Western Music
The ultimate example of aleatoric or chance music is ____ by John Cage, wherein the performers sit in silence for the entire piece, drawing attention to the ambient sounds in the environment.
4'33"
______ (also aleatory music or chance music) is music in which some element of the composition is left to chance, and/or some primary element of a composed work's realization is left to the determination of its performer(s). The term is most often associated with procedures in which the chance element involves a relatively limited number of possibilities. It came about in the 20th century.
Aleatoric music
Louis Daniel _____ (1901-1971), nicknamed "Satchmo", "Satch", and "Pops", was an American trumpeter, composer, vocalist, and actor who was among the most influential figures in jazz. His career spanned five decades and different eras in the history of jazz.
Armstrong
Milton ____ (1916-2011) was an American composer, music theorist, mathematician, and teacher. He is particularly noted for his serial and electronic music.
Babbitt
Most Romantic composers wrote in many genres, but one, Frederic ____ (1810-1849) wrote exclusively for the piano. His solo piano works include polonaises, etudes, and impromptus.
Chopin
The most important of the new instruments during the Baroque period was the violin, made popular buy, among others, Arcangelo ____, who wrote exclusively for the violin in genres of solo sonatas (one solo instrument plus continuo), and trio sonatas (two solo instrument plays continuo).
Corelli
Miles ____ (1926-1991) was an American trumpeter, bandleader, and composer. He is among the most influential and acclaimed figures in the history of jazz and 20th-century music. Davis adopted a variety of musical directions in a five-decade career that kept him at the forefront of many major stylistic developments in jazz. He was an outdenting performer of bebop.
Davis
Claude ____ (1862-1918) was a French composer. He is sometimes seen as the first Impressionist composer, although he vigorously rejected the term. He was among the most influential composers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Debussy
Duke ____ (1899-1974) was an American composer, pianist, and leader of a jazz orchestra, which he led from 1923 until his death over a career spanning more than six decades. He was one of the greatest of the swing band leaders.
Ellington
In the period preceding the First World War, contemporary movements in painting inspired three distinct musical styles. _____ composers were influenced by the work of Sigmund Freud on the irrational subconscious. They depict the outer world through a sort of deranged subjectivity.
Expressionist
A ____ piece is a musical composition which is expressive of a specific mood or non-musical idea. These pieces are a staple of Romantic music, and are essential to that movement's interest in the evocation of particular moods or moments.
character
A _____ is an early piano. In principle, the word can designate any piano dating from the invention of the instrument by Bartolomeo Cristofori around 1700 up to the early 19th century. Most typically, however, it is used to refer to the late-18th to early-19th century instruments for which Haydn, Mozart, and the younger Beethoven wrote their piano music.
fortepiano (Starting in Beethoven's time, the fortepiano began a period of steady evolution, culminating in the late 19th century with the modern grand. The earlier fortepiano became obsolete and was absent from the musical scene for many decades. In the 20th century the fortepiano was revived, following the rise of interest in historically informed performance. Fortepianos are built for this purpose today in specialist workshops.)
Renaissance musicians, inspired by the Greeks' belief in the power of music to shape one's should and of word to express emotions and influence actions, has a great reverence for the importance of text when combined with music. In what was a new urge toward cohesion, all the voices have the same text set to the same music, although not all sung at the same time, as the voices enter one after the other. Unlike Ars Nova polyphony, all the voices are equal value; none is regulated to drone status. This new kind of texture, called ______, is the most characteristic feature of Renaissance music.
imitative polyphony
Renaissance musical instruments were of two kinds: softer "indoor" instruments like the viol and lute, and louder "indoor" ones like shawms, crumhorns, and sackbuts. The ____ instruments tended to be used for instrumental music that was modeled on vocal forms to created a textless imitative polyphony. ____ instruments were used for movement, such as processionals and dances, and were therefore more obviously metrical.
indoor, outdoor
Besides motets, Renaissance composers also wrote secular compositions called ____. They are similar to mass movements and motets, except that are in the vernacular---such as Italian or English---rather than Latin and tend to be in a livelier style.
