WHAP, Unit 6: World War 1

First Morrocan Crisis

-1904-1905 -Morrocco was an area in northern Africa that was unclaimed by Europe -France and Spain decided they wanted to imperialize Morrocco in the early 1900s -Britain is unhappy with this...but France makes a deal with Britain that France will not attack the Suez canal, so Britain becomes happy again -But... now Germany is unhappy because they want a piece of Morrocco -The king of Germany sails to Morrocco and gives a big speech to the Morroccan people telling them to revolt against the French and Spanish -France and Spain are mad at Germany -Eventually, France and Spain make a deal with Germany: they give Germany economic imperial rights in Morrocco, but France and Spain get the physical area of Morrocco -Overall, the Morrocan crisis was significant because it is an example of how imperialism caused chaos between European nations

Battle of the Marne

-A battle in which the French and British defeated Germany in France -This meant that the Schlieffen Plan became impossible and Germany would have to fight on two fronts -This battle showed the reality of the war: long and bloody

trench warfare

-A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield -massive trenches were built by different nations to act as shelter for their troops -on the western front, the area between the two sets of trenches was called "no man's land" because if anyone tried to cross it, they would be shot -trench warfare was dirty, sickly, muddy, wet, unheroic, and very different from past wars (not glorious... instead its barbaric and uncivilized) -trench foot was a condition resulting in flesh rotting off your feet due to wet conditions

Imperialism

-A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically -imperialism helps cause WW1 because eurpean nations start fighting with each other over their colonial holdings (ex: first morrocan crisis)

Militarism

-A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war -militarism was advanced by the industrial revolution which allowed for more advanced weapons -If one European nation militarized, others did too to keep the balance of powers in Europe

Nationalism

-A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country, to the extent that you dislike outsiders -nationalism helped cause WW1 because people in multi-ethnic empires started to feel more patriotic to their own people, rather than to their empire. This caused unrest in Europe -Additionally, nationalism caused the European countries to compete with each other for power and resources because each one wanted to be the best

How was Arabia effected by WW1?

-After WW1, Europe promised to make Arabia independent -Instead, Arabia is sliced into mandates (supervised sections) -Europe basically just takes over the Ottoman empire for themselves -Europe promises Palestine to both Arabs and jews

How does Germany start to lose WW1?

-Britain puts a naval blockade on Germany so that Germany starts running out of supplies -Britain also convinces the US to stop trading with Germany (we were politically neutral, but economically siding against Germany) -the Ottoman empire was Germany's main support, but they start to collapse

Gallipoli campaign, 1915

-British, Australian, and New Zealand forces failed to take Dardanelles as a step toward defending the Suez Canal, taking Constantinople, and defeating the Turks -One of the great Ottoman victories of the war and a huge defeat for the Allies.

Where was WW1 fought?

-Europe -WW1 was unique because it was a two front war -the western front was in France -the eastern front was on the border of Russia

What was Germany's plan for WW1?

-Germany realizes that they are fighting a two front war.... not good -A man named Von Shlieffen comes up with Germany's plan of attack -the plan is called the shlieffen plan

Germany's Shlieffen Plan

-Germany was sandwiched between the western and eastern fronts -Germany decides to take out France first while Russia is still mobilizing, and then to take out Russia later -they plan to march through Belgium and then beat France really quickly before britain could come to france's aid -Sounds good..... but the Belgians surprisingly put up a fight -the Germans are bogged down fighting the Belgians at a place called Alsace Lorraine, which gives time to both France and Russia (defeating the whole purpose of the plane)

What were the effects of the treaty of Versailles?

-Led to German resentment of the Allied powers -caused German people to hate their government who signed the treaty (and to hate democratic governments in general) -led to the rise of Hitler and the Nazi's in Germany. -New nations formed from the remains of the Austrians and Ottomans: Yugoslavia, Chuckle-slovakia, Hungary, Poland

Paris Peace Conference of 1919

-Peace conference run by the allied powers to discuss terms of the Treaty of Versailles at end of WW1 -France, Britain, USA, Italy (Germany, Russia, and colonies were NOT INVITED)

14 points

-President Woodrow Wilson's plan for organizing post World War I Europe and for avoiding future wars. -most of these points were included in the treaty of Versailles -Ironically, the US ends up NOT signing the treaty of versailles because our congress didn't like the final point that said we would automatically aid other countries (because congress likes to declare war themselves, not be forced into doing to) -these 14 points include: allowing colonies to make more decisions (but only white colonies), forming the league of nations, freedom of the seas, etc.

President Woodrow Wilson

-President of the United States during WWI -declared war on the Germans (not after Lusitania, but rather after the telegraph)

So Russia doesn't like the war... what do they do about it?

