo also had a far-ranging curiosity about the outside world. In 1405, before Europeans began to sail beyond their borders, he launched the first of __________ _______________ of exploration.

seven voyages

The Japanese first encountered Europeans in 1543, when _________________________________ washed up on the shores of southern Japan. Portuguese ________________ soon followed.

shipwrecked portuguese sailors, merchants

the _____________ had come to fear religious uprisings more. He_________________________ and focused on ridding his country of all Christians.

shogun, banned Christianity

The actual ruler was the _______________, who was the ________________ _____________ ______________________.

shogun, supreme military commander

Everywhere Zheng He went, he distributed gifts including ________ and _____ to show Chinese superiority. As a result, more than _____________________ sent tribute to the _______ court.

silver, silk, 16 countries, Ming

Usually, Europeans paid for purchases with _________, much of it from mines in the ___________________.

silver,Americas

These newcomers introduced fascinating new __________________ and _________. Within a century, however, the aggressive Europeans had _______ _____ their welcome.

technologies and ideas, worn out

China expected Europeans to do the same. Ming rulers were not going to allow outsiders from distant lands to _______________________________________ the Ming had brought to China when they ended ______________________.

threaten the peace and prosperity, Mongol rule.

China's official _______________________ in the 1500s reflected its _____________. To keep the influence of outsiders to a minimum, only the government was to conduct ___________________________, and only through three coastal ports, ____________,___________, and ______________

trade policies, isolation, foreign trade, Canton, Macao, and Ningbo

An _____________ in southern Japan of some ________________________, led by dissatisfied _______________, shook the Tokugawa Shogunate.

uprising, 30,000 peasants, samurai

Profit-minded merchants smuggled cargoes of silk, porcelain, and other__________________________ out of the country into the eager hands of _____________________________

valuable goods, European merchants.

In recognition of China's power, ______________________ from Korea to Southeast Asia paid their Ming ___________________________, which is a payment by one country to another to acknowledge its submission.

vassal states, overlords regular tribute,

Eventually, a class of __________________________ emerged. In turn, the _________ and ____________, dependent on taxing a shrinking farmer class, saw their influence wane

wealthy merchants, daimyo and samurai