WHAP Unit 5 flipped copy
expanded representation to more British cities, reduced property ownership qualifications, expansion of franchise to all men, later expansion to women's suffrage
How did voting rights change in Britain?
less populated urban centers lowered available workforce, French Revolution used attention and wealth of French upper classes
What delayed industrialization in France?
political fragmentation, after unification it quickly industrialized
What delayed industrialization in Germany?
farmers were landless and forced to move from rural areas to urban areas, becoming a workforce for new industries
What demographic effect did the enclosure movement have?
crop rotation and seed drill, introduction of new foods such as the potato in South America
What new techniques were used in the agricultural revolution?
Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania
What other Balkan regions had nationalist movements?
the Bessemer Process, which blasted molten metal with air to remove impurities and prevent solidification
What process aided the mass production of steel?
Paris- freedom of the press, Berlin- protests for parliament to check monarch's power, Hungary- demands for freedom from Austria
What protests were involved in the Revolution of 1848?
Charter Oath to abolish feudalism, constitutional monarchy, equality before the law and abolishment of cruel punishment, reorganized military, expanded education system, built infrastructure, subsidized industrialization
What reforms were enacted by the Japanese?
abolition of civil service exam, elimination of corruption, establishment of Western-style industrial, commercial, medical systems
What reforms were included in the Hundred Days of Reform?
protections for industrial workers- accident compensation insurance, unemployment insurance, old age pensions
What social reforms were enacted by Otto von Bismarck?
soccer/football (Europe), baseball (U.S.), tennis and golf (English upper classes), rugby (English lower classes)
What sports were popularized in different countries?
cast iron (strong but brittle), wrought iron (weaker but more workable)
What two types of iron were manufactured?
agricultural revolution
What type of revolution preceded the Industrial Revolution?
Austria and Prussia against Denmark, Prussia against Austria, Prussia against France
What wars were initiated by Otto von Bismarck?
the father of the factory system
What was Arkwright considered?
idea that a god created natural laws but did not interfere through course of history, so humans should use scientific inquiry to understand these laws rather than the Bible
What was Deism?
defensive modernization: adapted Western technology and practices to protect its traditional culture, building up enough strength to maintain its domestic traditions
What was Japan's reason for industrialization?
utilitarianism, which wanted "greatest good for the greatest number of people" and wanted to gradually reform issues rather than replace capitalism completely
What was John Stuart Mill's philosophy?
females should get same education as males because universal education would allow women to support themselves in society instead of relying on men
What was Mary Wollstonecraft's argument?
movement that aimed to create a more unified Ottoman state which actually highlighted differences within the state and increased desires for independence
What was Ottomanism?
movement to establish independent Jewish homeland in their ancestral lands
What was Zionism?
exclusive control of a specific business without any competition
What was a monopoly?
a company that operated across national borders
What was a transnational company?
movement to end Atlantic slave trade and free all enslaved people
What was abolitionism?
the Age of Isms
What was another name for the Enlightenment?
insurance, especially marine, such as through Lloyd's of London, as people looked for a safe place to deposit and borrow money
What was another way to reduce risk in businesses?
belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire, reduced military and church spending
What was classical liberalism?
the time in which the British EIC took control over parts of the Indian subcontinent
What was company rule?
culture of material and nonessential goods which rose in the middle class
What was consumerism?
the workforce of a state
What was human capital?
largest emancipation of people in bondage in history
What was important about the Russian emancipation of serfs?
increased mechanization of production and resulting social shifts
What was industrialization?
"leave alone" idea that government should reduce intervention in the economy and allow the market to guide people's choices to make good decisions for society
What was laissez-faire?
use coal power to create steam, which could generate energy for machinery in textile factories
What was purpose of the steam engine?
idealization of the female homemaker, women were supposed to make the home a place of escape from the hard modern world and focus on raising children, caring for house, and acting submissive and domestic
What was the "cult of domesticity"?
document expressing reasons for colonists' fight against British rule
What was the Declaration of Independence?
statement of basic human rights made during the French Revolution
What was the Declaration of the Rights of Man?
Jewish military officer Alfred Dreyfus falsely accused of treason due to forged documents from anti-Semitics, which increased support for Zionism
What was the Dreyfus Affair?
emphasis on reason and individualism over tradition and community values as the result of expanded trade routes and interactions, causing the power of monarchs and the church to decline
What was the Enlightenment?
gradual socialist group that aimed to reform society through Parliamentary means
What was the Fabian Society?