madrigals
The ____ period beings with the earliest music in Europe for which any notated music survives and ends around the year 1450. Gradually during this period, musical notation was developed. It came about because monks in monasteries were required to learn an enormous body of chants that required some sort of aide memoire.
medieval
During the Renaissance period as the church reformed itself, there was a renewed emphasis on sacred compositions. Whereas Medieval composers has set mainly the Propers of the mass, those sections which change from day to day such as the Gradual and Introit, Renaissance composers concentrated on the Ordinary of the mass, the Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus and Benedictus, and Angus Dei, that never vary from day to day. These, being scared and for liturgical use, were in Latin, and were sung a cappella in imitative polyphony. Free standing religious compositions, called ____, have the same characteristics as mass settings.
motets
In the last decade of the sixteenth century (Baroque period), a group of intellectuals in Italy called the "Florentine Camerata" once again looked back to classical Greece for inspiration to reform music. Whereas as the beginning of the Renaissance, it was Greek philosophy that influenced music, for the Florentine Camerata is was Greek drama. They conceived the idea that drama could be sung throughout with the simplest of accompaniments, and thus ____ was created.
opera
Italian opera seria comprised three acts and in the first half of the 18th century (classical era), a two-act _____ (comic opera) was often inserted between the acts to entertain the audience. These were about real people in everyday situations, such as problems between events and their bourgeois masters. The emphasis was on fast-moving dramatic action, cleaver dialogue, and lightly accompanied and appealing arias. In time, opera buffa became so popular that it was detached from opera seria entirely. The best known examples are Mozart's Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, and Cosi fan tutte.
opera buffa
Primitivism is characterized by powerful dissonances; ____ in which Igor Stravinsky obsessively repeats fragments taken from Russian folk songs; and an enlarged percussion section that was given unprecedented prominence.
ostinatos
Symphonies and string quartets usually have four movements. The first movement is usually in ____ form, which is more of a dynamic process that a form. It comprises three sections that correspond three acts of a drama.
sonata
Expressionist musicians depict the outer world through a sort of deranged subjectivity. Pierrot Lunaire is a song cycle for soprano and five instrumentalists by Arnold Schonberg that depicts the increasing lunacy of "Pierrot." The soprano uses ______, a style of performing characterized by wide, angular, unpredictable intervals where exact pitches of the notes are not indicated.
sprechstimme
In its brief history, jazz has gone through several styles. During the depression years or the early 1930s, solo piano came to the fore with ____ and ____.
stride, boogie-woogie (While standard blues traditionally expresses a variety of emotions, boogie-woogie is mainly associated with dancing.)
A _____ is a musical ensemble consisting of four string players - two violin players, a viola player and a cellist - or a musical composition written to be performed by such a group. It is one of the most prominent chamber ensembles in classical music; most major composers from the mid 18th century onwards having written these.
string quartet
In its brief history, jazz has gone through several styles. In the late 1930s and early 1940s during WWII, ____ or ____ Jazz "crossed over" and became widely popular. Swing bans were large ensembles of ten to twenty performers playing under the direction of leader from written-our arrangements called "charts," which left less room for improvisation.
swing, big-band
A _____ is an extended musical composition in Western classical music, written by composers, most often for orchestra. Although the term has had many meanings from its origins in the ancient Greek era, by the late 18th century (classical period) the word had taken on the meaning common today: a work usually consisting of multiple distinct sections or movements, often four. Symphonies are almost always scored for an orchestra consisting of a string section (violin, viola, cello, and double bass), brass, woodwind, and percussion instruments which altogether number about 30 to 100 musicians.
symphony (Some symphonies also contain vocal parts.)
