Western Civilization II Chapter 14 - Dr. Puckett

Which of the following best describes the place of Europe in the global trading system during the Middle Ages?

A) A Minor outpost

What cultural characteristics were considered by early modern Europeans to suit particular peoples for slavery?

A) A perceived lack of rationality and civilization

What did Ferdinand and Isabella offer Christopher Columbus for his first voyage in 1492?

A) A viceroyalty and one-tenth of any material rewards

What does the history of fourteenth-century Mali indicate about Africa's relationship with the outside world?

A) Africans had considerable contact with other lands

How was the biblical story of Ham applied to justify the enslavement of Africans in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?

A) Africans were seen as being descended from Ham's son Canaan, who had been cursed by Noah to be a "servant of servants."

What does the history of slavery in European colonies in the New World during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries indicate about the development of the institution?

A) All European states with American colonies adopted slave labor

What role did Europeans play in the emerging sixteenth-century global economy?

A) As a result of their expansion, Europeans integrated the Pacific and American economies.

In what ways did Spain contribute to economic difficulties across Europe in the final decades of the sixteenth century?

A) As mounting Spanish foreign debts were paid with silver, Spanish inflation spread across Europe.

In what ways did the conditions of native life in the Americas from 1492 to 1700 contribute to the emergence of the slave system?

A) Astronomically high death rates among natives led to the need for a new source of workers.

How did the Mexica respond to Spanish demands that they give up their traditional religion?

A) By reaffirming their faith in their gods and refusing to give them up

In what way did the discovery of the Americas encourage new notions about culture?

A) By shocking many Europeans into skepticism and cultural relativism

What aspect of the sixteenth-century economic relationship between Spain and China indicated that the economy was increasingly globalized?

A) Chinese demand for silver led to increased trade with Europe

What was the principal trade good the Spanish exchanged for their silver at Manila in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries?

A) Chinese silk

What does the relationship between Venice and Mamluk Egypt in the fourteenth century suggest about Christian-Muslim relations?

A) Christian and Muslim states could cooperate to advance trade.

In what sense did Christopher Columbus's first voyage reflect the religious spirit of the late fifteenth century?

A) Columbus's religious zeal was inspired in part by the Spanish reconquista

What does the success and growth of the Indian Ocean trade indicate about the role of the state in promoting commerce?

A) Commerce was promoted mostly by autonomous port cities.

What marked colonial-era English attitudes toward native peoples?

A) English colonizers had a particularly strong sense of the boundaries between "civilized" Europeans and "savage" natives

What typified European settlement in the sixteenth- and seventeenth-century colonies in the Americas?

A) Europeanized settlements were hedged by immense borderland areas where European power was weak.

What appeal did spices have for Europeans by the fifteenth century?

A) Europeans had found many uses for spices

What best describes the nature of the technologies used in European voyages of exploration?

A) Europeans synthesized knowledge and techniques from the East in developing their long-distance trade

What lesson can be drawn from Portuguese success in trading during the fifteenth century?

A) Even a poor country could profit enormously from serious efforts to expand trade

What was the initial reaction of most Europeans to New World crops?

A) Fear or hostility

In what ways did sixteenth-century haciendas lead to the encomienda system?

A) Haciendas required labor for ranching and sugar plantation work

How did Michel de Montaigne respond to the civil anarchy and war of the sixteenth century?

A) He promoted skepticism and cultural relativism.

In the sixteenth-century Portuguese colonial empire, what were captaincies?

A) Hereditary land grants given by the Portuguese monarch

How was France's administration of its American colonies similar to that of Portugal and Spain?

A) Initial reliance on independent action was replaced by central control

What conclusions did many Europeans draw from the capture of Constantinople in 1453?

A) Islamic expansion into Europe was inevitable.

What did Christopher Columbus believe he had discovered in the new lands that he reached?

A) Islands off the coasts of Japan and China

Which of the following was true of the Portuguese presence in Africa and Asia?

A) It brought riches to Portugal.

What did Magellan's expedition accomplish in 1522?

A) It circumnavigated the globe

What was accomplished by the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494?

A) It settled competing claims to discoveries in the Atlantic

Which of the following best characterizes the Ethiopian state in 1450?

A) It was a prosperous Christian state in occasional contact with Europe

What was the nature of the sixteenth-century Mexica Empire?

A) It was a sophisticated civilization that impressed Cortés

What place did the slave trade have in fifteenth-century Mediterranean commerce?

A) Italian merchants sold slaves, many of them Christians, to Egyptian Mamluks and others.

What new form of colonization did the Portuguese create in Brazil?

A) Large plantations worked by enslaved people

What happened to native peoples under the Spanish encomienda system of the sixteenth century?

A) Most suffered from disease and overwork

Over the long term, what enabled the Spanish to conquer both the Mexica and Inca Empires in the early sixteenth century?

A) Native allies strengthened the Spanish, and disease weakened the empires.

What role did the great imperial powers of the Middle East play in shaping European participation in trading systems of the early modern period?

A) Ottoman and Safavid merchants served as go-betweens for trade and provided trade goods

How did the tales of Marco Polo shape the early modern Western understanding of Asia?

