WH Chapter 11 Reading Questions

What are some achievements of herding people?

Adaptations to inhospitable enviorments, technological innovations a role and fostering cross cultural change in state building effort

how did the spread f the plague help serfs in worsen europe?

workers were scarce, so surfs and women got better jobs

How did the mongols control of most of Eurasia affect the Silk roads?

They brought he 2 ends of Eurasias world into closer contact then ever before in the history of the silk roads

What actions did the pope try to take to protect western europe from the mongol conquest?

he dispatched delegation to mongol capital. He tried to get th mongol aid in the Christan crusade and convert them to Christianity if possible

Describe Temujin's early life

his father was a minor cheifton but he was soon murdered when he was 12. his father was a skilled hunt, his family was an outcast but they were also resourceful.

What impact did the Berbers (Almoravids) male on world history?

made a reform movement to purify islam to orthodox principals, controlled much of the west african gold trade and drain producing planes of morocco

How did the spread of the plague affect the silk road trade and molgol empire

population contracted, cities declined, and the volume of trade diminished across the mongol world

Why did the mongols chose NOT to occupy Russia once they conquered it, like they did in China and Persia?

the cities were too destroyed

What caused Chinggis Khan to decide to start expanding his empire through conquest?

unification of the mongol tribes, creating a huge army with the conquered tribes

What caused people groups to become pastoralists instead of farmers?

the condition of the land

In what year did the abbasid caliphate officially collapse?

1258

How were the populations across Eurasia affected by the spread of the plague?

50-90% of the affected pop. died, half of europe parished

list some ways the Russians were exported by the mongols

-Were required to send tribute -Required to pay taxes

List some of the new technologies invented by pastoralist groups that agricultural societies would one day adopt

-complex horse harness -saddle w/ iron sturrps -a small compound bow that could be fired at horseback -various forms of new armor -new forms of swords

List some ways the mongols mobilized resources within their empire.

-elaborate census talking -effective system of relay system -centalized beuocracy

How did the mongols facilitate trade?

An effective system of relay trade, about a day's ride apart, provided rapid communication across the empire and fosters trade. Gave merchants 10%

Where did the Black death most likely originate?

China

What is more commonly known for the name "Chinggis Khan"?

Genghis Khan

How wreathe mongols in Persia influenced by Persian politically and culturally?

Politically: adopted persian beaucrocy Culturally: some learned persian language, quit the nomadic ways

Describe some ways pastoral societies were different than agricultural societies in all of the following categories:

Population size: far smaller then agricultural societies Political Organization: kingship based groups/ clans, clans come together to from smaller tribes Treatment of women: generally offered women higher status, fewer restrictions, greater role in public life

Explain how the Russians were able to drive out the mongols

Russia continued to periodically threaten these civilizations for several centuries, until their homelands were absorbed into the russian// chinese empires

What groups/ Organizations in Russian Society benefited from mongol rule?

Russian Orthodox Church Nobles and Princes

What helped facilitate the rapid exchange of ideas, technologies, and cultures within the mongol empire?

The movement of people- persian and arab doctors and administrators were sent to china, chinese physicians and engineers found that their skills were in high demand in the islam world

What are some example of mongols adopting chinese culture and political practices?

The use of administrative practices, techniques of taxation and political system, gave themselves a chinese dynastic title (yuan), and transformed the capital from karakorum in mongolia to beijing.

Why did mongol religion not see a large number of converts within their empire?

They never forced their religion on their subjects

Explain why pastorals have to be nomadic.

They shifted their herds in regular patterns to systematically follow the seasonal changes in vegetation and water supply

How did pastoralists interact with their agricultural neighbors?

They sought access to the foodstuff, manufactured goods, and luxury items that could be from urban workshops and farming communities in near by civilizations.

Why did pastoralist group often have a military advantage over agriculturists?

They started at a young age and also could horseback ride/ had great hunting skill of the whole male population and also some women

How did the mongols treat those of different religions from their own?

They welcomed and supported many religious traditions as long as they become the main focus of political opposition (tolerant)

How were the mongols who conquered Russian influenced by Russian culture?

They were far less influenced or assimilated with the Russian culture

Why was it difficult to organize a large unified state (government) within pastoral societies?