During the Medieval period paper was precious and expensive, and very few people could write words, let alone music. The only music that was notated was liturgical chant. Although this is the only music from the early part of this period that has come down to use, we can be sure that secular, popular music did, in fact, exist, but because it was not written down, we don't really know what it was like. We do know that there were nomadic poet-musicians known as ____ and ____ who sang songs of chivalric devotion and crusader feats as well as pilgrim songs, ant that these were monophonic.
troubadours, trouveras
In the 1920s, Arnold Schonberg devised a new method for organizing atonal music. He called it the ____ method or ____, whereby the composer makes a pre-compositional decision about the order in which the twelve notes of the chromatic scale will be heard. This was called ____. Once the composer sets the tone row, the pitches may only come in the order, although the row may be inverted (turned upside down) or played retrograde (backwards). Other composers, such as Milton Babbitt took this even further and "serialized" duration and dynamic level as well as pitch.
twelve-tone, serialism, tone row
By the end of the nineteenth century, the romantics had stretched the elements of Western music so far that there was a reaction against what was viewed as emotional excess. Composers experimented with new techniques of composition and explored new directions for their music. Music of the ______ is therefore not distinguished by a single style. Instead we find several different approaches, none of which seem to have firmly caught hold. Most have in common the abandonment of tonality.
twentieth century
The most important of the new instruments during the Baroque period was the ____, made popular by, among others Arcangelo Corelli and Antonio Vivaldi.
violin
During the Medieval Period the ___ century was a turbulent era that saw the Hundred Years War, the Black Death, and great corruption in the church. Because of advances in musical notation, especially in the area of rhythm, music got enormously complex.
14th
The beginnings of the classical style are found in what happened to opera late in the Baroque period. Italian opera seria comprised three acts. In the first half of the ____ century, a two-act opera buffa was often inserted between the acts to entertain the audience. In opera seria, the drama was less important that beautiful and bravura singing, and the characters were lofty historical figures.
18th
Johann Sebastian ____ (1685-1750) was a German composer and musician of the Baroque period. He is known for instrumental compositions such as the Brandenburg Concertos and the Goldberg Variations, and for vocal music such as the St Matthew Passion and the Mass in B minor. Since the 19th-century Bach Revival, he has been generally regarded as one of the greatest composers of all time.
Bach
The _____ period begins around 1600 with the invention of opera and ends around 1750 with the death of Johann Sebastian Bach.
Baroque
Unlike Haydn and Mozart, Ludwig van ____ (1770-1827) was a Classical artist born late enough to have been influenced by the French Revolution. His music is considered revolutionary, not because he overthrew existing practices, but because he expanded all elements of the classical style and enlarged the range of expression. His nine symphonies, for example, are longer and far larger performing forces than Haydn's or Mozart's. His dynamic range is wider, his rhythm more propulsive, and his harmonic resources greatly extended.
Beethoven
Louis ____ was a French Romantic composer and conductor. His program piece, Symphony Fantastique drew inspiration from his own life.
Berlioz (After attending a performance of Shakespeare's Hamlet in 1827, Berlioz fell in love with the Irish actress Harriet Smithson who had played the role of Ophelia. He sent her numerous love letters, all of which went unanswered. When she left Paris, they had still not met. Berlioz then wrote Symphonie fantastique as a way to express his unrequited love. Harriet did not attend the premiere in 1830, but she heard the work in 1832 and realized Berlioz's genius. The two finally met and were married on 3 October 1833. However, their marriage became increasingly bitter, and they eventually separated after several years of unhappiness.)
Johannes ____ was a German composer of the Romantic period. He is sometimes grouped with Bach and Beethoven as one of the "Three Bs" of music. He has been considered both a traditionalist and an innovator. His music is rooted in the structures and compositional techniques of the Classical masters. While some contemporaries found his music to be overly academic, his contribution and craftsmanship were admired by subsequent figures. The diligent, highly constructed nature of his works was a starting point and an inspiration for a generation of composers. Embedded within those structures are deeply romantic motifs.
