western civ final 16

The Great Schism--the split in the Church resulting in the Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox churches--happened in the year _______ CE.

1054

The First Crusade, arguably the most successful of the crusades, started in the year _____ CE.

1096

Friday 13th in the year ______ CE was the infamous day in which the Knights Templar in France were arrested and charged with heresy.

1307

In the year ________ Johann Gutenberg printed the first complete edition of the Bible using a printing press with movable type.

1455

Spain was finally able to push the Muslims out of Europe by taking Granada in the year ______ CE. This is also the year in which the Jews were expelled from Spain.

1492

Angered by the sale of indulgences in Wittenberg, Germany, Martin Luther drew up his 95 Theses and nailed them to the church's door on October 31, ________.

1517

The Western Roman Empire fell in ______ CE.

476

Charles Martel defeated a large Muslim army putting a stop to the Muslim expansion in Europe and assuring the survival of Western Civilization against this major threat. Martel's victory in the Battle of Tours occurred in the year _______ CE and is considered a major event in Western Civilization.

732

What is the basic plot of The Aeneid?

A hero escapes from the city of Troy to found Rome.

A plebeian was:

A member of the class of farmers, merchants, and artisans who made up most of the population of Rome

The Romans used their engineering skills to build:

Aqueducts that carried water into cities

To join the early Christian community, a person had to:

Be baptized, or blessed with water

In the Punic Wars, Rome gained control of lands around the Mediterranean Sea by defeating the:

Carthaginians

King(s) of the Franks:

Clovis, Charlemagne, and Charles Martel

After the Persian Wars, Athens emerged as the main power in Greece. What was one of the steps it took to consolidate that power?

Created the Delian League

This life-size soldier on horseback (Equestrian Statue of Gattamelata), the first sculpture of this size since ancient times, was created by:

Donatello

The Hundred Years War resulted in the diminished importance of knights and castles, the hiring of professional soldiers, a shift in attention to overseas trading and a stronger parliament in _____________, as well as more powerful French kings.

England

This image is a representation of the longbow, an innovative weapon that allowed the __________ to have early success against the _________ in their conflict during the Middle Ages.

English... French

Spanish monarchs who made the final push against Muslims in Spain and completed the Reconquista.

Ferdinand and Isabella

The main factors that influenced the development of Greek city-states were:

Geography, the sea, and warfare

Pointed arches, ribbed vault, and flying buttresses are characteristics of:

Gothic architecture

The ancient Romans developed their religious beliefs from:

Greek religion

What important change did the Roman emperor Constantine make in 313 CE?

He granted religious toleration to Christians.

The regions Alexander the Great conquered were called the:

Hellenistic World

This Holy Roman Emperor and this Pope got into a major argument about who could appoint vassals:

Henry IV and Gregory VII

He was called the "Father of History."

Herodotus

Which of the following statements is true about Jesus of Nazareth?

His teachings were rooted in Jewish tradition

Pope _____________ took office in 1198 CE and claimed supremacy over all other rulers; he also launched a brutal crusade in southern France against the Albigensians.

Innocent III

This pope placed England, France, Norway, and other countries under interdict. He is also considered one of the most important popes of the Middle Ages.

Innocent III

Grand Master of the Knights Templar who was arrested along with most Knights Templar in France on King Philip IV's orders. He was accused of heresy and burned alive after several years of imprisonment and torture.

Jacques de Molay

This important individual was burned alive and then later made a saint.

Joan of Arc

The Code of Chivalry was a code of conduct adopted by ____________ which required them to be __________, ___________, and _____________________.

Knights, brave, loyal, true to their word

The practice in which a bishop is appointed by someone who is not a member of the clergy.

Lay investiture

The Pax Romana ended in 180 CE with the death of:

Marcus Aurelius

David is a major work by this man, one of the most prolific artists of the Renaissance

Michelangelo

The Greeks changed their type of government, moving from:

Monarchy to Aristocracy to Oligarchy

In the early Roman Republic, members of the landholding upper class were called:

Patricians

This statesman led Athens during its Golden Age:

Pericles

The lord of the manor had as obligation(s) to the peasants:

Permit the use of land for farming, Provide protection, Guarantee the peasants' right not to be forced off the land

Daughter of Henry and Catherine of Aragon; as queen she tried to restore Catholicism in England.