-Russian peasants have long been protesting the war -the russian revolution occurs in 1917 -Lennin rises to power in Russia -Russia leaves the war by signing a humiliating treaty with Germany -Russia experiences the whole Bolshevik / communism / revolt stuff... next quizlet :)

How did the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand cause WW1?

-The Balkans were a slavic area in eastern Europe -They were controlled by Austria Hungary (who ISN'T slavic) -One region in the Balkans is called Bosnia -Bosnians hate Austria Hungarians (because of nationalism) -Serbia is another region in the Balkans, and they hate Austria Hungary too -A young nationalistic group in Serbia emerges called the Black Hand -in 1914, Austria Hungary sent Archduke Franz Ferdinand to the Balkans to check on the area -As he travels through Bosnia, he is killed by Gavriel Princip, a member of the Black Hand -Austria Hungary is so mad that the Balkan nationalists have killed their heir to the throne -Germany is allied with Austria Hungary, and they suggest that Austria Hungary give the Balkans an ultimatum -The Balkans reject the ultimatum so Austria Hungary declares war -Once Austria Hungary declares war, the whole alliance system lights up

What happened to the Ottoman empire during WW1?

-The Ottoman empire begins to collapse due to continued losses -Gallipoli was an area in the ottoman area that was close to egypt and the Suez canal.... so Britain fights Turkish troops here -Turkey beats Britain, gets overconfident, and then loses to Russia -They continue to lose until the whole Ottoman empire collapses and just Turkey is left

What is Russia's opinion on the war?

-They have no supplies, low troops, low industrialization, lots of poverty, etc. -Tsar Nicholas decides to go visit the eastern front.... his soldiers hate him now because they see his rich clothes while they wear rags -Peasants did not like the war (very poor, concerned more with getting food) -eventually, the tsar is overthrown, and Russia leaves the war

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

-Treaty that ended World War I -DIKTAT treaty -its goal = cripple Germany -forces Germany to pay war reparations -forces Germany (ONLY Germany) to take full responsibility for the war -takes away German lands (they lose the Western front Rhine area, which must be demilitarized) -Austria Hungary loses all of its empire

What is the turning point of WW1?

-USA enters the war, essentially replacing Russia on the allies side -this is a turning point in the war because the US has fresh men and supplies -Austria Hungary collapses -Germany surrenders on 11/11 in 1918 at 11:11

Young Turks

-Young rebellious people in the Ottoman Empire who favored nationalism and liberalism -The Young Turks arise as the Ottoman empire collapses -this is the group responsible for defeating the allies at Gallipoli -when they later lose to russia, they blame their loss on the Armenians (who were not Turkish or Islamic), starting the Armenian genocide

League of Nations

-an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations -includes US, Britain, Italy, France, and Japan (NOT Russia or Germany)

How did WW1 effect women and society?

-as men left to fight, women took over men's jobs -women were paid higher wages to work male dominated jobs -women began to be seen as essential for doing jobs like sewing uniforms or making ammunition -women became less conservative -farmers became more respected because of food rations

How does US get involved in WW1?

-at first, we are not involved (isolationism) -however, we are profiting by selling weapons to Britain and France -we are more focused on economic imperialism of Latin America instead of on WW1 -but then... a ship carrying American citizens through the Atlantic Ocean is torpedoes by a German submarine -although this ship was carrying citizens (illegal to hurt), it was also carrying weapons (legal to hurt)... regardless, US is soooooo mad at Germany -But still, the US stays calm -then, the US intercepts a telegram from Germany to Mexico that asks Mexico to join in alliance with Germany against the US -now the US is REALLY mad -Finally, the US declares war in 1917

How did WW1 effect colonies?

-colonies respected europe less -colonies felt taken advantage of -colonies became poor, famine, dead, etc. because they supplied resources for europe -after the war, a lot of colonies formed independence movemnts -promises were made to a lot of non Europeans about granting independence.... but this didn't happen

What was the reality of the war?

-dragged on for SO long in a stalemate -soldiers were returning with PTSD (Shell Shock), disabled, MIA, KIA, etc. -trench warfare was so uncivilized that some colonies started to doubt beliefs of "european supremacy"

Propoganda

-information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view. -Propoganda was used SOOOO much in WW1 to encourage men to enlist, to promote the war effort, and to generally guide people's opinion about the war and their government -many governments took complete control of the economies of their country (like martial rule) in order to control bullet production, train schedules, weapon supplies, etc

What technology was used in WW1?