Brahms
John ____ was an American composer and music theorist. A pioneer of indeterminacy in music, electroacoustic music, and non-standard use of musical instruments, he was one of the leading figures of the post-war avant-garde. Critics have lauded him as one of the most influential composers of the 20th century. He is perhaps best known for his 1952 composition 4′33″, which is performed in the absence of deliberate sound; musicians who present the work do nothing aside from being present for the duration specified by the title. The content of the composition is not "four minutes and 33 seconds of silence," as is often assumed, but rather the sounds of the environment heard by the audience during performance.
Cage
The most famous composer of Italian opera seria was a German who spent most his creative life in London: ______ (1685-1759: Baroque Era). As the name suggests, opera seria deals with serious topics borrowed from Roman mythology or from ancient history. When London audiences turned against Italian opera as an "irrational and exotic entertainment," Handel gave them unstaged opera in English using biblical stories as his subject matter and adding the new ingredient of the chorus: the oratorio. His Messiah is one of the most beloved musical works of all time.
George Frideric Handel (An oratorio, like most operas, includes the use of a choir, soloists, an instrumental ensemble, various distinguishable characters, and arias. However, opera is musical theatre, while oratorio is strictly a concert piece In an oratorio the choir often plays a central role, and there is generally little or no interaction between the characters, and no props or elaborate costumes. A particularly important difference is in the typical subject matter of the text. Opera tends to deal with history and mythology, including age-old devices of romance, deception, and murder, whereas the plot of an oratorio often deals with sacred topics, making it appropriate for performance in the church.)
Experimentation during the Renaissance period was taking place in the area of secular music. Composers like Carlo ______ (c. 1561-1613) wrote madrigals that displayed daring harmonic dissonances, but had a precious, mannered approach to the text. Each separate word was given its own illustrative treatment, making nonsense of the text as a whole. The reaction to this practice not only ushered in a new stylistic period, but led to the creation of an entirely new musical genre.
Gesualdo
During the period of the Counter-Reformation (occurring within the Renaissance era), when the Catholic Church was trying to reform itself from within, the decision was taken at the Council of Trent to ban polyphony from church services. Legend has it that ______ (c. 1525-1594) saved the Catholic Church music by demonstrating to the cardinals at the Council that music could be polyphonic and yet clearly be understood with his Pope Marcellus Mass. Music written for the Roman Catholic Church has been conservative ever since.
Giovanni Palestrina
Philip ___ is an American composer and pianist. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential composers of the late 20th century. His work has been associated with minimalism, being built up from repetitive phrases and shifting layers. He describes himself as a composer of "music with repetitive structures",which he has helped evolve stylistically.
Glass
Franz Joseph ____ (1732-1809) was an Austrian composer of the Classical period. He was instrumental in the development of chamber music such as the piano trio. His contributions to musical form have earned him the epithets "Father of the Symphony" and "Father of the String Quartet".
Haydn
In the period preceding the First World War, contemporary movements in painting inspired three distinct musical styles. Impressionist painters, such as Monet, fragmented the visual into its elements of color and shape. _____ in music tried to do the same thing by careful attention to tone color and the manipulation of melodic fragments. An example is the three-movement orchestral work, La Mer, by Clause Debussy.
Impressionism
Many people consider ____ to be America's only original contribution to music. It originated in American black culture around the beginning of the twentieth century. Some of its roots are found in the call and response of "field hollers," work songs where a leader sings a line and other respond sympathetically, a technique that is still heard in African folk songs; blues songs; gospel singing; and ragtime piano stroll of black artists like Scott Joplin.
Jazz
Scott ____ (1868-1917) was an American composer and pianist. He achieved fame for his ragtime compositions and was dubbed the "King of Ragtime". During his brief career, he wrote over 100 original ragtime pieces, one ragtime ballet, and two operas. One of his first and most popular pieces, the "Maple Leaf Rag", became ragtime's first and most influential hit, and has been recognized as the archetypal rag.
Joplin
The most outstanding composer of the Renaissance period was ______ (1440-1521). Martin Luther, the moving spirit behind the Reformation, said of Josquin that he was a master of the notes, whereas the reverse was true for other composers.
