WH-Q2

March to Versailles

'Bread March of Women' was due to bread shortages and increasingly high prices. In 1789 when rumors spread that nobles were hoarding bread, women joined together and stormed Versailles, blaming the situation on Marie Antoinette. The "March to Versailles'' was a group of women who held a march to lower the prices of bread. The women were very strong and not to be reckoned with. They were ordinary women who began to realize they needed to act upon the wrongfulness of the scarcity of products. It is amazing how these women probably couldn't right take power to start a revolution. They went straight to the gates of Marie and Louis forcing Louis to view the need of a revolution and signing the new declaration. The crowd continues to grow overnight and threats to kill Marie are put in place. The people trying to attack were deadly and brutal, but both Louis and Marie effectively left the kingdom and started a new life in Paris. The March led the people in the right direction of a revolution.

Devshirme

'Selection' in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries. Devshirme was the Ottoman practice of forcibly recruiting soldiers and bureaucrats from among the children of their Balkan Christian subjects. It is first mentioned in written records in 1438, but probably started earlier. It created a faction of soldiers and officials loyal to the Sultan. It counterbalanced the Turkish nobility, who sometimes opposed the Sultan. The system produced all of the grand viziers, from the 1400s to the 1600s. This was the second most powerful position in the Ottoman empire. The devshirme also produced most of the Ottoman empire's provincial governors, military commanders, and divans during that period.

Josiah Wedgewood

(1759) opened pottery business that mass-produced high quality porcelain at a low cost. Josiah Wedgwood was born into a family of potters on 12 July 1730, at Burslem, Staffordshire. His father's death in 1739 led him to an early start working as a 'thrower' in the pottery of his eldest brother, Thomas, to whom he was later apprenticed. An attack of smallpox seriously weakened Josiah, and in 1768 he had to have his right leg amputated. This meant he was forced to abandon throwing, but he subsequently gained a wider insight into the potter's craft - for example the work of the 'modeller' - and this encouraged his love of experimentation. osiah Wedgwood FRS (12 July 1730 - 3 January 1795) was an English potter, entrepreneur, and abolitionist. He founded the Wedgwoodcompany. He developed improved pottery bodies by a long process of systematic experimentation, and was the leader in the industrialisation of the manufacture of European pottery (the Chinese having achieved this long before).

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was a leader of the Women's rights movement she developed the first focused demand for women's equality in the U.S. She Firmly believed that women should have command over their sexual relationships and childbearing in an era when wives were expected to submit to their husband's sexual demands.

Storming of the Bastille—July 14, 1789

.800 protesters; demand guns and ammunition; troops open fire; prison is stormed. The Bastille was a great symbol of the Kings of France running beyond just the limits of their own power which caused horror to the people in France. The Bastille was a gunpowder-filled building. The people destroyed the building for the sake of keeping the National Assembly and for a new start. In a new revolution, the people fought for equality with violence. It showed great power amongst the people of France. The "March to Versailles'' was a group of women who held a march to lower the prices of bread. The Storming of the Bastille (French: Prise de la Bastille [pʁiz də la bastij]) occurred in Paris, France, on the afternoon of 14 July 1789. The medieval armory, fortress, and political prison known as the Bastille represented royal authority in the centre of Paris.

Lin Zexu

.Distinguished Chinese official charged with stamping out opium trade in southern China; ordered blockade of European trading areas in Canton and confiscation of opium; sent into exile following the Opium War. Lin Zexu (30 August 1785 - 22 November 1850), courtesy name Yuanfu, was a Chinese head of states (Viceroy), Governor General, scholar-official under Emperor of the Qing dynasty best known for his role in the First Opium War of 1839-42. Lin Zexu (Lin Tse-hsü, 林則徐, Lín Zéxú) (August 30, 1785 - November 22, 1850) also known as Lin Tse-hsu, was a Chinese scholar and official during the Qing dynasty, whose efforts to end opium smuggling into Guangzhou (廣州) are considered to be the primary catalyst for the First Opium War of 1839-42. In 1838, Lin forced foreign merchants to surrender their stocks of opium, making them guarantee that they would cease importing it to China, and dumped it into the ocean. In 1839, the British retaliated by sending troops to ravage large areas of South China. Lin grossly overestimated the military capacity of his own forces and underestimated that of the British warships. China was defeated and forced to make many concessions to the British and then to other foreign powers, including the eventual legalization of the opium trade. Lin was a member of a small, influential group of reformists, the "Statecraft school," who sought to revitalize traditional Chinese thought and institutions in order to revive the faltering Qin dynasty. They also advocated the compilation of practical knowledge, including information about the West and Western technology, in order to deal effectively with modernization. Their reforms were later adopted by the "Self-Strengthening Movement."

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.The English philosopher and political theorist John Locke (1632-1704) laid much of the groundwork for the Enlightenment and made central contributions to the development of liberalism. Trained in medicine, he was a key advocate of the empirical approaches of the Scientific Revolution. In his "Essay Concerning Human Understanding," he advanced a theory of the self as a blank page, with knowledge and identity arising only from accumulated experience. His political theory of government by the consent of the governed as a means to protect the three natural rights of "life, liberty and estate" deeply influenced the United States' founding documents. His essays on religious tolerance provided an early model for the separation of church and state.

Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions. The Enlightenment is a movement in which it says don't trust authority, and to experiment with things on your own. In Europe, rulers would tell the people what to do. The idea that the people could think on their own and do things on their own was revolutionary. New voices arose and equality was a new spark of an eye to the people. The Enlightenment takes part in every level of society and puts an obstacle on the wealthy lifestyle. This challenged the higher wealth in society to accept the new opportunities that were brought to all types of people. It was a shot at equality in France.