Queen Mary

__________________ painted a gathering of Greek and Roman scholars (The School of Athens) that included the faces of Michelangelo, Leonardo, and himself!

Raphael

What factors influenced the failure of medieval economies during the Late Middle Ages as a result of the Black Death?

Rising cost of labor and inflation

This medieval European school of thought used logic and reason to support Christian beliefs. It attempted to bring Faith and Reason together.

Scholasticism

Despite divisions among city-states, Greeks shared a common culture in which they:

Spoke the same language, prayed to the same gods, and shared a sense of superiority over foreigners

This friar gave up a comfortable life when he heard a voice speak to him during prayer. He founded the first order of friars.

St. Francis

Greek art has been praised for how it was superior to art developed by previous cultures. However, critics still point to the fact that Greek art:

Still tended to portray humans in idealized forms

Roman philosophy that stressed the importance of duty and acceptance of one's fate:

Stoicism

John Calvin's theological ideas can be summarized by this acronym:

TULIP

Homer was a Greek poet famous for epic works that serve as major sources for the study of Ancient Greece. One of his major works containing stories of honor, courage, and glimpses of the Greek hubris is:

The Iliad

Read this sequence of events: - Local lords grew in power all over Europe - Normans took control of southern Italy - Seljuk Turks were threatening trade routes and territories in the East - Crusaders plundered Constantinople in the 1260s - Venetians took over trade routes in the East This sequence of events summarizes:

The decline of the Byzantine Empire

Which of the following statements about Roman society is true?

The father had absolute power in the family.

Machiavelli wrote many different types of literature including historical books, comedies, songs and poems. His most famous work served as a guidebook for rulers to gain and keep power. The title of this work is:

The prince

The main effects of the Crusades were:

They left a bitter legacy of religious hatred, European economies expanded as trade increased and the use of money became more common, the power of monarchs increased, a wider worldview developed, and some Europeans set off on a new age of exploration.

This group of invaders began attacking European coastal and river towns during the Middle Ages.

Vikings

__________ wrote the epic poem The Aeneid.

Virgil

Sophists were philosophers who:

Were paid to develop rhetorical and logical skills

______________ the Conqueror raised an army and conquered England in 1066 CE, becoming its King.

William

Charlemagne believed that government should be for the benefit of the people. He was a tireless reformer who tried to improve people's lives. As such, he:

Worked to spread education and Christianity

Does this triangle correctly represent the structure of society during the Early/High Middle Ages?

Yes, it is mostly correct but it is missing an important component: the clergy.

The four main elements of the medieval Disputations between Christians and Jews are: the accuser, the ____________, the defence, and the inevitable conclusion.

accusation

______________ is a term that comes from the Latin meaning "rebaptize" or "baptize again."

anabaptist

A sole ruler with absolute power.

autocrat

Regulations for monastic life used by monasteries and convents across Europe during the Middle Ages:

benedictine rule

_________________, King of the Franks, was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in 800 CE.

charlemagne

Marco Paolo was a Venitian merchant who supposedly travelled to _____________, where he served the emperor; he then was arrested in Italy and dictated his memoirs to a co-prisoner.

china

During the Early Middle Ages, daily life in the village revolved around the ________, as it was the largest public building in the village.

church

The patriarch was the highest ranking ________ official in major cities in the east.

church

__________________, a very influential work written by Augustine, was used as one of the bases for a more active and forceful (some would call it evil!) intervention by the Catholic Church on society and politics.

city of God

________, King of the Franks, converted to Christianity in 496 CE, establishing the first Christian kingdom with a Christian army in Western Europe since the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

clovis

________ ________ is a legal system based on custom and court rulings.

common law

Thomas Cranmer was the first archbishop of the Church of England and wrote the Book of ____________ ______________.

common prayer

Treaty between Holy Roman Emperor and Pope whereby bishops could be invested by the King with secular authority but not with religious authority.