Josquin Desprez
By the 12th century during the Medieval period, Paris was the most important cultural center in Europe, and it is there that we have the first named composers. The cathedral of Notre Dame, then in the process of being built, has attached to it musicians who constituted the School of Notre Dame. ____ (c. 1135-1201) composed the first complete annular cycle of chants for the mass in two parts. His successor ____ did the dame in four parts.
Leonin, Perotin
____, which is German for art songs, is poetry set to music for a solo singer with piano accompaniment. It was popular during the Romantic period.
Lieder
Music during the Romantic period tended toward the grandiose, and audiences prized showy virtuosity. The pianist and composer Franz ____ (1811-1886) and the violinist Niccolo ____ (1782-1840) enjoyed the kind of adulation we associate with today's rock stars.
Liszt, Paganini (grandiose: Impressive and imposing in appearance or style, especially pretentiously so.)
Guillaume de ____ was a composer of late medieval music who was the central figure of the ars nova style. Immensely influential, he is regarded as the most important composer and poet of the 14th century and is the first significant composer whose name is known.
Machaut
Felix _____ was a German composer, pianist, organist and conductor of the early Romantic period. Mendelssohn's compositions include symphonies, concertos, piano music, organ music and chamber music. His Hebrides Overture is a program piece that gathers its inspiration from a landscape.
Mendelssohn
______ is a more recent 20th century movement that represents a return to tonality and meter, but with a minimum of musical ideas obsessively repeated, for example Glassworks by Philip Glass.
Minimalism
The first great opera composer was Claudio ______ (1556-1643: Baroque Era), whose Orfeo is still performed today.
Monteverdi
Wolfgang Amadeus ____ (1756-1791) was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical period. He composed more than 600 works, many of which are acknowledged as pinnacles of symphonic, concertante, chamber, operatic, and choral music. He is considered among the greatest classical composers of all time, and his influence on Western music is profound. Ludwig van Beethoven composed his early works in the shadow of Mozart, and Joseph Haydn wrote: "posterity will not see such a talent again in 100 years".
Mozart
In its brief history, jazz has gone through several styles. The earliest is _____ style, also called Dixieland. Small ensembles consisted of a rhythm section of drums, piano, and/or bass and two or more soloists on trumpet, saxophone, clarinet, trombone, or voice.
New Orleans
Charles ____ (1920-1955), nicknamed "Bird" and "Yardbird", was an American jazz saxophonist and composer. He was a highly influential soloist and leading figure in the development of bebop, a form of jazz characterized by fast tempos, virtuosic technique, and advanced harmonies. He was a blazingly fast virtuoso and introduced revolutionary harmonic ideas into jazz, including rapid passing chords, new variants of altered chords, and chord substitutions. Primarily a player of the alto saxophone, his tone ranged from clean and penetrating to sweet and somber.
Parker
____ music grew in importance during the Romantic period. In contrast to absolute music, this kind of music is instrumental and it depends on something external to music for its inspiration and understanding.
Program
_____ is a musical style that enjoyed its peak popularity between 1895 and 1919. Its cardinal trait is its syncopated or "ragged" rhythm. The style has its origins in African-American communities in cities such as St. Louis.
Ragtime
The _____ period of music beings around 1450 and extends to 1600. The world literally means "rebirth." It was a time of renewed confidence and a flowering of arts influenced partly by the discovery of Classical Greek philosophy.
Renaissance
Musicians of the 14th century (Medieval Period) called themselves Ars Nova, to set themselves apart from what they considered old-fashioned, conservative musical practices. In some secular music, as in the ______, which was a cynical critique of both church & government, the voices simultaneously have different texts, often in different languages, and different melodic lines. Two or more of the voices would be quite active and independent of one another while one or more other voices would hold long drone notes.
Roman de Fauvel
Rather than reacting against the Classical style, composers of the _____ period, which extends through the end of the nineteenth century carried Beethoven's innovations even further to new levels of expressiveness. Where Classical composers aimed at clarity, Romantic composers sought ambiguity. Phrases became longer and less clearly articulated. The symphony orchestra was enlarged and included a greater variety of wind and brass instruments.