Haitian slave revolt against white masters that was also supported by Maroons which led to Haiti becoming an independent nation
What was the Haitian Revolution?
updated legal system to give equality for all men in education, justice, and government offices, and regulated millets, which were legal religious courts
What was the Hatt-i Humayun?
changes to society and economies due to addition of new technologies, such as through the factory system
What was the Industrial Revolution?
reform movement that overthrew the shogun and established the emperor in power again with aim of defensive modernization to protect Japanese culture and traditions
What was the Meiji Restoration?
assembly formed by the Third Estate that was opposed by the French king
What was the National Assembly?
execution of the opponents of the French Revolution led by the Jacobins
What was the Reign of Terror?
movement for Italian resurgence
What was the Risorgimento?
Qing reform effort to strengthen China against adversaries with new technology, European advice, government stability, customs services w/ some modern ideas adapted instead of drastic change
What was the Self-Strengthening Movement?
convention for women's rights such as property rights, legal guardianship of children, and suffrage
What was the Seneca Falls Convention?
a railroad from Moscow to the Pacific which improved Russia's trade with East Asian countries and contributed to its coal, iron, and steel industries
What was the Trans-Siberian Railroad?
railway connecting Atlantic and Pacific Oceans that supported U.S. industrial growth with effective transportation of resources
What was the Transcontinental Railroad?
putting-out system where women were given raw cotton to spin into cloth in their own homes, started to compete with Indian cotton industry
What was the cottage industry?
hypernationalism led to World War I
What was the effect of nationalism in Germany and Italy?
emigration, especially to the U.S. and Argentina which had a constitution that encouraged immigration
What was the effect of poverty on Italy?
land called the "commons" was fenced off to be used exclusively by people who paid for use or purchased it
What was the enclosure movement?
Ottoman sultan ruled in name but lacked actual power in Egypt, which was mostly ruled by the Mamluks
What was the extent of Ottoman power in Egypt?
Japan
What was the first Asian country to industrialize?
railroads and exports, was also a large steel producer
What was the focus of Russian industrialization?
kerosene, used for lighting and heating
What was the most important petroleum product at first?
Communist Manifesto
What was the pamphlet written by Marx and Engels?
use waterpower to drive a spinning wheel, making it more efficient than the labor of one person
What was the purpose of the water frame?
Hundred Days of Reform
What was the reform movement under Emperor Guangxu called?
machine made to spin multiple threads at one time
What was the spinning jenny?
regional military leaders with lots of power who could determine fate of a government and usually had low regard for representative government or rule of law
What were caudillos?
refueling points for steam-powered ships
What were coaling stations?
rather than relying on skilled laborers for every part of a product, each worker focused on one part of a task
What were division and specialization of labor?
organizations of workers to advocate for rights to bargain with employers and make contracts with their agreements
What were labor unions?
wealthy creoles opposed Spanish mercantilism and wanted political power that was reserved for peninsulares, mestizos wanted more political and economic power
What were reasons for discontent in Latin American colonies?
Europe encouraged change and forced China to accept territorial protection for trade rights as China grew weaker
What were relations between China and Europe like?
areas of cities where low income families lived
What were slums?
socialism, liberalism, conservatism
What were some of the schools of thought which emerged in the Enlightenment period?
after British annexed New Zealand, pressured the native Maori for their land and caused a series of wars which ended in British victory
What were the New Zealand Wars?
reforms that occurred after Mahmud- tried to stop corruption in central government, secular education system, codified Ottoman laws, Hatt-i Humayun
What were the Tanzimat?
textiles, steam power, iron
What were the developments of the first industrial revolution?
steel, chemicals, precision machinery, electronics
What were the developments of the second industrial revolution?
goods were cheaper, more abundant, and more accessible, and jobs used unskilled laborers as opposed to the skilled artisans of the past
What were the effects of mass production?
population growth due to availability of food, lower infant mortality rates and longer lifespans due to improved medical care, making more people available for factory work and creating a market for manufactured goods
What were the effects of the agricultural revolution?
used in street lighting and electric street trains
What were the impacts of electrical power use?
liberté, égalité, et fraternité (liberty, equality, and fraternity)
What were the main French revolutionary ideals?
independence from imperial powers and constitutional freedom
What were the main aims of revolutions?
farm work allowed families to spend working times near each other, while factories forced people to leave their families for long workdays, and factory work was more scheduled, causing exhaustion
What were the main differences between farm and factory work?
improved literacy rates, economic industrialization, started developing traits of democracy such as free press, labor unions, and individual liberties
What were the positive effects of the Japanese reforms?
proletariat, or working class, and bourgeoisie, or middle-upper class of investors and owners
What were the two basic classes according to Marx?