Mandate of Heaven

A political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source.The Mandate of Heaven (Tianming), also known as Heaven's Mandate, was the divine source of authority and the right to rule of China's early kings and emperors. The ancient god or divine force known as Heaven or Sky had selected this particular individual to rule on its behalf on earth. An important element of the mandate was that although the ruler had been given great power he also had a moral obligation to use it for the good of his people, if he did not then his state would suffer terrible disasters and he would lose the right to govern.

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.The Proclamation of 1763 was issued by the British at the end of the French and Indian War to appease Native Americans by checking the encroachment of European settlers on their lands. The Proclamation of 1763 was issued by the British at the end of the French and Indian War to appease Native Americans by checking the encroachment of European settlers on their lands. It created a boundary, known as the proclamation line, separating the British colonies on the Atlantic coast from American Indian lands west of the Appalachian Mountains. In the centuries since the proclamation, it has become one of the cornerstones of Native American law in the United States and Canada.

The Social Contract

A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules. In moral and political philosophy, the social contract is a theory or model that originated during the Age of Enlightenment and usually concerns the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual. Social contract, in political philosophy, an actual or hypothetical compact, or agreement, between the ruled and their rulers, defining the rights and duties of each. In primeval times, according to the theory, individuals were born into an anarchic state of nature, which was happy or unhappy according to the particular version. They then, by exercising natural reason, formed a society (and a government) by means of a contract among themselves

Estates General

An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France. The Estates General of 1789 was a general assembly representing the French estates of the realm: the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners. It was the last of the Estates General of the Kingdom of France. Summoned by King Louis XVI, the Estates General of 1789 ended when the Third Estate formed the National Assembly and, against the wishes of the King, invited the other two estates to join. This signaled the outbreak of the French Revolution.The Estates-General (in French, États Généraux) was a representative assembly of the Ancien Régime, the closest it had to a congress or parliament. It was comprised of representatives from all Three Estates. The Estates-General would play a pivotal role in the revolutionary events of 1789.

Matteo Ricci

As shown in the diagram above, no red electrons were ejected. This can be seen by the zero value of the ammeter. In the second diagram, blue electrons were ejected as can be seen by the color and the increase in the ammeter. Since no red electrons were ejected, the frequency of the red light is below the threshold frequency and the frequency of the blue light either meets or exceeds the threshold frequency. Matteo Ricci (October 6, 1552 - May 11, 1610) (利瑪竇, |利玛窦 Lì Mǎdòu, Li Ma-tou, Li Madou; courtesy name: 西泰 Xītài) was an Italian Jesuit priest and missionary who introduced Christianity and Western ideas to the Chinese Empire in the sixteenth century. He was a pioneer in adapting to the culture and traditions of a society in order to introduce Christianity. Arriving in Macao in 1582, Ricci began learning the Chinese language and customs, and eventually mastered Chinese classical script. He attracted the interest and gained the respect of Chinese officials and scholars by demonstrating his knowledge of astronomy, mathematics and geography, and by introducing them to European clocks, prisms, astronomical instruments, oil paintings, musical instruments, picture books and architectural drawings. At first Ricci wore the attire of a Buddhist monk, but after realizing that Confucianism was dominant in the Ming dynasty, he dressed instead as a Chinese scholar. Ricci produced the first world map in Chinese, and wrote a number of Christian works in Chinese. He also made the first translation of Confucian texts into a European language, Latin.Portuguese Jesuit missionary who went to China, assimilated into Chinese culture and language and ran a Christian mission in China.

Qianlong

Chinese Qing emperor (r. 1736-1795), grandson of Kangxi who continued his grandfather's conquests by consolidating hold on Xinjiang province (westernmost). He made Vietnam, Burma and Nepal vassal states of China, and delegated responsibilities to his favorite Eunuchs, marking the decline of the Qing Dynasty. The Qianlong Emperor (25 September 1711 - 7 February 1799) was the fifth Emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper, reigned from 1735 to 1796. Born Hongli, the fourth son of the Yongzheng Emperor, he reigned officially from 11 October 1735 to 8 February 1796. Qianlong, Wade-Giles romanization Ch'ien-lung, temple name (miaohao) Gaozong, posthumous name (shi) Chundi, original name Hongli, (born September 25, 1711, China—died February 7, 1799, Beijing), reign name(nianhao) of the fourth emperor of the Qing (Manchu) dynasty (1644-1911/12) whose six-decade reign (1735-96) was one of the longest in Chinese history. He conducted a series of military campaigns that eliminated the Turk and Mongol threats to northeastern China (1755-60), enlarged his empire by creating the New Province (the present-day Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang), and reinforced Chinese authority in the south and east.

Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)

Consul and later emperor of France (1799-1815), who established several of the reforms (Code Napoleon) of the French Revolution during his dictatorial rule. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), also known as Napoleon I, was a French military leader and emperor who conquered much of Europe in the early 19th century. Born on the island of Corsica, Napoleon rapidly rose through the ranks of the military during the French Revolution (1789-1799). After seizing political power in France in a 1799 coup d'état, he crowned himself emperor in 1804. Shrewd, ambitious and a skilled military strategist, Napoleon successfully waged war against various coalitions of European nations and expanded his empire. However, after a disastrous French invasion of Russia in 1812, Napoleon abdicated the throne two years later and was exiled to the island of Elba. In 1815, he briefly returned to power in his Hundred Days campaign. After a crushing defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, he abdicated once again and was exiled to the remote island of Saint Helena, where he died at 51.

