Western Civ. in the 17th Century

Which of the following states first adopted fascism?

Italy

What group emerged as the most important radical element in French politics at the beginning of the French Revolution?

Jacobins

Which ethnic group was relocated to internment camps for the duration of the war in the United States?

Japanese and Japanese Americans

How did Kepler build upon the foundation established by Copernicus?

Johannes Kepler used data to derive laws of planetary motion that confirmed Copernicus's heliocentric theory, but that showed the orbits were elliptical.

Who formulated the idea of the "principle of legitimacy"?

Klemens von Metternich

What was Newton's contribution to astronomy?

Law's of gravity

What did Lenin do following the Bolshevik seizure of power in November 1917?

Lenin entered into a treaty with Germany in the attempt to bring peace to Russia.

Who was primarily responsible for the germ theory of disease?

Louis Pasteur

Which American president made the decision to bomb North Vietnam and significantly increased the number of American troops in the Second Vietnam War?

Lyndon Johnson

Which group comprised the largest segment of the Third Estate?

Peasants

What occurred as public morale and support for the war ebbed?

Police powers were expanded to include the arrest of all dissenters as traitors to the state.

What was the dominant literary and artistic movement in the 1850s and 1860s?

Realism

What was the name of the brand of politics practiced by Bismarck?

Realpolitik

What did European monarchs want to achieve after the defeat of Napoleon?

Restore stability and return to an old order.

Hitler's first act of aggression took place in 1936 when the Germans occupied what area?

Rhineland

Which American president journeyed to the People's Republic of China in 1972?

Richard Nixon

Who was the head of the Committee of Public Safety who presided over the terror in France in 1793 and 1794?

Robespierre

Which of the following did not occur during Vladimir Putin's presidency?

Russia ended its war in Chechnya

To which island was Napoleon exiled and where he eventually died?

Saint Helena

Which of the following events was not part of the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s?

Saw the Supreme Court approve the concept of "separate but equal" in public schools

What statement best describes European educational systems by 1900?

Schools were free and compulsory at least at the primary level.

Which group most brutally employed the tactic of "ethnic cleansing," the murder or forcible removal of ethnic minorities from their lands in the former Yugoslavia?

Serbs

What did Eduard Bernstein claim in his book Evolutionary Socialism?

Socialism could best be achieved through the democratic process

Why did student protests in Europe backfire?

Some people detested what they saw as the lawlessness of the privileged.

What was the significance of wartime devices in a postwar context?

Some, like computers and airplanes, could be adaptable to peacetime.

What political policy did Richard Nixon rely on after his election to the presidency in 1968?

Southern Strategy

What does "al-Qaeda" mean?

"The Base"

How did Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, define the Enlightenment?

"man's leaving his self-caused immaturity"

Which English writer argued that women should be better educated in A Serious Proposal to the Ladies?

Mary Astell

Who made the strongest statement and vindication of women's rights during the Enlightenment?

Mary Wollstonecraft

What did J.S. Mill's On the Subjection of Women state?

Men and women did not possess different natures.

By the end of 1945, how many of Hiroshima's residents died?

140,000

What religious denomination was founded by John Wesley to provide a more emotionally fulfilling alternative to the Church of England?

Methodism

In what year was Apple's iPod introduced?

2001

How many Germans were unemployed in 1932, the worst year of the Great Depression?

6 million

Which of the following was among Napoleon III's great domestic projects?

A reconstruction of Paris with broad boulevards, public squares, and municipal utilities

Which statement best describes the Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century?

Although an innovative phase in western thinking, it was based upon the intellectual and scientific accomplishments of previous centuries.

What was the name of the system of racial segregation in South Africa?

Apartheid

Who was not a major contributor in the revolution in cosmology during the Scientific Revolution?

Aristotle

Which ethnic group suffered a million deaths from genocide during World War I?

Armenians

In which area did Napoleon's most disastrous foreign policy adventure occur?

Mexico

Which scientist provided a working foundation for the use of electricity?

Michael Faraday

Which nineteenth-century novelist described the coal towns as a place "where the struggling vegetation sickened and sank under the hot breath of kiln and furnace"?

Charles Dickens

Which party won nearly 50 percent of the vote in East Germany's 1990 election?

Christian Democrats

What was the name of the policy created in 1947 and used by the Americans against Communism?