-militarism involved the buildup of new, industrialized technologies such as: -Tanks -Flamethrowers -Machine gun -Mustard Gas (gas that attacks your nerves) -Drones -Airplanes/blimp -Aircraft Carriers (ships that carry planes) -Submarines -Portable Xray machines -Dreadnought (massive battleship with guns) -Barbed wire

Zimmermann Telegram (1917)

-secret message from Germany to Mexico intercepted by the US -In the telegram, Germany promises Texas, New Mx, and Arizona to Mexico if Mexico would side with Germany (then, when the US entered the war, Mexico could keep us busy) -after intercepting this telegram, US enters the war in 1917

war effort

-the combined efforts of those at home as well as the military to win a war -Domestic energies greatly facilitated the war -These efforts may include rationing, buying war bonds, growing victory gardens, and making personal sacrifices.

Tangier Speech

-this was the speech that the German Keizer (king) gave to the Morroccan people from his ship called the Panther during the 1st Morroccan crisis -In this speech, he called for the Morroccan people to resist imperialism

What was the order of declarations of war in WW1?

1. Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia 2. Russia and Germany declare war on each other 3. Germany and France declare war on each other 4. Random countries declare war, irrelevant 5. Britain declares war on Germany 6. Austria declares war on Russia 7. Japan declares war on Germany 8. Austria declares war on Japan 9. The U.S. declares war on Germany 10. The U.S. declares war on Austria-Hungary. Basically everyone declares war on everyone

How was WW1 different from any other war fought before?

1. trench warfare instead of open warfare 2. industrialized technology 3. war effected colonies

When was World War I?

1914-1918

demilitarized zone

A zone from which military forces or operations or installations are prohibited

When does italy switch sides in WW1?

After the fail of the Shlieffan plan and Germany's win on the Eastern front (Italy switches from central powers to allies)

Armstice

An agreement to stop fighting

Neutral territories during WW1

Arabia, Norway, Sweden, Spain

What was the immediate cause of WW1?

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Armenian Genocide

Assault carried out by mainly Turkish military forces against Armenian population in Anatolia in 1915 due to their ethnic differences; over a million Armenians perished and thousands fled to Russia and the Middle East.

Victory Gardens

Backyard gardens; Americans were encouraged to grow their own vegetables to support the war effort during WW1

Triple Entente (Allied Powers)

Britain, France, Russia (and later Italy, Japan, and US)

Lusitania incident

British passenger ship holding American citizens sunk by a German U-boat --> 1198 dead including 128 Americans. This caused the US to become angry at Germany

War Bonds

Certificates sold by the United States government to pay for the war (basically, you would buy a sheet of paper, and this money would go to the government to fund the war, and then you would be reimbursed after the war)

Where is the eastern front located?

From the Baltic sea to the black sea

Who wins on the Eastern Front?

Germany (Austria is tied up with fighting the Balkans (serbia), so the Eastern front is between Russia and Germany, and Russia is a hot mess right now so Germany obviously wins)

Blank check of support

Germany gives Austria-Hungary unconditional support in whatever action it chooses to take against Serbia after Franz Ferdinand is assassinated

Triple Alliance (Central Powers)

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (and later the Ottomans and Bulgaria)

What caused WW1?

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism, Assassination (M.A.I.N)

Black Hand

Serbian nationalist/terrorist group responsible for the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand which resulted in the start of World War I.

What is another name for WW1?

The Great War (because there was no WW2 yet)

What was europe's expectation of the war?

They expected it to be really quick and easy ('home by Christmas')

balance of powers

a political situation in which no one nation is powerful enough to pose a threat to others (European nations were OBSESSED with preserving the balance of powers in europe)

Alliances

agreements between nations to aid and protect one another

diktak

an order or decree imposed by someone in power without popular consent (basically, the treaty of versailles was NOT negotiable... Germany got what they were given, and no discussion was allowed)

Kaiser Wilhelm II

emperor of Germany at the time of the First World War reigning from 1888-1918

jingoism

extreme, nationalistic patriotism, often favoring an aggressive, warlike foreign policy (basically, jingoism = extreme militarism)

Alsace-Lorraine

provinces on the border of Germany and France, lost by France to Germany in 1871; regained by France after WWI

Great Powers

the most powerful countries, militarily and economically, in the global system at the start of WW1 who were industrialized and imperializing (included England, France, Germany, Russia, and Italy)

What methods of warfare were used in WW1?

trench warfare

Flapper Girls

were a generation of young Western women in the 1920s who wore short skirts, bobbed their hair, listened to jazz, and flaunted their disdain for what was then considered acceptable behavior

Sarajevo, Bosnia

where Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife were killed (capital of bosnia)