Opium Wars and spheres of influence
What were the two main interactions between Europe and China during the 19th and 20th centuries?
life, liberty, pursuit of happiness
What were the unalienable rights written by Jefferson?
Japanese family business organizations that could buy new industries once they had been established
What were the zaibatsu?
created intentional communities governed by ideas of utopian socialism, believed in education for child workers, communal ownership, and community rules for work, education, and leisure time
Who was Robert Owen?
wealthy creole who formed the Gran Colombia, which was based on Enlightenment ideals
Who was Simón Bolívar?
Ottoman sultan that supported internal reform but maintained tight control, drove "Young Turks" into exile and persecuted minority groups such as in the Hamidian massacres, which gave him the nickname of Red Sultan
Who was Sultan Abdulhamid?
author who was popular due to Common Sense but lost popularity because of his advocacy for Deism
Who was Thomas Paine?
Haitian revolution leader who wrote a constitution giving equality to all citizens and enacted land reforms
Who was Toussaint L'Ouverture?
campaigned for religious liberty and judicial reform; his ideas on religious freedom influenced the U.S. Constitution
Who was Voltaire?
captains of industry (industrialists and owners of large corporations)
Who was at the top of the new social hierarchy?
Henri de Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, Robert Owen
Who were examples of utopian socialists?
thinkers who explored social, political, and economic theories and popularized concepts that followed rationally upon those of scientific thinkers
Who were the philosophes?
middle class of office workers that were usually literate
Who were white collar workers?
Giuseppe Mazzini
Whose philosophy was adopted by Count di Cavour?
feared the masses after witnessing the results of the Haitian slave revolts and the Reign of Terror in France
Why did creoles refuse support from other castes?
many immigrants from Europe and East Asia, as well as rural migrants, provided a labor force for factories
Why did the United States have a large workforce?
Britain did not have control over all of the land planned for use in the railroad
Why was the project to construct a railroad across Africa unsuccessful?
seen as rewarding traits such as self-discipline and following rules
Why were athletics encouraged by companies?
hoped that lower classes would learn civilized, rational behavior from upper classes and emulate this
Why were places of public culture designed for a range of social classes?
Prussian leader that aimed to unify Germany through nationalist feelings and three wars
Who was Otto von Bismarck?
women were rarely paid for labor in an agricultural economy, but they were able to earn some money through textile manufacturing, importance of female labor grew in Industrial Revolution due to low wages but women were paid less
Describe the gender roles during industrialization.
working families crowded in tenement buildings in the slums, which were often polluted and experienced quick disease spread due to poor sanitation
Describe the living conditions in urban areas.
mercantilist economic system to capitalist economy that benefitted private companies, also caused people to have hard and short lives which prompted calls for further reform
How did the economy of Western Europe change?
larger, more economically important middle classes saw the start of democracy, while regions with inconsequential middle classes experienced dictatorships
How did the middle class impact political reform?
wrote about the benefits of checks on power which were incorporated into the three branches of the U.S. government
How did Baron de Montesquieu influence the American system of government?
closed mines and restricted access to minerals due to suspicions of mines' use to extract lead for ammunition against Britain and fears of uprising
How did Britain affect Indian iron mines?
British government pressured to put a five percent tax produced at Indian textile mills, lowering profitability
How did Britain impact the textile industry in India?
high taxes on peasants meant they had to give land to the state, which gave the government more control over cotton production, while textile and armament factories were examples of state-sponsored industrialization
How did Egypt's economy and industry change?
creation of a moving assembly line to manufacture cars
How did Ford expand on division of labor?
contact with Western Enlightenment ideals and reverence held for Ancient Greek culture led to increased national pride
How did Greece increase in nationalism?
acted independently of Ottoman sultan, reformed the state to follow a European model (such as in its military)
How did Muhammad Ali rule Egypt?
published "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the (Female) Citizen" to criticize that women's rights had not been addressed
How did Olympe de Gouges fight for women's rights?
first, child labor banned in coal mines, then created mandatory education for children that shifted focus from monetary gain to education for urban children
How did child labor change over time?
more large scale economic activity with lower risk that made investments safer compared to high-risk endeavors with a single entrepreneur
How did corporations differ from proprietorships and partnerships?