Containment

Who succeeded Vladimir Putin as president of Russia?

Dmitry Medvedev

What was the doctrine that eased Cold War tensions in the 1970s?

Détente

Who was the author of Reflections on the Revolution in France and the founder of modern philosophical conservatism?

Edmund Burke

Which one of the following was not part of the emergence of the late nineteenth-century "mass society"?

Elimination of the poor conditions of the lower classes

In what two countries did some ordinary Protestant churchgoers chose new religious outlets in reaction to significant elements of rationalism and deism?

England and Germany

What was the common currency initially adopted by eleven member states of the European Union?

Euro

In addition to the devastation of the countries, cities, peoples, and cultures of Europe, what did World War II destroy?

European supremacy in world affairs

Which of the following statements best applies to urban life in the early nineteenth century?

Filthy sanitary conditions were exacerbated by the city authorities' slow response to take responsibility for public health.

Which of these ancient authorities was not relied on by medieval scholars?

Galileo

Who was the first European to make systematic observations of the heavens by telescope?

Galileo

Who led the army of Red Shirts?

Garibaldi

On which side did the Ottoman Empire join the war in 1914?

Germany

Who replaced Great Britain as the leading industrial power in Europe after 1870?

Germany

Which two Western nations were most affected by the Great Depression?

Germany and the United States

What did "appeasement" mean to the British?

Giving in to the demands of the dissatisfied to make them content

Which architectural style were the Romantics attracted to?

Gothic

Which two nations did not practice conscription prior to World War I?

Great Britain and the United States

What did Karl Barth argue in his works during the religious revivals stimulated by the horrors of two world wars, the Cold War, and attendant socio-cultural upheavals?

He argued that the sinful and imperfect nature of humans means that they can know religious truth not through reason but only through the grace of God.

What did Pascal do in his work Pensées?

He attempted to convince rationalists that Christianity was valid by appealing to their reason and emotions.

What did Khrushchev do at the Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party in 1956?

He condemned Stalin.

What happened to Alexander II in the wake of implementing his social reforms?

He could not reign in the reform impulse and was assassinated.

For what development was the East German leader Erich Honecker most noted?

He established a virtual dictatorship by using the Stasi or secret police in the 1970s and 1980s.

What did Otto von Bismarck do as chancellor of Prussia?

He largely bypassed parliament in pursuing his political goals of military modernization.

For what is Johann Sebastian Bach known?

He produced religious music as a way to worship God.

What can Bismarck be best appreciated for as a statesman?

He was a consummate politician and opportunist, capitalizing on unexpected events and manipulating affairs to his favor.

Which of the following statements best applies to Napoleon?

He was both a child of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution.

Under whose leadership was the reunification of Germany accomplished?

Helmut Kohl

On which two Japanese cities were atomic bombs dropped?

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

What did Hitler think was needed in order to achieve his goals?

His basic plan of racial supremacy and empire over "inferior" peoples was most critical.

Which issue led to Jimmy Carter's defeat in the 1980 presidential election?

His inability to gain the release of American hostages held in Iran

Why did the Church attack Galileo's exposition on the Copernican system?

His support of the Copernican system altered the conception of the universe placing humans at the center and displacing God.

Which of the following statements best applies to Charles Darwin and his evolutionary theory?

His theory emphasized the idea of the "survival of the fit" in which advantageous natural variants and environmental adaptations in organisms determine their survival.

What was the significance of Kepler's work?

His work undermined the basic structure of the Ptolemaic system, freeing people to think in new ways.

It could be argued that which of Hitler's key decisions early in the war made Germany's defeat inevitable?

Immediately declaring war on the United States after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor

What was the result of the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962?

Improved communications between the US and the Soviet Union to prevent nuclear war

What was the foundation of Francis Bacon's methodology?

Inductive Reasoning

What is the main idea of deism?

It argues that God created the universe, but does not actively run it.

What was a main idea of Marx and Engels's The Communist Manifesto?

It based all historical development on class struggle.

What did the Congress of Vienna achieve?

It created policies that would maintain the European balance of power.

What statement best describes the Solidarity movement in Poland?

It ended the Communist monopoly of power in 1988-1989.

What was the historical significance of Prussian leadership during German unification?

It marked the triumph of authoritarian and militaristic values over liberal and constitutional values in the new German state.