The Declaration of Sentiments

Declared that all "people are created equal"; used the Declaration of Independence to argue for women's rights. The Declaration of Sentiments/Rights was an 1848 document that was signed by 68 women and 32 men from the attendees of the Seneca Falls Convention. The Document was to show the importance of equality between men and women, and the change needed

Revolutions of 1848

Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe during a time after the Congress of Vienna when conservative monarchs were trying to maintain their power. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed. The Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Springtime of the Peoples or the Springtime of Nations, were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848. It remains the most widespread revolutionary wave in European history. The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848. The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 was a women's suffrage movement that signed a declaration of Sentiments that was published.

Florence Nightingale

English nurse remembered for her work during the Crimean War (1820-1910). Florence Nightingale (1820-1910), known as "The Lady With the Lamp," was a British nurse, social reformer and statistician best known as the founder of modern nursing. Her experiences as a nurse during the Crimean War were foundational in her views about sanitation. She established St. Thomas' Hospital and the Nightingale Training School for Nurses in 1860. Her efforts to reform healthcare greatly influenced the quality of care in the 19 and 20 centuries.

The Expansion of Russia, 1500-1800

Expansion of Russia 1500-1800 The steppe and forest-steppe of Ukraine and southern Russia is good agricultural land, but it was traditionally held by pastoral nomads. Any state that could drive off the nomads and fill the land with tax-paying peasants would expand its power enormously. In 1500-1800 this land fell to Russia.The steppe and forest-steppe of Ukraine and southern Russia is good agricultural land, but it was traditionally held by pastoral nomads. Any state that could drive off the nomads and fill the land with tax-paying peasants would expand its power enormously. During the period 1500-1800, this region was taken under Russian control. "The history of Russia is the history of a country being colonized....migration and colonization of the country have been fundamental facts of our history.." Vasily Klyuchevsky, Kurs russkoy istorii, I, 20-21. In the absence of a good map, locations will be given as approximately so many kilometers directly south of Moscow, and then so many kilometers east or west of that line. Thus, Kyiv is about 600 south and 500 west, while Perekop at the head of the Crimean peninsula is 1100s and 250w. For contrast, France is not quite 1,000 kilometers from north to south and Moscow is about 1,000 kilometers south of the White Sea. Since these numbers are estimates, they should not be cited or copied.

Fanny Kimble

Fanny Kemble, a famous actress at the time, describes this train as an "Iron Horse" that "goes upon two wheels which are her feet and a move by bright steel legs called pistons these are propelled by steam the coals which are its own swirl under the bench." She also tells us that the train can go up to 35mph. She says she "cannot conceive that the sensation of cutting the air was, I stood up with my bonnet off drank in the air before me the wind which was strong.... the sensation of flying is quite delightful and strange beyond description."

Toussaint L'Ouverture

François Toussaint L'Ouverture was a former Haitian slave who led the only successful slave revolt in modern history. Standing steadfastly, he fought to end slavery and gain Haiti's independence from European powers, France and Spain. Forming an army of former slaves and deserters from the French and Spanish armies, he trained his followers in guerrilla warfare and successfully ended slavery in Hispaniola by 1795.

Olympe de Gouges

French journalist who demanded equal rights for women.Olympe de Gouges (French: [olɛ̃p də ɡuʒ] (listen); born Marie Gouze; 7 May 1748 - 3 November 1793) was a French playwright and political activist whose writings on women's rights and abolitionism reached a large audience in various countries. She began her career as a playwright in the early 1780s. As political tension rose in France, Olympe de Gouges became increasingly politically engaged. She became an outspoken advocate against the slave trade in the French colonies in 1788. At the same time, she began writing political pamphlets. Today she is perhaps best known as an early women's rights advocate who demanded that French women be given the same rights as French men. In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen (1791), she challenged the practice of male authority and the notion of male-female inequality. She was executed by guillotine during the Reign of Terror (1793-1794) for attacking the regime of the Revolutionary government and for her association with the Girondists. Olympe de Gouges (born Marie Gouze; May 7, 1748-November 3, 1793) was a French writer and activist who promoted women's rights and the abolition of slavery. Her most famous work was the "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen," the publication of which resulted in Gouges being tried and convicted of treason. She was executed in 1783 during the Reign of Terror.

The Opium War (s)

In 1820s and 1830s, they hit upon a product that was available in India and in Turkey. the Americans imported opium from Turkey into China and much more famously the British imported opium from India into China and initially the size of the trade was quite small but grew into an imbalance in trade that was now in favor of Britain silver was leaving China in exchange for this opium. "Barbarians that manufacture opium smuggle it for sale and deceive our foolish people in order to poison their bodies and derive profit therefrom not to smoke it yourselves but yet to dare to prepare and sell it to the foolish." this became a sort of underground drug cartel in China run by Great Britain. Since China wanted to negotiate things with everyone Britain, they were surprised when Britain did not want to negotiate. Since Britainn had higher technology, China was not prepared for what was to come and certainly never by sea never in whole history of China did an enemy attacked them by sea so they were totally unprepared so naval power. The war did not go in China's favor, Britain attacked from the water side, They ended up paying a compensation for the opium that was destroyed, but shortly after that Britain came back in "1842 and the Treaty of Nanking was signed for the Chinese had to pay the cost of the war, ceded the territory of Hong Kong to Britain, and allowed for the opening of 5 coastal zones for British traders."