concordat of worms

The papal hope to heal the Great Schism, religious zeal, the idea of the Holy Land, a thirst for adventure, and a hope for enrichment (land and wealth) were all motivators for the ________________.

crusades

The Purgatorio is major work of the Middle Ages. Along with two other parts it makes up the:

divine comedy

_________________ is a technique in which an artist etches a design on a metal plate using acid; the plate is then used to make prints.

engraving

"Augustus" (i.e. "exalted one") was a title given to Constantine for granting Christians relief from Roman persecution. (true or false)

false

Between 1000 and 1300 CE, the popes used several methods to increase their power: They set up systems of royal justice. They developed tax systems. They built standing armies. They strengthened ties with the middle class. (true or false)

false

During the High Middle Ages, women became prominent university professors but were excluded from leading the daily chapel and prayers. (true or false)

false

Ignatius of Loyola began an order of nuns and reformed Spanish convents and monasteries. (true or false)

false

In Feudal society, noblewomen could not take over the duties of the lord when he went off to war. (true or false)

false

Leonardo da Vinci was one of the most important men of the Renaissance. He is credited with painting the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican. (true or false)

false

Michelangelo was a Florentine humanist, poet, and scholar who assembled a library of Greek and Roman manuscripts to encourage learning. (true or false)

false

One of Thomas Aquina's main contributions was his attempt to prove de existence of God through natural selection. (true or false)

false

Petrarch lamented over all the lives lost during the 100 years war and what those soldiers could have accomplished had they lived to see what the Spanish Inquisition was doing. (true or false)

false

The Knights Templar were extremely rich professional soldiers who were able to lend their personal fortunes to individuals who needed travelers cheques when traveling abroad. (true or false)

false

The Peloponnesian League was formed in opposition to the highly militaristic culture of Sparta. (true or false)

false

The Purgatorio was a mechanism established by the kings of Spain--with the Church's approval--to ensure blood purity in public posts (no persons of Jewish heritage) and eradicate heresy from Spanish domains. It used torture as one of its main techniques to extract the information it sought. (true or false)

false

The bishop was the local leader of the church. Priests and popes oversaw the work of the bishop in the local parish and later in the monasteries. (true or false)

false

The decline and fall of the Roman Empire happened quickly and swiftly as invading armies overran Roman legions essentially overnight. (true or false)

false

The emperor Diocletian is known for having made the greatest contribution toward setting Christianity on the road to becoming a world religion: he sent Paul around the world to preach the Good News. (true or false)

false

The manor system worked by mutual accusation, whereby if necessary the knight would accuse the serf of improper conduct and the serf would accuse his lord of not supporting the military training of his knights. (true or false)

false

The period during which the popes were living in Germany under the watchful eye of the German king is known as the Avignon Papacy. (true or false)

false

The picture is an example of a Gothic painting; these paintings were usually found in churches and in wealthy homes during the High and Late Middle Ages. They were extremely realistic and rarely contained religious ideas. (true or false)

false

The roots of Democracy can be traced back to the city of Sparta, where the people participated directly in government by casting votes and deciding on major issues that affected the city. (true or false)

false

The western Roman Empire, where Rome was located, was the richest and most stable region of the Roman Empire. (true or false)

false

To become part of a guild, one had to first join a ruling family. (true or false)

false

An exchange of pledges that created the political and economic relationship between lords and vassals: _________ contract.

feudal

A loosely organized system of rule in which powerful local lords divided their landholdings among lesser lords:

feudalism

__________________ was the Renaissance intellectual movement that studied classical cultures to increase understanding of their own times.

humanism

____________ is a holy image of Christ, the Virgin Mary, or a saint venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Church.

icon

An order excluding an entire town, region, or kingdom from receiving most sacraments and Christian burial.

indict

_____________ were often granted for doing good deeds during the Middle Ages. They lessened the time one spent in Purgatory before going to Heaven. Many Christians, including Erasmus and Luther, objected to their sale.

indulgences

Huge farming estates bought up by wealthy families:

latifunda

The ________ ________ is a medieval document first signed in 1215 CE that has had a tremendous impact on legal systems around the world. The United States Declaration of Independence and the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights were largely influenced by this document.