A) Polo encouraged Westerners to see Asia as wealthy and exotic

What aspects of Portuguese culture helped that country become a great maritime power after 1450?

A) Portugal had a long history of seafaring and navigation.

Which of these New World crops proved to be an exceptionally important addition to the European diet?

A) Potatoes

Which of these crops were brought to the Americas by Europeans?

A) Rice, wheat, lettuce, and onions

The involvement of Prince Henry in Portuguese exploration offers evidence for the importance of what aspect of European expansion?

A) Royal patronage

What attitudes that developed after 1700 contributed to changing sensibilities about race?

A) Science was increasingly used to define racial differences and justify slavery

What statement summarizes Shakespeare's literary genius and its place in seventeenth-century culture and society?

A) Shakespeare's works sought to come to terms with contemporary questions of racial and religious changes

What distinguished slavery as it developed in the Americas from slavery in Europe during the Middle Ages?

A) Slavery in the Americas was closely bound up with race

Of which of these does Columbus's letter provide evidence?

A) That Columbus believed he had reached Asia

What did Columbus's letter suggest about Hispaniola?

A) That it would make an ideal colony

Which of these was suggested by the evidence gathered by Hariot and his companions?

A) That the disease that decimated the natives was new to the region

According to the authors, what claims did the Spanish make about the Mexica?

A) That their gods did not exist

What distinguished the role of Spain's House of Trade from that of its Council of the Indies in the sixteenth century?

A) The House of Trade controlled the movement of people to the colonies; the Council of the Indies guided royal policy in the colonies.

What contributed to the defeat of the Inca Empire by the Spanish in the 1530s?

A) The Inca Empire had been weakened by a major civil war.

What was the relationship of the sixteenth-century Mexica Empire to the other native peoples?

A) The Mexica Empire was characterized by constant warfare with its neighbors

Which of the following was an important difference between the fifteenth-century Ottoman and Safavid Empires?

A) The Safavids practiced Shi'ite Islam, while the Ottomans were Sunnis

What distinguished the sixteenth-century Spanish presence in the Americas from their involvement in Manila?

A) The Spanish Empire in the Americas was a land empire, but in Manila, the Spanish ran a seaborne trading empire

What momentous event coincided with Columbus's first voyage to the Americas?

A) The completion of the Reconquista

What does Shakespeare's treatment of his title character in Othello reveal about Elizabethan racial attitudes?

A) The confusion and uncertainty about race

What contributed to the linkage for Europeans between slavery and sugar cultivation?

A) The difficulty of growing and harvesting sugar created a labor problem

On which of these did Hariot and the natives agree?

A) The disease was an expression of the power of the Englishmen's God.

What role did silver and gold from the Americas play in Spain's economic difficulties during the sixteenth century?

A) The flood of precious metal helped push prices upward

A particularly good example of the cultural effects of the Columbian exchange can be seen in Native American adoption of

A) The horse

What aspect of the Columbian exchange do historians suggest was most consequential?

A) The introduction to the Americas of European diseases

Which of the following claims was made by Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda at the 1550 debate in the city of Valladolid sponsored by King Charles I of Spain?

A) The people of the Americas are natural slaves.

What does the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494 reveal about the nature of European political and religious authority?

A) The pope could mediate disputes between states

What did the Columbian exchange demonstrate about the nature of the relationship between Europe and the New World?

A) The relationship generated considerable change in both societies

According to Columbus, what favor was he granted by Ferdinand and Isabella prior to his departure?

A) The title of Grand Admiral of the Ocean Sea

What place did European voyages of exploration play in the popular imagination during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?

A) There was enormous interest among the educated in accounts of exploration

What similarity did early sixteenth-century British settlements in the Americas have with their Spanish counterparts?

A) They engaged in conflict with natives over land and resources

What does the fifteenth century rivalry between Genoa and Venice indicate about the European trading powers of the time?

A) They often pushed each other into new areas of commerce and exploration

What distinguished Michel de Montaigne's Essays from earlier works?

A) They were a series of short reflections

Who were mestizos in colonial Spanish America?

A) They were people of mixed Native American and European descent

How did Columbus characterize the inhabitants of Hispaniola?

A) Timid, generous, and intelligent

What did Columbus suggest was the principal motive behind his journey?

A) To convert Asian peoples to Christianity

Which of the following was true of the impact of European women on the development of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century European colonies in the Americas?

A) Where women accompanied men in settlement, European language, religion, and ways of life tended to endure

Unlike Mesoamerica or the Andes, the territory of Brazil

A) contained no urban empires

Many fifteenth-century Europeans argue that slavery benefitted Africans by

A) exposing them to Christianity

Iberian exploitation of the native population of the Americas began

A) from the moment of Columbus's arrival in 1492

In Shakespeare's seventeenth-century play The Tempest, the character of Caliban

A) reflects ambiguous attitudes about race, civilization, and the nature of native peoples.

Bartolomé de Las Casas

A) was one of the earliest critics of the abuse of native peoples.

What was a factor driving the European expansion that began in the middle of the fifteenth century?

Rising demand for luxury goods led many to seek new trade routes