Janissaries

Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826. Janissaries. Janissary, member of an elite corps in the standing army of the Ottoman Empire, at first staffed by Christian-born youths drafted mainly from the Balkans. An increasingly powerful and expensive institution, the Janissaries constituted the first modern standing army in Europe and were highly respected for their prowess.

Ivan IV—"the terrible"

Ivan the Terrible was the first tsar of all Russia. During his reign, he acquired vast amounts of land through ruthless means, creating a centrally controlled government. The grandson of Ivan the Great, Ivan the Terrible, or Ivan IV, acquired vast amounts of land during his long reign (1533-1584), an era marked by the conquest of the khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberia. Ivan the Terrible created a centrally controlled Russian state, imposed by military dominance. Many believe him to have been mentally ill. One of his violent outbursts was perhaps the reason for his son's death.Confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking the authority of the boyars; continued policy of expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture.

Ivan IV—"the terrible"

Ivan the Terrible, Russian Ivan Grozny, Russian in full Ivan Vasilyevich, also called Ivan IV, (born August 25, 1530, Kolomenskoye, near Moscow [Russia]—died March 18, 1584, Moscow), grand prince of Moscow (1533-84) and the first to be proclaimed tsar of Russia (from 1547). His reign saw the completion of the construction of a centrally administered Russian state and the creation of an empire that included non-Slav states. Ivan engaged in prolonged and largely unsuccessful wars against Sweden and Poland, and, in seeking to impose military discipline and a centralized administration, he instituted a reign of terror against the hereditary nobility.

"let them eat cake"

Let them eat cake" is the traditional translation of the French phrase "Qu'ils mangent de la brioche", said to have been spoken in the 17th or 18th century by "a great princess" upon learning that the peasants had no bread.The French phrase mentions brioche, a bread enriched with butter and eggs, considered a luxury food. The quotation is taken to reflect either the princess's frivolous disregard for the starving peasants or her poor understanding of their plight.The phrase was supposedly said by Marie Antoinette in 1789, during one of the famines in France during the reign of her husband, King Louis XVI. But it was not attributed to her until half a century later. Although anti-monarchists never cited the anecdote during the French Revolution, it acquired great symbolic importance in subsequent historical accounts when pro-revolutionary commentators employed the phrase to denounce the upper classes of the Ancien Régime as oblivious and rapacious. As one biographer of the Queen notes, it was a particularly powerful phrase because "the staple food of the French peasantry and the working class was bread, absorbing 50 percent of their income, as opposed to 5 percent on fuel; the whole topic of bread was therefore the result of obsessional national interest.

Lucretia Mott

Lucretia Mott (née Coffin; January 3, 1793 - November 11, 1880) was an American Quaker, abolitionist, women's rights activist, and social reformer. She had formed the idea of reforming the position of women in society when she was amongst the women excluded from the World Anti-Slavery Convention held in London in 1840. In 1848 she was invited by Jane Hunt to a meeting that led to the first public gathering about women's rights, the Seneca Falls Convention, during which Mott co-wrote the Declaration of Sentiments. Her speaking abilities made her an important abolitionist, feminist, and reformer; she had been a Quaker preacher early in her adulthood. When the United States outlawed slavery in 1865, she advocated giving former slaves, both male and female, the right to vote (suffrage). She remained a central figure in reform movements until her death in 1880. Lucretia Mott was a 19th-century feminist activist, abolitionist, social reformer and pacifist who helped launch the women's rights movement. Raised on the Quaker tenet that all people are equals, Mott spent her entire life fighting for social and political reform on behalf of women, blacks and other marginalized groups. As an ardent abolitionist, she helped found the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society in 1833. She also co-wrote the Declaration of Sentiments in 1848 for the first Women's Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, New York, which ignited the fight for women's suffrage. Mott also helped found co-educational Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania in 1864.

The Declaration of the Rights of Man (and the Citizen)

National Assembly of France The representatives of the people of France, formed into a National Assembly, considering that ignorance, neglect, or contempt of human rights, are the sole causes of public misfortunes and corruptions of Government, have resolved to set forth in a solemn declaration, these natural, imprescriptible, and inalienable rights: that this declaration being constantly present to the minds of the members of the body social, they may be for ever kept attentive to their rights and their duties; that the acts of the legislative and executive powers of government, being capable of being every moment compared with the end of political institutions, may be more respected; and also, that the future claims of the citizens, being directed by simple and incontestable principles, may tend to the maintenance of the Constitution, and the general happiness. For these reasons, the National Assembly doth recognize and declare, in the presence of the Supreme Being, and with the hope of his blessing and favour, the following sacred rights of men and of citizens. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (French: Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789), set by France's National Constituent Assembly in 1789, is a human civil rights document from the French Revolution.[1] The Declaration was originally drafted by the Marquis de Lafayette, in consultation with Thomas Jefferson.[2] Influenced by the doctrine of "natural right", the rights of man are held to be universal: valid at all times and in every place. It became the basis for a nation of free individuals protected equally by the law. It is included in the beginning of the constitutions of both the Fourth French Republic (1946) and Fifth Republic (1958) and is still current. Inspired by the Enlightenment philosophers, the Declaration was a core statement of the values of the French Revolution and had a major impact on the development of popular conceptions of individual liberty and democracy in Europe and worldwide.[3] The 1789 Declaration, together with the 1215 Magna Carta, the 1689 English Bill of Rights, the 1776 United States Declaration of Independence, and the 1789 United States Bill of Rights, inspired in large part the 1948 United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.[4]