Romantic
Symphonies and string quartets usually have four movements. The fourth movement is usually fast and may be in sonata form, theme and variations, or rondo-sonata. ____ form, inherited from the Baroque period, is an extension of the ternary idea with several contrasting section, each in a different key, alternating with the A section, which is always in the tonic, for example A B A C A D A.
Rondo (In rondo-sonata form, the D section is replaced by the B section, which is now resolved in the tonic)
Arnold _____ (1874-1951) was an Austrian-born composer. He is widely considered one of the most influential composers of the 20th century. He was associated with the expressionist movement. As a Jewish composer, he was targeted by the Nazi Party, which labeled his works as degenerate music and forbade them from being published. He emigrated to the United States in 1933, becoming an American citizen in 1941.
Schonberg
Franz ____ was an Austrian composer of the late Classical and early Romantic eras. His wrote hundred of lieder, including one written when he was only eighteen, his well-known setting of Goethe's ballad-poem Der Erlkonig.
Schubert
Robert ____ was a German composer, pianist, and influential music critic. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest composers of the Romantic era. His program pice, Papillons (French for "butterflies"), was meant to represent a masked ball and was inspired by Jean Paul's novel Flegeljahre.
Schumann
Igor _____ was a Russian composer, pianist and conductor, later of French (1934) and American (1945) nationality. He is widely considered one of the most important and influential composers of the 20th century. His compositional career was notable for its stylistic diversity.
Stravinsky
Pyotr Ilyich _____ was a Russian composer of the Romantic period. He was the first Russian composer whose music would make a lasting impression internationally. His program piece, Romeo and Juliet, drew its inspiration from a drama.
Tchaikovsky
Edgar ____ was a French-born composer who spent the greater part of his career in the United States. His music emphasizes timbre and rhythm. He coined the term "organized sound" in reference to his own musical aesthetic. HIs conception of music reflected his vision of "sound as living matter" and of "musical space as open rather than bounded". He conceived the elements of his music in terms of "sound-masses", likening their organization to the natural phenomenon of crystallization. He thought that "to stubbornly conditioned ears, anything new in music has always been called noise", and he posed the question, "what is music but organized noises?" He saw potential in using electronic media for sound production, and his use of new instruments and electronic resources led to his being known as the "Father of Electronic Music".
Varese
Opera during the ninetieth century (Romantic era) was dominated by two composers. The Italian Giuseppe ____ (1813-1901) wrote 28 operas, including some of the most beloved in the repertoire: Rigoletto, La Traviata, Aida, and Otello. His exact German contemporary, Richard ____ (1813-1883), wrote his own libretti drawing on German mythic legend. His masterpiece, Der Ring des Nibelugen, is a cycle of four operas.
Verdi, Wagner
The most important of the new instruments during the Baroque period was the violin, made popular buy, among others, Antonio ____, who established the three-movement instrumental concerto (one or more solo instruments plus orchestra), as in his famous The Four Seasons, a set of four concerti with each one representing a season of the year.
Vivaldi
During the Baroque period, instrumental music for the first time came to be as important as vocal music. This was the beginning of ______---that is, abstract instrumental music that is not dependent on word or movement for its form. Composers therefore had to look within the music itself, to the principles of repetition and contrast, to create musical forms. The rapidly developing tonal system also contributed to the creation of form, which essentially consists of establishing tonic, moving away from tonic, and returning to the tonic.
absolute music
The Baroque period produced far-reaching changes in musical style. The Renaissance ideal sound was three to six equal voices with no instrumental accompaniments. Each vocal line was conceived of horizontally, as a melodic line. In early opera, the ideal was a solo voice with a light instrumental accompaniment. The latter consisted of a bass line with a system of numbers over certain bass notes to indicate vertical harmony. A sustaining instrument such as a cello played the bass line while the harmony was improvised by a harpsichord or lute player. This was called _____ and is characteristic of almost all Baroque music.