magna carta

_____________ is a term used to refer to the culture of the Middle Ages.

medieval

The decline and fall of the Roman Empire was due to:

military factors, economic factors, political factors, and social factors

The _____________ Script was used widely during the Carolingian Renaissance as a way to standardize written Latin script.

minusule

They took vows of obedience, poverty and chastity:

monks and nuns

A ________________ is a person who provides financial support for the arts.

patron

The Santo Spirito church in Florence, attributable in large part by Brunelleschi, is a prime example of ______________, a design technique used by artists in the Renaissance to portray depth and three-dimensional qualities by making distant objects smaller.

perspective

During the years leading to the Protestant Reformation, the Church had become increasingly involved in worldly politics. For example,

popes competed with Italian princes for political power, popes plotted against powerful monarchs who sought to control papal lands, popes lived lavish lifestyles and hired artists to beautify churches

The idea that God has decided long ago who was going to be saved and who wasn't: _________________.

premonition

Zwingli's teachings included

proposing that the Eucharist elements simply represented the body and the blood of Jesus

Astronomer-mathematician who proposed a theory that the Earth was at the center of the universe:

ptolemy

Martin Luther was successful in his reforms because of:

public skepticism about the Church and clergy, Humanism (self-sufficiency and power of the individual), the printing press

Hannibal was the great Carthaginian general who nearly defeated the Romans during the Second __________ War.

punic

Baptism, Matrimony, and five other sacred rites of the Church are called __________________.

sacraments

This man is considered the main writer of the Renaissance period. He contributed over 1,700 words to the English language and wrote numerous plays that are still being performed to this day.

shakespeare

The spread of the Black Death followed mainly the:

trade routes

A fief was what the lord granted his vassal in exchange for his loyalty. The fief could be land, money, or some kind of benefit. (true or false)

true

After the fall of Rome, the Roman Empire lived on for another thousand years mainly in the East. (true or false)

true

Alexander the Great's legacy included: He spread Greek culture as conquered people assimilated Greek ideas. He founded the city of Alexandria (Egypt), in which a huge library housed the knowledge of the ancient world. (true or false)

true

Aristotle: Analyzed forms of government Promoted reason Wrote on many subjects Described good and bad types of government and favored rule by a single leader Questioned how people ought to live Concluded that people should pursue the "golden mean" between extremes in behavior (true or false)

true

Athens experienced a golden age from 460 to 429 BCE that included: Direct democracy Even poor men could serve in government because they received a stipend Athenians could serve on a jury (with hundreds or thousands of jurors) Citizens could vote to banish public figures from the city Prosperity Festivals and building programs (true or false)

true

Baldassare Castiglione wrote the Book of the Courtier describing the manners and qualities aristocratic men and women should display. (true or false)

true

By establishing a central government over Western Europe, Charlemagne restored much of the unity of the old Roman Empire and paved the way for the development of modern Europe. (true or false)

true

Charles V tried to force the German princes to return to the Catholic Church. (true or false)

true

Civilization had nearly ceased to exist between 500 and 1000 CE, but some remnants could be found of cities as centers of trade, a common written language, and complex institutions in very limited areas of Britain and France. (true or false)

true

Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536 CE) was one of the major religious scholars of the age: - He wrote texts on many subjects, including a new Greek edition of the Bible - He called for translation of the Bible into the vernacular - He was disturbed by corruption in the church and sought religious reforms (true or false)

true

During the Pax Romana: Roman legions protected and maintained roads Roman fleets chased pirates Grain came from Egypt Trade caravans traveled to Africa, India, and China Ideas and knowledge spread throughout the empire (true or false)

true

Europe declined during the Early Middle Ages for several reasons: 1. The unifying force of the Roman empire was gone 2. The region was invaded repeatedly 3. Trade and classical learning decreased (true or false)

true

Following in the footsteps of Petrarch, Humanism was the driving force of the Renaissance. Humanists: - believed in living life to the fullest and cultivating many talents - had a broad education in the classics - were realists - believed everything could be understood by studying the natural world (true or false)