Stamp Act 1765

Placed a tax on almost all printed materials in the colonies.The Stamp Act of 1765 was the first internal tax levied directly on American colonists by the British Parliament. The act, which imposed a tax on all paper documents in the colonies, came at a time when the British Empire was deep in debt from the Seven Years' War (1756-63) and looking to its North American colonies as a revenue source. Arguing that only their own representative assemblies could tax them, the colonists insisted that the act was unconstitutional, and they resorted to mob violence to intimidate stamp collectors into resigning. Parliament passed the Stamp Act on March 22, 1765 and repealed it in 1766, but issued a Declaratory Act at the same time to reaffirm its authority to pass any colonial legislation it saw fit. The issues of taxation and representation raised by the Stamp Act strained relations with the colonies to the point that, 10 years later, the colonists rose in armed rebellion against the British. Stamp Act, (1765), in U.S. colonial history, first British parliamentary attempt to raise revenue through direct taxation of all colonial commercial and legal papers, newspapers, pamphlets, cards, almanacs, and dice. The devastating effect of Pontiac's War (1763-64) on colonial frontier settlements added to the enormous new defense burdens resulting from Great Britain's victory (1763) in the French and Indian War.

James Watt

Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819). As well as child labor and the little amount of money woman would get paid. With the help of time more and more people took part in the industrialized setting which further led to the development of the steam engine. Egypt and China had known about steam engines but James Watt's engine was more efficient not only in mines but also in power in textile machinery. Steam power completely revolutionized how much work could be done on the behalf of humans, and changed transportation to make trains and steamships. James Watt FRS FRSE (/ w ɒ t /; 30 January 1736 (19 January 1736 OS) - 25 August 1819) was a Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist who improved on Thomas Newcomen's 1712 Newcomen steam engine with his Watt steam engine in 1776, which was fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both his native Great Britain and the rest of the world.

Simon Bolivar

Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Ponte Palacios y Blanco[1] (24 July 1783 - 17 December 1830), generally known as Simón Bolívar and also colloquially as El Libertador, "the Liberator", was a Venezuelan military and political leader who led what are currently the countries of Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Panama to independence from the Spanish Empire.1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule. Simón Bolívar was a South American soldier who was instrumental in the continent's revolutions against the Spanish empire. Born into wealth, Bolívar was sent to Spain for his education, soon deciding to immerse himself in the political sphere in Europe. After France invaded Spain in 1808, he became involved in the resistance movement and played a key role in the Spanish American fight for independence. In 1825, the "Republic of Bolivia" was created in honor of the inspirational leader, hailed by many as El Libertador (The Liberator). Simón Bolívar was a South American soldier who was instrumental in the continent's revolutions against the Spanish empire. Born into wealth, Bolívar was sent to Spain for his education, soon deciding to immerse himself in the political sphere in Europe. After France invaded Spain in 1808, he became involved in the resistance movement and played a key role in the Spanish American fight for independence. In 1825, the "Republic of Bolivia" was created in honor of the inspirational leader, hailed by many as El Libertador (The Liberator).

child labor in the mines and factories

The Industrial Revolution Manufacturers would find ways to keep their pay to their laborers as cheap as possible. Some even used unpaid orphans from the government to do work. The dangers of a lot of the machines were still unknown and children often were victims of the findings of the dangers. Children worked long vicious hours and often this would lead to death. The work environment was terrible and workers would lose limbs such as fingers, breasts, eyes, and would all around look disfigured. Production and profits came first and meant the most to the manufacturers. The demand for slaves rose as the people from farms left their occupations to work at factories. Slaves would produce food and crops such as tobacco, sugar, and coffee. All of which would benefit the workers within the factories. Slaves would also create tropical oils to keep machinery moving as well materials for the industry such as cotton. Industry thrived from the hard work of slaves and made it inexpensive. As well as child labor and the little amount of money woman would get paid. steam engines but James Watt's engine was more efficient not only in mines but also in power in textile machinery. (sucked water out of mines) people from farms left their occupations to work at factories.

Kangxi

The Kangxi Emperor, personal name Xuanye, was the third Emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper (Fourth emperor). He was thought of as one of the greatest emperors because, under his rule, the Qing empire started to prosper, dynastic succession was stabilized, and he was comparatively benevolent.Qing emperor (r. 1662-1722). He oversaw the greatest expansion of the Qing Empire.Emperor Kangxi was the second emperor of the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty. He ruled the empire from 1661 to 1722. Kangxi, born Xuanye, was one of the longest-reigning emperors in dynastic history.

The Little Ice Age

The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of cooling that occurred after the Medieval Warm Period. Although it was not a true ice age, the term was introduced into scientific literature by François E. Matthes in 1939. HomeScienceEarth Science, Geologic Time & FossilsEarth SciencesLittle Ice AgegeochronologyShareWRITTEN BYJohn P. Rafferty See All ContributorsJohn P. Rafferty writes about Earth processes and the environment. He serves currently as the editor of Earth and life sciences, covering climatology, geology, zoology, and other topics that relate to...See Article HistoryAlternative Titles: LIA, Neoglacial Age Little Ice Age (LIA), climate interval that occurred from the early 14th century through the mid-19th century, when mountain glaciers expanded at several locations, including the European Alps, New Zealand, Alaska, and the southern Andes, and mean annual temperatures across the Northern Hemisphere declined by 0.6 °C (1.1 °F) relative to the average temperature between 1000 and 2000 CE. The term Little Ice Age was introduced to the scientific literature by Dutch-born American geologist F.E. Matthes in 1939. Originally the phrase was used to refer to Earth's most recent 4,000-year period of mountain-glacier expansion and retreat. Today some scientists use ...(100 of 1084 words)A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable.