They were very independent and did no shaver the money that they needed.

What is an example of a pastoralist empire that greatly affected empire in the classical era?

Xiongnu Empire

Why were the mongol military forces so loyal to their leaders and in particular to Chinggis Khan?

b/c any members of a unit in battle, all subjects were subject to death. Chinggis Khna was always willing to share the hardships that his men faced with himself

what have historians for many centuries often describe pastoral nomadic groups as barbaric?

b/c pastoral people generally did not have written languages, the sources available to historians came form observes in adjacent agricultural civilizations

What similarities did the europeans and the mongols share in there empire-building?

both established major civilizations, economically lee developed then chinese and islamic civilizations and both were prone to pondering to wealthy civilizations

What impact did the Turks make on world history?

carried islam to new regions, created the Automen empire

what disadvantageous did the empire like song china and abbasid caliphate have won trying to hold off the mongols?

china was divided and lost control of the northern territory, abbasid caliphate had a smaller population

what elements of chinese life did the mongols reject?

chinese examination system, chinese language, subordinate values of artisans, merchants, and restrictions of where the herding animals could roam

Describe the diplomatic relationship between the mongol courts in Persia and China

close, regularly exchanged ambassadors, share intelligence info. fostered trade between their religions, sent skilled workers back and forth

What impact did the arabs make on world history?

control of the trade route (makes the money) and expansive religious tradition

Describe the location of the mongol empire (regions)

east asia, central asia, and the middle east

what regions of the world could the mongols NOT conquer?

eastern europe, egypt, japan, southeast asia

List some of the major regions affected by the plague

europe, north africa, w,e,s asia

what are some causes of the mongol's rule in china?

factionalism, rising prices on goods, more economies, and present rebellion

How did Tejumin rise to power and become known as "Chinggis Khan- universal ruler?"

it took place among shifting alliances, betrayals, mounting string of military victories, indecisiveness of enemies,a dn reputation of generous friends.

Why was the mongol takeover of persia shocking in they of the persians?

it was far more abrupt then the takeover of china

How was Kublai Khan's rule in china similar to that of traditional chinese emperor?

many of his policies invected the values of a benevolent chinese emperor

How did the role of the mongol women differ from that of chinese women?

mongol women had a more prominent role in society then chinese women

What group of people created the largest land-based empire in all of world history

mongols

were the pope's attempts successful in to protection of western europe?

no

Describe the political organization in Russia before the mongols conquest

no political unity

what advantage did the mongols have in conquest?

organized/ disciplined army, military arrangement that allowed for effective command and control.

List some Chinese ideas/technologies that were spread westward into europe and the middle east b/c of mongol rule

painting, printiing, gun powder weapons, compass navigation, high temp. fernusses, and medical techniques

What are pastoral people?

people that use the herding of domestic animals as substance agricultural form of life. Because they were nomads they migrated

What muslim ideas were transferred to China? What middle eastern plats were transferred to china?

reading of the heavenly signs and assistance to constructing accurate calendars// lemons and carrots

How did mongol rule in Persia contribute to the middle east's geography becoming the desert today?

the mongols immense herds turned farm land into pasture and desert

Why do we to see pastoral nomadic groups in the Americas?

there are no large animals that could be domesticated

How did the mongols treat conquered people?

they didn't offer conquered people much social status unless they had special skills

What incentives did the mongols give to merchants to encourage them to trade within their empire?

they provided financial backingg for caravans, introduced standardized weight and measures, and gave tax breaks to merchants

how did europeans continue trading w/ asia and africa despite the decline of the silk road?

they took the sea with their naval technology that gave them military advantages

How did the mongols encourage people to surrender to them without a fight?

they used the phrase, "whoever submits shall be spared, but those who resist, they shall be destroyed with their wives, children, and dependents... so that the others who hear and see should fear and not act the same."

How did the mongols use conquered people to their advantage?

they were placed into their military

describe the mongol religion

they worshiped spirits ( prayed to their ancestors) but all religion were welcomed and tolerated

What caused the spread of the disease throughout the mongol empire?

transmitted by rodents, spread by trade

What are some mongol ideas that the Russians adopted?

weapons, diplomatic rituals, court practices, taxation system, and military draft