What did "Strength through Joy" achieve?

It monitored and homogenized the leisure time of the German workers.

What did the National Assembly do in regards to the Catholic Church?

It passed legislation that secularized church offices and clergymen.

What did the ABM Treaty of 1972, an appropriate symbol of détente between Russia and America, accomplish?

It pledged the two nations to limit their development of anti-ballistic missile systems thus avoiding a new arms race.

How did the American Revolution affect Europeans?

It proved that the ideas of the Enlightenment could be realized politically.

What was Adam Smith's belief about the government?

It should not interfere in people's economic decisions.

What statement best describes the philosophy of René Descartes?

It stressed a separation of mind and matter.

What did the National Convention do in regards to religion?

It took measures to de-Christianize the republic.

Which one of the following comments best summarizes impact of the Scientific Revolution on Western Civilization?

It was a major turning point

What statement best describes urbanization in the first half of the nineteenth century?

It was a phenomenon directly tied to industrialization.

What was the Maastricht Treaty?

It was an attempt to create a true economic and monetary union among the members of the European Community.

What statement best describes Hitler's book, Mein Kampf?

It was autobiographical, setting forth Hitler's ideology of Aryan supremacy and anti-Semitism.

What happened to Germany following the conclusion of World War II?

It was divided into four zones of occupation under U.S., British, French, and Russian administration.

What statement best describes the split between the French working and middle classes?

It was further widened by the brutal suppression of the Paris Commune in 1871.

Which statement best describes the growing movement of nationalism in nineteenth-century Europe?

It was radical since it encouraged people to shift their political loyalty away from existing states and rulers.

What was the economic impact of World War I?

It witnessed European governments gradually take full control of all aspects of their economies.

What happened to Eastern Europe as a result of World War I?

It witnessed the emergence of many new nation-states.

Which of the following was a key factor contributing to the development of the Cold War in Eastern Europe?

Stalin's desire to establish pro-Soviet governments in the countries of Eastern Europe to serve as a buffer zone against possible western attacks on the Soviet Union

Which of the following was one of the new products of the Second Industrial Revolution?

Steel

Which nation took the initial lead in the sexual revolution of the 1960s?

Sweden

What was the general conception of the universe before Copernicus?

The earth was the stationary center and heavenly spheres orbited it.

Which one of the following did not account for the increasing population in Europe between 1850 and 1880?

The eradication of polio`

What did Hitler's "Final Solution" to the Jewish problem call for?

The extermination of all European Jews

Which of the following factors made World War II largely possible?

The failure of Britain and France to strongly oppose flagrant German violations of the Versailles treaty

What was one of the differences between British and Continental industrialization?

The government played a larger role in Continental industrialization.

Which of the following did not characterize the weakness of the League of Nations?

U.S. determination to be more involved in European affairs

What did the Grand Alliance demand of its opponents in pursuing the war against the Axis powers?

Unconditional surrender

In which city did Hitler spend his formative years and develop his fundamental ideas?

Vienna

Which part of Southeast Asia was once occupied by France and became a site of conflict between Communist and Western forces?

Vietnam

Which battle marked Napoleon's final defeat?

Waterloo

Who was V.I. Lenin?

a leader of the Bolsheviks who promised "peace, land, and bread."

What was the ultimate result of the revolution of 1848 in France?

a new French empire under Louis Napoleon

What can the romantic movement be viewed as?

a reaction against the Enlightenment's preoccupation with reason

What was the Concert of Europe?

an alliance to ensure the status quo achieved with the Congress of Vienna

Which of the following was a central principle of the liberal ideology in the nineteenth century?

an emphasis on individual freedom

What was the most important thing for Woodrow Wilson after the war?

assuring a peace based on justice and reconciliation

Which of the following is a correct statement regarding the new social class of industrial workers in the early Industrial Revolution?

b. They worked under dangerous conditions for long hours.

