Western Civ chapter 18
Which Enlightened absolutist, whose reforms and accomplishments included the abolition of torture and the support of religious toleration, boasted, "I am the first servant of the state"?
A. Frederick the Great of Prussia
The militarization of Prussian society in the late eighteenth century led to which of the following effects?
A. It kept the peasants enserfed to their lords and blocked the middle classes from access to estates or high government positions.
How did the Encyclopedia contribute to Enlightenment goals of social reform?
A. It promoted the spread of knowledge that could be used to make informed decisions about social problems.
In 1784, the German philosopher Immanuel Kant used which of the following phrases to represent what he felt the Enlightenment stood for?
A. Sapere aude ("Dare to know")
What main critique of organized Christianity did Voltaire include in his influential Philosophical Dictionary (1764)?
A. That Christianity had been the prime source of fanaticism and brutality among humans
The Scottish philosopher Adam Smith (1723-1790) made what contention about individual self-interest?
A. That it contributed ultimately to the general welfare of society
Adam Smith's concept of laissez-faire economics argued that
A. in order to maximize the effect of market forces and the division of labor, the economy should be free of government intervention and control.
In the late eighteenth century, European women greatly benefited from the expanding interest in
A. reading and books.
In the Treaty of Paris of 1763, France officially acknowledged its defeat overseas, ceding which of its territories to Great Britain?
B. Canada
What label have historians given to eighteenth-century rulers who aimed to promote Enlightenment reforms without giving up their absolutist powers?
B. Enlightened despots
What did the writers of the Enlightenment call themselves?
B. Philosophes
What new texts did abolitionists use in their petitions and campaigns to end the slave trade and slavery in the New World?
C. Firsthand accounts of slavery written by freed slaves
Why did Louis XVI restore the parlements in 1774, despite the fact that they had been abolished by his predecessor, Louis XV?
C. He succumbed to the demands of the aristocrats, who viewed the dissolution of the parlements as an attack on privilege.
In his 1755 book The Natural History of Religion, the Scottish philosopher David Hume made what argument about religion?
C. That belief in God was rooted in fear and superstition
In the eighteenth century, the ranks of what social class grew steadily in western Europe as the result of economic expansion?
C. The middle class
What was the opinion of Enlightenment writers on the role of religion in society?
C. They did not necessarily oppose organized religion, but they strenuously objected to religious intolerance.
Although eighteenth-century food riots were a direct response to the lack of available food, they were also a reaction to
C. government-mandated military service for lower-class men for years on end, which left their families without economic resources.
How did the rise of public opinion as a force independent of court society influence European politics in the eighteenth century?
C.It forced leaders, including monarchs, to engage with their citizens and take reform and opposition to reform seriously.
Which of the following refers to eighteenth-century believers who believed in God but gave him no active role in earthly affairs?
D. Deists
Why do many historians and philosophers consider the Enlightenment to be the origin of modernity?
D. It advanced the secularization of European society and the idea that human reason, rather than theological doctrine, should govern social and political life.
Why did Jean-Jacques Rousseau's theory of "the social contract" pose a direct threat to the perceived legitimacy of eighteenth-century governments?
D. It implied that people would be most free and moral in republican or democratic societies.
Why did the Seven Years' War have such a significant impact on American-British relations?
D. The war removed the threat of French invasion from the north, which made the colonists less dependent on British naval might and thus more willing to act on their grievances.
What role did eighteenth-century Parisian salons play in the spread of Enlightenment ideas?
D. They gave intellectual life an anchor outside the royal court and church-controlled universities by providing a forum for philosophes to discuss ideas.
Some of the more influential economic reforms of the eighteenth century were suggested by a group of economists in France called the physiocrats. What reforms did they support?
D. They urged the government to deregulate the grain trade, make the tax system more equitable, and abolish urban guilds that prevented free entry into the trades.