prices of food and crops declined, increased payment in cash, increase in banking and industrialization, new industrial jobs
How did economic change affect the Ottomans?
spread from Western Europe to the U.S., Russia, and Japan, and Western Europe and the U.S. stayed dominant while manufacturing output of Middle Eastern and Asian economies declined
How did global industrial economies shift from 1750 to 1900?
new social classes with the working class at the bottom, with fewer skills and lower wages, then a middle class of white-collar workers, then an upper class of industrialists
How did industrialization affect social structures?
industrial states needed raw materials, spurring imperialism and causing them to exploit overseas resources, which then halted early industrialization in the states they colonized
How did industrialization expand global inequalities?
increased industrialization led to greater demand for resources, so industrialized nations established colonies to protect access to resources and markets
How did industrialization impact the establishment of colonies?
identical components of a machine were made so that a broken part could be replaced instead of replacing the entire machine
How did interchangeable parts work?
minimum wage laws, limited working hours, overtime pay, 5 day work week
How did labor unions improve workers' lives?
maritime trade for materials was faster due to steam power, railroads increased access to natural resources, telegraph and other technology used to improve long distance communication
How did technology affect access to raw material?
toxic air pollution due to coal, increase in smog and water pollution from factories, spread of disease across neighborhoods
How did the Industrial Revolution affect the environment?
hard work with low pay but offered a degree of independence and ability to stay with children while working
How did the cottage industry affect women?
some became genros, or elder statesmen, while others resisted change and lost a battle against those loyal to the emperor
How did the samurai adapt to the change in Japan?
it was a British and Dutch venture with factories in Australia, Switzerland, U.S. and supplies from British West Africa and the Belgian Congo
How was Unilever a transnational company?
law became more secular, so women lost rights for property distribution or cash distribution through trusts
How was gender equality affected by Mahmud II's reforms in the Ottoman Empire?
slave trade banned before slavery itself was abolished, leading number of slaves to decline and causing slavery to be abolished within 30 years of abolishing the slave trade in most countries
How was slavery ended?
British owned company that operated in Hong Kong and participated in global banking
How was the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation a transnational company?
high agricultural tax which also stimulated the economy and provided revenue for the bureaucracy
How were Japanese reforms paid for?
worked in coal mines until banned and were primary workers in textile factories
How were lower class women affected by industrialization?
had very limited lives staying at home while their husbands went out to work, because being able to stay home was seen as a status symbol
How were middle class women affected by industrialization?
limited indigenous representation in government by preventing voting by those who were not literate in Spanish, creoles were still the powerful conservative upper class
How were most Latin American states conservative after the creole revolutions?
mobile energy production due to coal, steam engines could be built anywhere, could be turned on or off (less dependent on weather), and could travel quickly upstream
How were steamships different from traditional sailing?
gained little, no right to vote or enter contracts and given few opportunities for education
How were women impacted by the creole revolutions?
abolished Janissaries and feudal system, and tax collection went straight to central government with a salary for officials, ensuring loyalty, built roads and postal services, created government directory of charities and European-style ministries
What changes did Mahmud II make?
France spending exceeded what it took in, partly to finance wars, which led to a meeting of the Estates-General. Unequal representation led to the formation of the National Assembly by the commoners
What contributed economically to the French Revolution?
geographic location on Atlantic Ocean was good for importing and exporting, was located on large coal deposits, had resources from its colonies and excess capital, rivers for transportation, strong fleet of ships, protected private property, population growth and urbanization
What advantages did Britain have in industrialization?
large businesses chartered by the government to be a legal entity of the stockholders
What are corporations?
Alfred Knupp and German steel industry with the Bessemer Process, Rockefeller oil industry monopoly
What are some examples of monopolies from 1750-1900?
European textile production took over both Egypt's export market and domestic market of textiles
What caused Egypt's textile industry to decline?
poor management of resources and leadership during British colonization, as well as British Royal Navy control over Indian Ocean
What caused shipbuilding to decline in India and Southeast Asia?
lack of technological innovation meant that a labor intensive mining was used
What caused the impression that India's mineral resources were inaccessible?
land controlled by Ottoman Empire, Palestinian Arabs still living in the region, which meant it was controlled by Muslims, causing religious tensions
What challenges faced the Zionist Movement?
imperial powers wanted Japan as a market for goods and hoped to use Japan as a coaling station
What challenges were posed to Japanese isolation?
precision machinery and internal combustion engine, automobile and airplane technology
What developments were the result of petroleum use?
manipulated Napoleon III into starting French war with Austria, which increased the revolutionary sentiment and caused several states to vote to join Piedmont
What did Count di Cavour do to unify Italy?
people have the right and responsibility to revolt against an unjust government
What did John Locke believe?
bourgeoisie that owned means of production would exploit workers to maximize wealth at expense of proletariat, so proletariat should take control of the means of production to share wealth fairly
What did Marx believe?
people have a natural state that gives them a poor quality of life, so they forfeit some of their rights to have a government for law and order
What did Thomas Hobbes believe?