basso continuo
In its brief history, jazz has gone through several styles. After the war years, when the popularity of big bands collapsed as the mass market turned into rock and roll, jazz performers retired to the emphasis on improvisation afford by smaller ensembles. But they did so with a new virtuosity and more sophisticated, complex harmonies in a style called ____.
bebop
A ____ is a vocal composition with an instrumental accompaniment, typically in several movements, often involving a choir. Johann Sebastian Bach is a famous example of a composer who wrote these.
cantata
During the Romantic era tonal harmony was obscured through the increasing use of _____, which is the inclusion of notes that are foreign to the key, and through a tendency to defer a sense of resolution by seeming to evade arrival at the tonic.
chromaticism
The _____ period, dating from the death of J.S. Bach in 1750 until the 1820s, came about beach of great changes taking place in society. The traditional sources of musical patronage, the aristocracy and the church, were losing ground to the emerging middle classes. Quality music was no longer limited to the privileges few. This period saw the proliferation of public concerts, which anybody could attend for the price of a ticket. Music publishing flourished, meaning the latest compositions were quickly available for the amateur music market. Composers therefore had to find ways of appealing to a broader public. They imbued their music with clarity, naturalness, and a pleasing variety.
classical
Gradually during the Medieval period, musical notation was developed. At first only the direction of the melodic motion was indicated. Then, over time, a more precise method was devised for fixing pitches: notepads were placed on leggier lines, which numbered anywhere from two to ten before finally settling on today's five-line staff. These fixed a relative, but not absolute pitch. For that, a ____ was needed to identify a single pitch from which the others could be derived. Clef signs therefore are designed to resemble letter names: the G-clef is our soprano clef; the F-clef our bass clef. There are also C-clefs, which are used by voices and violas. Finally, late in the period, a method was devised for indicating duration of notes, thus allowing rhythmic variety.
clef sign
A _____ is, from the late Baroque era, mostly understood as an instrumental composition, written for one or more soloists accompanied by an orchestra or other ensemble. The typical three-movement structure, a slow movement preceded and followed by fast movements, became a standard from the early 18th century.
concerto
Symphonies and string quartets usually have four movements. The first movement is usually in sonata form, which is more of a dynamic process that a form. It comprises three sections that correspond three acts of a drama. The second section is called the _____, in which the plot thickens as material presented in the exposition is broken apart, combined in new ways, and taken to more distant key areas.
development
Symphonies and string quartets usually have four movements. The first movement is usually in sonata form, which is more of a dynamic process that a form. It comprises three sections that correspond three acts of a drama. The first section is the _____, in which a musical idea is presented in the tonic key. There is then a transition to a new key area and, usually, contrasting thematic ideas. There is thus tension between two key areas.
exposition
Keyboard music was important during the Baroque period. The harpsichord was essential to almost all Baroque music as part of the basso continuo, but was also used extensively as a solo instrument. Bach, who was the greatest organist of his day, wrote ____ for organ and harpsichord and well as for vocal chorus. "Fugue" comes from the Italian "fugue," meting to chase. As in imitative polyphony, different voiced sing the same melody at different times. In Renaissance imitative polyphony, however, each phrase is given its own music. In the Baroque Fugue, a single musical idea, called the fugue subject, appears throughout, fist in the tonic, then in other key areas, and finally in the tonic again. The repetition of the fugue subject provides unity; its appearance in different keys provides contrast.
fugues
The Baroque ideal sound was a solo melodic line supported by a strong bass line with the space between the two filled in by harmony---in other words, a more vertical approach to musical organization. It was during this period that ______ using major and minor diatonic scales was established.
functional total harmony
In its brief history, jazz has gone through several styles. Bebop has been succeeded by many different jazz styles, such as the more laid back cool jazz and free jazz (total improvisation), as well a nostalgic return to the "classical" New Orleans style. As in art music, jazz musicians are currently looking to other fields, such as rap, Afro-Cuban music, and the music of other cultures, to produce a blended style called ____.