What factor accounts for the European population explosion of the nineteenth century?

disappearance of famine from western Europe

How many soldiers were estimated to have died and to have been wounded in World War I?

eight or nine million dead, and twenty-two million wounded

What was Lenin's New Economic Policy designed to do?

eliminate all private enterprise in Russia

What was a main characteristic of high culture in eighteenth-century Europe?

enormous impact of the publishing industry

Which of the following factors largely inspired the Industrial Revolution in Britain?

entrepreneurs who sought and accepted the new profitable manufacturing methods

Which of the following was not a common belief among political liberals?

equality of the sexes

What did the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen guarantee?

equality under the law for all French men

What was one of the underlying causes of the end of the Cold War?

financial difficulties for both superpowers and the unbearable expenses of the arms race

What was the general European outlook of the future before the outbreak of World War I in 1914?

highly optimistic with material progress expected to create an earthly utopia

Which factor aided Joseph Stalin's emergence as leader of the Communist party?

his position as general secretary of the Bolshevik party

What was one of the challenges facing the European Union in the early twenty-first century?

incorporating eastern and southeastern European states into the Union

What was one of the initial reasons that continental Europe initially lagged behind England in industrialization?

lack of roads and means of transportation

Which of the following were major themes/subjects of Romantic artists?

landscapes and depictions of nature

What were salons?

literary-minded gatherings where advanced ideas were discussed

What is a primary reason for the use of children as a labor source in the Industrial Revolution?

low-paid children could more easily move around large industrial equipment

What development enabled the growth of reading and publishing in the eighteenth century?

magazines for the general public

What did the Chartists in England want to achieve?

make Parliament more democratic

Which of the following was a positive achievement of the Stalinist era in the Soviet Union?

more educational opportunities

What was the unemployment rate in Parisian suburbs, the home of many Muslims, as of 2009?

more than 50 percent

Who were the majority of the victims during the Reign of Terror?

peasant and laboring classes

What was the most important form of literary expression for the Romantics?

poetry

According to Montesquieu, what was the best political system for modern society?

power is divided between the three branches of government

What did Britain attempt to do in order to maintain its industrial monopoly?`

prohibit industrial artisans from going abroad

What was the chief motivation of Georges Clemenceau's terms of armistice?

punishing Germany and gain security for France

What did the United States Senate vote to do after World War I?

renounce the Versailles Treaty that Wilson had negotiated

What method was employed to compel very young boys and girls working in new British industries to obey the factory owner?

repeated beatings

What caused massive rioting in the suburbs of Paris in 2005?

resentment of some young Muslims about unemployment and living conditions

What did Mikhail Gorbachev intend to do under perestroika?

restructure the economic and political systems

Around what did culture in Nazi Germany center?

scenes glorifying strong, heroic Aryans

What was the name of the principle that argued that a state power had the right to send armies into countries to restore monarchies amid revolutions?

the "principle of intervention"

Which royal fortress located in Paris was stormed by a mob on July 14, 1789, resulting in a wave of riots throughout France?

the Bastille

Under whose control did much of India fall in the early nineteenth century?

the British East India Company

Who ultimately decided where Florida's Electoral College votes would go in the 2000 U.S. presidential election?

the U.S. Supreme Court

What was the immediate catalyst of World War I?

the assassination of Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand in Sarajevo

What was the other name for the Ptolemaic conception of the universe?

the geocentric conception

What was the most immediate cause of the French Revolution?

the government's failure to resolve its debts and other economic problems

Which of the following was not a factor in George H.W. Bush's defeat in his reelection attempt in 1992?

the inability to win the Gulf War

Which social group was the foremost in embracing liberalism?

the industrial middle class

Which of the following was not a characteristic of Romanticism?

the rejection of the supernatural and unfamiliar

What was one significant effect of the Great Depression in Europe?

the rise of authoritarian movements in many areas of Europe

How did Hitler bring Germany out of the Depression?

through rearmament and public works

What was the main purpose of the encyclopedia, according to Diderot?

to change the general way of thinking

What was Newton's contribution to astronomy?

to prove that the planets obey the same laws as do objects on earth

What was a major characteristic of the collectivization of agriculture under Stalin?

widespread famine

What was the French revolutionary slogan that neatly evoked the ideals of the rebellion?

"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity!"

What year did the European economy begin to recover from the First World War?

1922

With what characteristic was every person born, according to John Locke?

A blank slate

What would be the final result of the struggle between the bourgeoisie and proletariat according to Karl Marx?

A classless society

Which of the following was not a feature of the mass society that emerged in Europe after 1870?

A decline in industrial production

Which of the following was not a reform in urban living?