"blank slate" basically nurture over nature, education and environment shape one's mind more than ancestry
What does tabula rasa mean?
capitalism
What economic system were Adam Smith's ideas the foundation for?
lack of technological development, corruption, ethnic nationalism
What factors contributed to Ottoman decline?
free market ideals vs. mercantilism, desire for political independence, distance from Parliament and London
What factors contributed to the American Revolution?
belief in traditional institutions and practical experience over ideological theories
What is conservatism?
belief that knowledge comes from observed experience, such as through experiments
What is empiricism?
intense loyalty to those who share one's language and culture
What is nationalism?
practical politics of reality
What is realpolitik?
economic and political system of public or direct ownership of means of production
What is socialism?
worked in high heat while carrying large loads of coal, coal dust unhealthy to breathe, risks of mine collapses or floods
What issues were associated with child labor in coal mines?
coke (refined form of coal)
What kind of coal improved iron production?
boating and biking (creation of safety bicycle instead of penny farthing bicycle)
What leisure activities became popular during this time?
dissolved positions for samurai
What main reform was made by Japan?
police and fire departments, public health measures such as better drainage and sewage, cleaner water, removal of trash, and building codes to prevent fires or accidents
What measures were taken to combat public health and safety issues in urban areas?
creoles
Which Latin American casta led the revolutions?
Emperor Guangxu
Which emperor met with Kang You-wei?
Muhammad Ali
Which officer was selected as the new governor of Egypt?
Latin America and Africa- minerals, Egypt, South Asia, Caribbean- cotton, SE Asia- spices, rubber, timber, tin
Which regions of the world produced raw materials for industrialization, and what resources were they?
people who buy partial ownership from a company through the stock market
Who are stockholders?
Gugliemo Marconi
Who developed radio?
Eli Whitney
Who invented the interchangeable parts system?
James Hargreaves
Who invented the spinning jenny?
James Watt
Who invented the steam engine?
Richard Arkwright
Who invented the water frame?
Theodor Herzl
Who led the Zionist movement?
Alexander Graham Bell
Who patented the telephone?
Mahmud II
Who reformed the Ottoman Empire?
British investor in a major railway project across Africa and founder of De Beers Diamonds
Who was Cecil Rhodes?
810 passions to make working more enjoyable, believed in harmonious living as foundation of utopia
Who was Charles Fourier?
leader of U.S. naval squad that forced Japan to engage in trade with the United States
Who was Commodore Matthew Perry?
leader of movement to unite the Italian Peninsula who believed in realpolitik and used manipulation to achieve his goals
Who was Count di Cavour?
conservative aunt of the Chinese emperor who opposed reforms and used a coup d'état to imprison emperor and repeal edicts, preventing new technology and continuing the civil service exam
Who was Empress Dowager Cixi?
leader of the Red Shirts which allied with Cavour
Who was Giuseppe Garibaldi?
thought scientists, engineers, and businesses should work together to make clean, efficient, and beautiful workplaces, also advocated for public works projects to employ people
Who was Henri de Saint-Simon?
L'Ouverture's successor who initiated a declaration of permanent independence, making Haiti first independent Latin American nation and first black-led state in the Western Hemisphere
Who was Jean-Jacques Dessalines?
expanded on social contract with concept of General Will of a population that leaders are obligated to follow
Who was Jean-Jacques Rousseau?
Filipino student who advocated for greater autonomy from Spain through the Propaganda Movement and was arrested, spurring the nationalist movement
Who was José Rizal?
scholar who believed in scientific socialism and the end result of communism
Who was Karl Marx?
revolutionary poet who criticized Spanish rule of Puerto Rico and was exiled to Venezuela, then Cuba, then to New York
Who was Lola Rodríguez de Tió?
woman who was an exception to the gender norms of her time by fighting alongside Bolívar
Who was Manuela Sáenz?