The "reign of terror"

The Reign of Terror, commonly The Terror (French: la Terreur), was a period of the French Revolution when, following the creation of the First French Republic, a series of massacres and numerous public executions took place in response to revolutionary fervour, anticlerical sentiment, and accusations of treason by the Committee of Public Safety. There is disagreement among historians over when exactly "the Terror" began. Some consider it to have begun only in 1793, giving the date as either 5 September,[1] June[2] or March, when the Revolutionary Tribunal came into existence. Others, however, cite the earlier time of the September Massacres in 1792, or even July 1789, when the first killing of the revolution occurred.[a] The term of "Terror" to describe a period was forged by the Thermidorian Reaction who took power after the fall of Maximilien Robespierre in July 1794,[1][2] to discredit Robespierre and justify their actions.[3] Today there is consensus amongst historians that the exceptional revolutionary measures continued after the death of Robespierre.[4] By then, 16,594 official death sentences had been dispensed throughout France since June 1793, of which 2,639 were in Paris alone;[2][5] and an additional 10,000 died in prison, without trial, or under both of these circumstances. The Reign of Terror (June 1793 - July 1794) was a period in the French Revolution characterized by brutal repression. The Terror originated with a centralized political regime that suspended most of the democratic achievements of the revolution, and intended to pursue the revolution on social matters.

Seneca Falls, 1848

The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848. The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 was a women's suffrage movement that signed a declaration of Sentiments that was published. It was the first woman's rights movement that advertised it as "a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of women ''. The Declaration of Sentiments/Rights was an 1848 document that was signed by 68 women and 32 men from the attendees of the Seneca Falls Convention. The Document was to show the importance of equality between men and women, and the change needed. 5. One of the "injuries and usurpations" states "He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she had no voice.". This explains how women were objectively committed to their husbands and had little to no rights for themselves. Another states "He closes against her all the avenues to wealth and distinction, which he considers most honorable to himself. As a teacher of theology, medicine, or law, she is not known." This explains that even if a woman worked for an income she still didn't have a right to her own money and that her work didn't have much "importance" to the people. And lastly "He has made her, if married, in the eye of the law, civilly dead." Explains how once a woman is married she doesn't have a voice in the community and simply is just a housewife that has no significance to the outside world.July, 1848-Site of the first modern women's rights convention. At the gathering, Elizabeth Cady Stanton read a Declaration of Sentiment listing the many discriminations against women, and adopting 11 resolutions, one of which for suffrage.

The Seven Years' War

The Seven Years' War (1756-1763) was a global conflict that spanned five continents, though it was known in America as the "French and Indian War." After years of skirmishes between England and France in North America, England officially declared war on France in 1756, setting off what Winston Churchill later called "the first world war." While the French, British, and Spanish battled over colonies in the New World, Frederick the Great of Prussia faced off against Austria, France, Russia and Sweden. The Seven Year's War ended with two treaties. The Treaty of Hubertusburg granted Silesia to Prussia and enhanced Frederick the Great's Power. The Treaty of Paris between France, Spain and Great Britain drew colonial lines largely in favor of the British, an outcome that would later influence the French to intervene in the war for American Independence.

Great Britain's Vietnam

The War in Vietnam, codenamed Operation Masterdomby the British, and also known as Nam Bộ kháng chiến(English: Southern Resistance War)by the Vietnamese, was a post-World War IIarmed conflictinvolving a largely British-Indianand French task forceand Japanese troops from the Southern Expeditionary Army Group, versus the Vietnamese communistmovement, the Viet Minh, for control of the southern half of the country, after the unconditional Japanese surrender.

Suleiman the Magnificent

The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as 'The Lawgiver.' He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean. Süleyman the Magnificent, byname Süleyman I or the Lawgiver, Turkish Süleyman Muhteşem or Kanuni, (born November 1494-April 1495—died September 5/6, 1566, near Szigetvár, Hungary), sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 to 1566 who not only undertook bold military campaigns that enlarged his realm but also oversaw the development of what came to be regarded as the most characteristic achievements of Ottoman civilization in the fields of law, literature, art, and architecture.