A successful effort to clean up all polluted rivers and lakes

How did Truman and his Western European allies respond to Stalin's blockade of Berlin in 1948?

Airlifting supplies into Berlin

Which of the following inventions proved vital to the industrialization of British cotton manufacturing?

All of the above

Which of the following helped usher in a new era of European prosperity between 1924 and 1929?

American investments following the Dawes Plan

Where did industrialization first begin on the continent?

Belgium, France and Germany

Who was the author of The Feminine Mystique and a founder of the National Organization of Women?

Betty Friedan

How many Jews were killed by Nazi Germany during World War II?

Between 5 and 6 million

Which factor accounts for the immediate origins of the Franco-Prussian War?

Bismarck's devious editing of a telegram from King William I

Who wrote the song, "The Times They Are A-Changin'"?

Bob Dylan

Which of the following was not a part of the Truman Doctrine?

Condemnation of the victory of the Communists in the Chinese civil war

Which of the following was not a source of complaint and demonstration for college and university students in the 1960s?

Declining enrollments

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the "permissive society"?

Declining rates of divorce

In which area was the Nazi rule of Europe most ruthless?

Eastern Europe, because the Slavs were considered racially inferior

Which American romantic authored The Fall of the House of Usher?

Edgar Allan Poe

What new energy source powered the second industrial revolution?

Electricity

In which country did the Industrial Revolution begin?

Great Britain

What is the historical significance of the Battle of Stalingrad?

Hitler realized that he could not defeat the Soviet Union.

Which of the following groups serves as an example of nationalist terrorism?

IRA in Northern Ireland

What did the National Convention do in September of 1792?

It abolished the monarchy and established a republic.

What was the historical significance of German unification in 1871?

It entirely destroyed the previous European balance of power.

What was a consequence of the Treaty of Versailles?

It forced Germany to acknowledge "war guilt" and to pay reparations for its alleged wartime aggression.

What did the English Reform Act of 1884 achieve?

It gave English agricultural workers the right to vote.

What statement best describes the entry of the United States into World War I in April 1917?

It gave the nearly-defeated allies a psychological boost.

What was the overall effect of the Scientific Revolution on the argument about the nature of women?

It generated facts about differences between men and women that were used to prove male dominance.

What statement is correct about the European population in 1850?

It was over 265 million.

What was the primary driving force in the revolutions of Belgium, Poland, and Italy in 1830?

Nationalism

What was the Nazi policy toward women?

Nazi policy claimed that through childbearing and service in the home, women would bring about the triumph of the Aryan race.

Which scientist solved the problem of explaining the motion of the universe?

Newton

Which city hosted the most famous and spectacular of the Nazi mass demonstrations?

Nuremberg

Which city was the recognized capital of the Enlightenment?

Paris

Which of the following was a new development in the age of mass leisure?

Professional sports

Which of the following was not an action taken by Ronald Reagan during his presidency?

Raised taxes on the wealthy

Who was Olympe de Gouges?

She wrote The Declaration of the Rights of the Woman and the Female Citizen.

What term was applied to describe the economic problems of the United States in the 1970s?

Stagflation

What was the name of the East German secret police?

Stasi

Which group comprised the First Estate in France?

The Clergy

Which of the following was not a part of the Third Estate?

The Clergy

What was the alternative name of the United States initiated European Recovery Program?

The Marshall Plan

What was the only country to use women as combatants in World War II?

The Soviet Union

Which of the following countries was not captured by Nazi Germany between April and June, 1940?

The Soviet Union

Who inherited the European tradition of power politics at the close of World War II?

The Soviet Union and the United States

What was a provision of the Brezhnev Doctrine?

The Soviets declared the right of intervention if a socialist state was threatened.

What U.S. action prompted the Japanese to plan an attack on the naval fleet in the Pacific?

The United States cut off sales of much-needed scrap iron and oil.

Which one of the following did not characterize life in the United States during the presidency of Dwight Eisenhower?

The United States withdrew into isolationism.

What was an issue that brought socialists together in the nineteenth century?

The desire to improve working and living conditions for most workers

Which of the following statements best applies to Austria-Hungary before World War I?

The nationality problem remained unresolved.

What did the philosophical doctrine of existentialism stress?

The need for people to create their own values and give their lives meaning

Which of the following was not a factor that impacted the experience of mass leisure?