true

Greek philosophy: Used observation and reason to discover the causes for events Rejected the idea that everything was caused by the whims of the gods Explored math and logic (true or false)

true

Habeas corpus is the principle that no person can be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime. (true or false)

true

John Wycliff and Jan Hus were pioneers of the Protestant Reformation. (true or false)

true

Julius Caesar instituted many reforms, including: Created public works jobs for the unemployed Granted citizenship to many conquered people Adopted a calendar used for the next 1600 years (Julian Calendar) (true or false)

true

King Henry VIII caused England to break away from the Catholic Church so he could divorce his wife, Queen Catherine. (true or false)

true

Many Jews in the first century CE were expecting a priestly king who would liberate the people from oppression and foreign rule. The title given to this individual was "messiah." (true or false)

true

Notre Dame of Paris, a famous medieval cathedral, is a major example of Gothic architecture with its flying buttresses and stained-glass windows. (true or false)

true

One of the unintended consequences of the Viking invasions during the High Middle Ages was that people started living together again in order to defend themselves from a common enemy. (true or false)

true

Plato wrote an important work called The Republic. He was a student of Socrates and influenced Aristotle. (true or false)

true

Romans generally treated most conquered peoples with relative tolerance: Allowed them to keep their customs, religion, money, and local government Roman citizenship was attainable Permission to marry Roman citizens Permission to trade in Rome (true or false)

true

Rome's commitment to law is a legacy still followed in the modern United States. Some examples of this include the presumption of innocence, the right to face one's accuser, the need for evidence, and judges that interpret laws fairly. (true or false)

true

The Emperor Justinian compiled a legal code that became the handbook on Roman law for legal scholars, a model for european rulers for their own legal systems, and is one of Justinian's most lasting legacies. (true or false)

true

The Knights Templar had two main missions: 1) To secure the road leading to Jerusalem so that pilgrims and others could travel safely to and from the Holy Land 2) To protect the site of the Temple of Solomon (true or false)

true

The Renaissance began in Italy in the 1300s. During that period people: - Sought to bring their age out of disorder and disunity - Placed a greater emphasis on individual achievement - Tried to understand the world with more accuracy Also, Renaissance thinkers evolved a new worldview and reawakened interest in classical Greek and Roman learning (true or false)

true

The Roman emperor Diocletian tried to restore order to the empire by dividing it into two parts. (true or false)

true

The Society of Jesus sent missionaries around the world to found schools. The Jesuits were known for following strict moral and spiritual rules. (true or false)

true

The authority of the pope over all secular rulers--including kings and emperors--in matters of religion is called papal supremacy. (true or false)

true

The basic message of the Sermon on the Mount is that the Kingdom of God will include many people who are pushed to the side by established religion; citizens of the Kingdom are to act in a way that will showcase God's love for humanity and His desire to bring people close to Him. (true or false)

true

The blending of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman traditions produced the Greco-Roman civilization in which the Romans admired and adapted ideas from Greek culture. The new tradition was spread through conquest and travels during the Pax Romana. (true or false)

true

The heart of the Italian Renaissance was Humanism, which included: - Focus on worldly issues, not religion - Belief that education should stimulate creativity - Emphasis on the Humanities, such as grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and history - Studies about the works of Greece and Rome to learn about their own culture (true or false)

true

The manor included a village or two and surrounding lands. It also included a church, huts for storing grain and shelter for peasants, as well as the lord's house. (true or false)

true

The oldest European university is the University of Bologna, Italy, which was founded in 1088 CE. (true or false)

true

Two main civilizations were active and dominant in the Mediterranean before the appearance of what is now known as Greek civilization: the Minoans and the Mycenaeans. (true or false)

true

Western Civilization can be generally (with some exceptions) characterized by cultures in the West that believe in one god, freedom, civil rights, democracy, and the separation of church and state. (true or false)

true

Women in Athens: Could not participate in government Played a significant role in public religion. Participated in sacred processions and ceremonies. (true or false)

true

Geoffrey Chaucer wrote his Canterbury Tales in the _______________ language.

vernacular