Industrialization and Urbanization

The questions answered from the video in number one are included in a doc below. 2. Before the Industrial Revolution around 80% were engaged in farming and the other 20% of people were starving. Nowadays less than 1% of careers in the U.S are farming. The Industrial Revolution was an increase in production with the use of machines and characterized by the use of new energy sources. Industrialization is NOT capitalism (in the video). The Industrial Revolution was spread around most of the world and started in Europe, especially Britain. All the innovations went hand in hand with one another and furthermore made all of the products much much faster and efficient. The steam engine was created and led to more efficient cotton mills. Many new things were made and found to modernize everyday life. There are many reasons people may believe why this revolution started in Britain. The first was the cultural superiority of the European argument. The second was Europe had the culture of science and invention that made the creation of revolutionary technologies possible. Another argument is freer political institutions. And lastly, people think the small population called for labor-saving inventions. Steam engines were one of the biggest accomplishments that came from the Industrial Revolution for they power almost all the electricity around the world. The Industrial Revolution was all about the use of a new source of energy, coal. England had lots of coal at the breach of the surface which made it easy and cheap to mine, and replaced wood for a use of energy. The British had a craving for continuing to find more coal. The mines would often get flooded and steam engines were introduced to pump the water out. Steam engines used cheap British coal to run. British coal created the opportunity for everything from railroads to steel, which created a positive loop. Britain had the highest wages in the world at the beginning of the 18th century, it is not known why wages were like that for sure. High wages combined with cheap fuel costs meant that it was economically efficient for manufacturers to look to machines as a way of lowering production costs. This "led directly to the industrial revolution by giving firms strong incentives to invent capital and coal for labor." Lastly, India was the world's largest producer of cotton textiles while paying their workers close to nothing. Their agriculture was so productive that they didn't need to pay their laborers a lot. They didn't need to use machines. There is a strong belief that the early Indian cotton production incentivized the British industrialization. The industrial revolution had a fast rate of birth increase. "The population of England and Wales rose unusually fast from 5.5 million in 1688 to 18 million by 1851" (Bulliet et al. text 508). The growth in population depended on agriculture revolution. 'Transformation of farming that resulted in the eighteenth century from the spread of new crops, improvements in cultivation techniques and livestock breeding, and the consolidation of small holdings into large dorms from which tenants are sharecroppers were forcibly expelled." (Bulliet et al. text 508). This being the start of the industrial revolution. Trade expansion arose the growth population. Things such as tea, sugar, cotton textiles, and iron hardware were traded. "Trade also stimulated a growing interest in technology and innovation among educated people throughout Europe and eastern North America." (Bulliet et al. text 508). This caused Britian to grow immensely in population as well as Britain had the world's leading exporter of tools, guns, and hardware. Britain had a "fluid society". (Bulliet et al. text 508). Britain had a great water transportation and there were more people involved in production of export and trade, and finance that any other major country. "Finally, Britain's finical and insurance institutions supported growing business enterprises, and its patent system protected inventors' profits." (Bulliet et al. text 508).

Peter The Great

The steppe and forest-steppe of Ukraine and southern Russia is good agricultural land, but it was traditionally held by pastoral nomads. Any state that could drive off the nomads and fill the land with tax-paying peasants would expand its power enormously. During the period 1500-1800, this region was taken under Russian control. "The history of Russia is the history of a country being colonized....migration and colonization of the country have been fundamental facts of our history.." Vasily Klyuchevsky, Kurs russkoy istorii, I, 20-21. In the absence of a good map, locations will be given as approximately so many kilometers directly south of Moscow, and then so many kilometers east or west of that line. Thus, Kyiv is about 600 south and 500 west, while Perekop at the head of the Crimean peninsula is 1100s and 250w. For contrast, France is not quite 1,000 kilometers from north to south and Moscow is about 1,000 kilometers south of the White Sea. Since these numbers are estimates, they should not be cited or copied.

Macartney Mission

The unsuccessful attempt by the British Empire to establish diplomatic relations with the Qing Empire in 1793.The Macartney Embassy, also called the Macartney Mission, was a British embassy to China in 1793. It is named for the first envoy of Great Britain to China, George Macartney, who led the endeavor. The goal of the embassy was to convince Chinese Emperor Qianlong to ease restrictions on trade between Great Britain and China by allowing Great Britain to have a permanent embassy in Beijing, possession of "a small unfortified island near Chusan for the residence of English traders, storage of goods, and outfitting of ships," and reduced tariffs on traders in Guangzhou.

Treaty of Nanking

The war did not go in China's favor, Britain attacked from the water side, They ended up paying a compensation for the opium that was destroyed, but shortly after that Britain came back in "1842 and the Treaty of Nanking was signed for the Chinese had to pay the cost of the war, ceded the territory of Hong Kong to Britain, and allowed for the opening of 5 coastal zones for British traders."Treaty that concluded the Opium War. It awarded Britain a large indemnity from the Qing Empire, denied the Qing government tariff control over some of its own borders, opened additional ports of residence to Britons, and ceded Hong Kong to Britain.

Son of Heaven

Title of the ruler of China, first known from the Zhou dynasty. It acknowledges the ruler's position as intermediary between heaven and earth. Son of Heaven, or Tianzi, was the sacred imperial title of the Chinese emperor. It originated with the ancient Zhou dynasty and was founded on the political and spiritual doctrine of the Mandate of Heaven. The secular imperial title of the Son of Heaven was "Emperor of China". The title, "Son of Heaven", was subsequently adopted by other East Asian monarchs to justify their rule

Wilbur Wilforce

William Wilberforce (21 July 1798 - 26 May 1879) was a British lawyer, the eldest son of William Wilberforce. He was briefly a Member of Parliament in 1837-38. Wilberforce was born in Clapham on 21 July 1798 to William Wilberforce, a member of Parliament and prominent abolitionist campaigner, and his wife Barbara Wilberforce. He was their eldest child.[1] He was educated at a school in Cambridgeshire before attending Trinity College, Cambridge in 1817-1820, and was then admitted to study at the Middle Temple. He was called to the Bar in 1825.[1] He was a Justice of the Peace for Yorkshire and for Middlesex, and at the 1837 general election was returned as a Conservative for Kingston upon Hull, a seat his father had represented in the 1780s, but this was overturned by an election petition the following year.[1] He did not return to Parliament, though he contested Taunton in the 1841 general election, and Bradford in a subsequent by-election.[2] In 1850, Wilberforce converted to Catholicism,[1] along with his youngest brother, Henry, a parson in Kent.[3] Four years later, a third brother, Robert, would also resign his Anglican archdeaconry and follow them.[4]