The non-profit nature of the leisure

Which animal did natural selection favor, according to Darwin?

The one that is best adapted

What development occurred in Germany under the chancellorship of Bismarck?

The passage of social welfare legislation to woo workers away from the Social Democrats

Which of the following is not a correct statement regarding European nations and their colonial empires during the interwar years?

The political and social foundations and the self-confidence of European imperialism was strengthened during the 1920s and 1930s.

Which social group was not part of the upper class in the late nineteenth century?

The professional classes, including lawyers, doctors, an engineers

Which of the following provides an example of the relaxation of repressive Stalinism during Khrushchev's regime?

The publication of Solzhenitsyn's A Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich

What is the main tenet of postmodernism?

The rejection of an objective truth

What statement best describes the new set of values established by factory owners during the Industrial Revolution?

The relegated the worker to a life of harsh discipline and the rigors of competitive wage labor.

What existed at the center of the heliocentric conception of the universe?

The sun

How did Europeans perceive the upcoming war in August 1914?

The war would be very short, possibly only weeks in duration.

What statement best describes employment opportunities for women during the Second Industrial Revolution?

They changed in quality and quantity with the expansion of the service sector.

Which of the following statements is correct concerning the Luddites?

They destroyed industrial machines that destroyed their livelihood.

What statement best describes the impact of Stalin's economic policies?

They emphasized the development of heavy industry and the production of modern weapons and space vehicles.

What is the historical significance of Alexander II's serf reforms?

They freed the serfs but bound them to the land via the village commune.

What did the Allied powers do in order to open up a "second front" in Western Europe?

They invaded Normandy in June 1944, carrying out the greatest naval invasion in history.

How did the rise of the industrial factory system deeply affect the lives and status of workers?

They no longer owned the means of economic production and could only sell their labor for a wage.

Which of the following statements is correct regarding Hitler's anti-Semitic policies in the 1930s?

They reached their most violent phase during Kristallnacht, with attacks on Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues.

What did the 1975 Helsinki Accords accomplish?

They recognized all borders in central and eastern Europe established since World War II thereby acknowledging a Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe.

What was the relationship between organized religions and science in the seventeenth century?

They rejected scientific discoveries that conflicted with the Christian view of the world.

What statement best describes both Catholic and Protestant churches in eighteenth-century Europe?

They still played a major role in social and spiritual areas.

Why can enlightened thinkers be understood as secularists?

They strongly recommended the application of the scientific method to the analysis and understanding of all aspects of human life.

What did Japanese expansionists hope to achieve in the 1930s?

They wanted to create a new power structure in Asia with Japan guiding its neighbors.

What did Benedict Spinoza believe about women?

They were "naturally" inferior to men.

What statement best describes the French philosophes?

They were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality.

What statement best applies to women workers during World War I?

They were now employed in jobs that had been considered only for men

Which statement best describes the middle classes of nineteenth-century Europe?

They were sinking in economic and social security because of the increase of plutocrats.

What was the purpose of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)?

To represent the interests of the Palestinians and the rights to a state.

Who was the British prime minister who gave support to the United States in the war on terror and in the Iraq War?

Tony Blair

The social structure of the postwar European society was altered by an increase in the number of what?

White-collar management and administrative personnel

Who was the Russian president after Boris Yeltsin?

Who was the Russian president after Boris Yeltsin?

Who became the new prime minister of Great Britain by August of 1940?

Winston Churchill

What did Elizabeth Poole Sanford want for women?

Women should avoid being self-sufficient.

Which of the following statements is not correct regarding women in the post-war era?

Working women received equal pay with men by the 1960s.

What agreement was reached with the Tennis Court Oath?

Write a Constitution

What was Diderot's most famous contribution to the Enlightenment's battle against religious fanaticism, intolerance, and prudery?

a 28-volume Encyclopedia compiling articles by many influential philosophes

What was the immediate reaction to the theories of Copernicus?

it had little immediate impact, although most were not ready to accept his theories

For which criticism was Voltaire best known?

religious intolerance

Which nationalist organization was responsible for assassinating Archduke Ferdinand and his wife?

the Black Hand

What is pantheism?

the equation of nature with God

Which of the following was not a factor in the collapse of Russia's tsarist regime in March 1917?

the leadership of the Mensheviks in forming the new Provisional Government