fusion
The liturgical music of the Medieval period was called plainchant or Gregorian chant. It was performed a cappella and was monophonic. Beginning around the tenth century, a stunning innovation took place. Perhaps emerging because boys and men sing at different octaves, or because some monks sang "out of tune," medieval polyphony gradually came about. At first the accompanying lines were mere drones, but little by little a second independent melodic line was achieved, and this eventually laid the foundation for the development of ____.
harmony
Because is was capable of producing a wide range of dynamics, the ____ rapidly replaced the softer voiced harpsichord as the keyboard instrument of choice for color, concerti, and chamber music that was performed in ever larger public concert called during the Classical era.
piano
A ____ is a sonata written for a solo piano. They are usually written in three or four movements, although some have been written with a single movement (Scarlatti, Liszt, Scriabin, Medtner, Berg), others with two movements (Haydn, Beethoven), some contain five (Brahms' Third Piano Sonata) or even more movements. The first movement is generally composed in sonata form.
piano sonata (These were popular during the Classical period.)
With advances in technology during the 20th century, some composers experimented with computer generated music, such as ______ by Edgard Varese.
poème électronique
In the period preceding the First World War, contemporary movements in painting inspired three distinct musical styles. _____ was influenced by the Spanish painter Pablo Picasso, who painted sets for the ballet Sacre du Printemps depicting the fertility rights of early Slavic tribes with music by the Russian composer Igor Stravinsky.
primitivism
The history of Western music is divided into six periods, each with recognizably distinct characteristics: Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, Romantic, and Twentieth Century. The pattern seemed to be that a musical style emerged, and, over a period of time, grew more and more intricate. There was then a ____ against that complexity, resulting in a new stylistic period.
reaction
Symphonies and string quartets usually have four movements. The first movement is usually in sonata form, which is more of a dynamic process that a form. It comprises three sections that correspond three acts of a drama. The third section is the ______. In this stage the denouement (ending) is brought about be repeating the exposition, but this time keeping everything in the tonic---the home key---to provide resolution.
recapitulation
The elements of Italian opera during the Baroque period are an instrumental overture, then alternating vocal recitative and arias. ____ is like heightened speech and occurs in that part of the drama where action is carried forward. It is in prose with only basso continuo accompaniment. An ____ is more akin to poetry and has a fuller orchestral accompaniment.
recitative, aria
One difference in style between the Renaissance and Baroque periods has to do with ____. Except for instrumental music expressly written for dance, Renaissance music is free-flowing and almost without accents, hence not quite metric. Baroque music, on the other hand, is strongly metrical. Very often in Baroque music, once a rhythmical pattern is established, it persists throughout the entire piece of movement, reflecting an urge toward cohesion and unity.
rhythm
Rhythm became more complex during the Romantic period through the use of shifting meters and ____, a surging forward or holding back of the pulse.
rubato
Louis Armstrong played trumpet and sang in a style called "___," where the voice, singing syllables rather than words, is used as another instrument.
scat
Jazz is more of a performer's than a composer's art since the music is improvised rather than read from a score or memorized. This means that the performers agree on tune, key, tempo, and form, then, based on that, make up what they play as they go along in a spontaneous way. _____---putting an accent where one doesn't expect it---is an important element in jazz. This happens at two levels: the rhythm section provides a steady "back-beat" (one Two one Two) over with the melody instruments move a fraction of a beat ahead or behind the pulse. When this happens, the music is said to ____.
syncopation, swing
Symphonies and string quartets usually have four movements. The second movement is often a slow movement. It might be in sonata from, or theme and variations, or ____ form. The latter has three parts diagrammed as A B A: the first is in the tonic, the middle section presents contrasting material in a different key, and the third is a repletion of the first.
ternary
Symphonies and string quartets usually have four movements. The ____ movement, paired dances that hark back to the Baroque suite, is in ternary form (A B A), with the A sections being a minuet or scherzo and the contrasting B section a trio.
third