Wilbur Wilberforce

William Wilberforce (24 August 1759 - 29 July 1833)[1] was a British politician, philanthropist, and a leader of the movement to abolish the slave trade. A native of Kingston upon Hull, Yorkshire, he began his political career in 1780, eventually becoming an independent Member of Parliament(MP) for Yorkshire (1784-1812). In 1785, he became an evangelical Christian, which resulted in major changes to his lifestyle and a lifelong concern for reform. In 1787, he came into contact with Thomas Clarkson and a group of anti-slave-trade activists, including Granville Sharp, Hannah More and Charles Middleton. They persuaded Wilberforce to take on the cause of abolition, and he soon became one of the leading English abolitionists. He headed the parliamentary campaign against the British slave trade for twenty years until the passage of the Slave Trade Act of 1807. Wilberforce was convinced of the importance of religion, morality and education. He championed causes and campaigns such as the Society for the Suppression of Vice, British missionary work in India, the creation of a free colony in Sierra Leone, the foundation of the Church Mission Society, and the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. His underlying conservatism led him to support politically and socially controversial legislation, and resulted in criticism that he was ignoring injustices at home while campaigning for the enslaved abroad. In later years, Wilberforce supported the campaign for the complete abolition of slavery, and continued his involvement after 1826, when he resigned from Parliament because of his failing health. That campaign led to the Slavery Abolition Act 1833, which abolished slavery in most of the British Empire. Wilberforce died just three days after hearing that the passage of the Act through Parliament was assured. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, close to his friend William Pitt the Younger.

Concert of Europe

a series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions. The Concert of Europe was the balance of power that existed in Europe from the fall of Napoleon Bonaparte to the outbreak of World War I. Its founding members were the UK, Austria, Russia, and Prussia, who were also members of the 6th Coalition (Quadruple Alliance) responsible for the downfall of Napoleon I; in time France became established as a fifth member of the "club." The leading personalities of the system were British foreign secretary Lord Castlereagh, Austrian Chancellor Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich and Alexander I the Tsar of Russia. The Concert of Europe, also known as the Congress System, was the result of a custom, following the era of Napoleon and the French Revolution, adopted by the old great powers of Europe of meeting from time to time in an International Conference, or Congress, in order to plan a solution by mutual agreement (hence "concert"), whenever some problem arose that threatened peace between European nations. It lasted between 1814 and 1914 and in time assumed an official status of the type of the League of Nations which, while not in itself an entity, was an informal organization of the nations of Europe.

Spinning jenny, water frame, spinning mule

all types of early machines developed in Britain for the production of yarn or thread. They were important to the beginning of the textile industry in the 1700s. A machine called the spinning Jenny allowed women to work at home just using their hands to spin the machine. The machine allowed for not just one bobbin of thread but 120 at most. Many more small machines like this were invented to further modernize the generation. Alchemist Johann Friedrich BŐttger promised he would find a way to make porcelain. Porcelain was very expensive and hard to find. It was common for people to buy a single cup or plate. The material was also extremely useful because the Europeans could use it in heat. Many more small machines like this were invented to further modernize the generation, a series of incremental improvements. 1780's; Richard Arkwright; powered by water; turned out yarn much faster than cottage spinning wheels, led to development of mechanized looms. In 1779, Samuel Crompton combined the spinning jenny and the water frame to create a machine which produced a thread which was stronger, finer and more consistent.

Mehemed II

led the Ottomans to fight with 80,000 troops against only 7,000 defenders and beat Constantinople.Mehmed II (1432-1481 CE), also known as Mehmed the Conqueror, was the seventh and among the greatest sultans of the Ottoman Empire. His conquests consolidated Ottoman rule in Anatoliaand the Balkans, and he most famously triumphed in conquering the prized city of Constantinople, transforming it into the administrative center, cultural hub, and capital of his growing empire. His victories would mark the end of the Byzantine Empire and usher a new era of Ottoman dominance in the Eastern Mediterranean.

ancien régime

old order; system of government in pre-revolution France. Monarchic, aristocratic, social and political system established in the Kingdom of France from approximately the 15th century until the later 18th century. Ancien régime, (French: "old order") Political and social system of France prior to the French Revolution. Under the regime, everyone was a subject of the king of France as well as a member of an estate and province. All rights and status flowed from the social institutions, divided into three orders: clergy, nobility, and others (the Third Estate). There was no national citizenship. ANCIEN RÉGIME. The term ancien régime (Old Regime) came into use in the late summer of 1789 as participants in the French Revolution realized how great a rupture they had made from the recent past. "Ancien régime" therefore came into existence only after the ancien régime was finished. No one was ever very specific about when it began. Sometimes revolutionaries implied that the term referred to the entire past of France at least from medieval times onward. At other times, it meant simply the recent pre-revolutionary past. The term itself evolved during the Revolution. According to the preamble to the Constitution of 1791, the Revolution had abolished hereditary and feudal nobility, venality of office, the guilds, monastic vows, and all privileges. The text says nothing about the monarchy, the abolition of the tithe, and the ending of the church's corporate existence, and it mentions seigneurialism only by allusion. Undoubtedly, the reason was that when the Constitution was promulgated, these issues were not entirely settled. When the monarchy was abolished and the Republic founded (September 1792), the term took on a much more aggressive meaning; republican politicians portrayed the ancien régime as uniformly oppressive and claimed that the Revolution had liberated the countryside from noble domination, clerical superstition, and a cruel monarchy. Early revolutionaries believed that they had reestablished liberty and equality before the law. For the Jacobins, escaping the ancien régime was a physical and spiritual emancipation.