WH- Ch. 10

Quran

the sacred text of Islam

Merchants in Mecca were hostile to Muhammad because they thought

his religion would disrupt their pilgrim trade.

When Muslims conquered a new land, they often

imposed a special tax on non-Muslims.

At the bottom of Ottoman society were the

men of husbandry

Slender towers, or _____ are architectural features of mosques

minarets

Describe the centers of learning in the Muslim world. Think about how Islam influenced the development of these centers.

(a) Centers of learning such as Baghdad, Cairo, Cordoba, and Timbuktu made advances in philosophy, mathematics, medicine, and other fields. They also pre-served knowledge from earlier civilizations. (b) Muhammad could not read or write, but he had respect for learning. This inspired Muslims to make great advances in philosophy, history, math, and science. Muslims needed a good basic education so they could study the Quran. Higher learning included schools for religious instruction and for the study of Islamic law.

Suleiman

A great leader of the Ottoman empire was

caliph

The name for a successor to Muhammad is

Which of the following is a key belief, or duty, of Islam?

Each Muslim should make a pilgrimage to Mecca.

What caused Muhammad to take the journey known as the hijra? How did this affect the spread of Islam?

Muhammad's teachings rejected traditional Arab gods. This angered merchants in Mecca where he lived, because they thought belief in Islam would interrupt the pilgrim trade. Fearing for his life, Muhammad left Mecca for Yathrib (Medina) on his journey called the hijra. In Medina, Muhammad was able to establish a community of Muslims, or umma. He created rules that governed and united Muslims. His reputation grew and thousands of Arabs adopted Islam.

How did diverse peoples of various religions, such as Christians and Jews, fit into Ottoman society? Did these peoples strengthen or weaken the empire?

Ottoman society was organized into basically four classes: "men of the sword," "men of the pen," "men of negotiation," and "men of husbandry." The first two classes were almost all Muslims; however, the other classes included non-Muslims. The people were organized into religious communities, or millets. Each millet had its own leaders who were responsible for education and some legal matters. Allowing these groups some measure of self-rule probably strengthened the empire. There also was some social mobility. For example, the Ottomans recruited officers for the army and government from among the populations of conquered peoples. Under this social system, non-Muslims made great contributions to the empire. For example, they included Jews who had been expelled from Spain and who brought with them banking connections and a new technology for making cloth.

Muslim mystics who sought communion with God through meditation and fasting were called

Sufis

Sharia

The Islamic system of law is called the

Arab writers gathered and adapted stories from their own and other cultures in the collection titled

The Thousand and One Nights.

Calligraphy

The art of beautiful handwriting practiced by Muslim artists is called

Firdawsi

The history of Persia, titled Book of Kings, was written by

Which characteristics of Islam shown in the table are similar to Judaism? Which are similar to Christianity? Why are there similarities among the three religions?

There is a lack of hierarchy in that imams and rabbis are considered teachers. Both faiths have similar dietary restrictions. The use of images or statues is forbidden, there is a general lack of interest in converting nonbelievers, and charity is emphasized. There is a final judgment, and charity is emphasized. Muslims, Jews, and Christians all worship the same God. All three religions were born in the Middle East and are linked to one another. Christianity was born from within the Jewish tradition, and Islam developed from both Christianity and Judaism. Muslims consider Jews and Christians "people of the book" and believe that Judaism and Christianity contain partial (but not complete) revelations from God.