What is operating systems chapter 1 in cit

Name some that perform both input output

(Modems) (Network-cards)

Name some output

(Text) (graphics) (printers) (music or other sound) (monitors)

Linux

An operating system. It is the software on a computer that enables applications and the computer operator to access the devices on the computer to perform desired functions. The operating system (OS) relays instructions from an application to, for instance, the computer's processor. The processor performs the instructed task, then sends the results back to the application via the operating system.

input/output (I/O)

Interaction with a computer involving getting data and commands into it and results out of it.

What is operating systems

Is a collection of programs that controls all of the interactions.

User interface

Is a function of an operating system includes the visual components as well as the command processor that loads a program into memory.

File system

Is a method for storing and organizing computer files and the data they contain to make it easy to find and access them.

Microcomputer

Is a small relatively inexpensive computer or smart phone with a microprocessor as its central processing unit (CPU). It includes a microprocessor, memory, and input/output (I/O) facilities. (Microcomputers became popular in the 1970s and 80s with the advent of increasingly powerful microprocessors). The predecessors to these computers, mainframes and minicomputers, were comparatively much larger and more expensive (though indeed present-day mainframes such as the IBM System z machines use one or more custom microprocessors as their CPU's). Many microcomputers (when equipped with a keyboard and screen for input and output) are also personal computers.

Virtual keyboard

Is a software component that allows a user to enter characters. A virtual keyboard can usually be operated with multiple input devices, which may include a touchscreen, an actual computer keyboard and a computer mouse.

Virtual memory

Is an operating system that will allow you to simultaneously run more programs than the physical memory of the computer.

File management

Is how you arrange the documents on your computer.

The Future of Linux

Linux is already successful on many different kinds of devices, but there are also many technological areas where Linux is moving towards, even as desktop and server development continues to grow faster than any other operating system today. Linux is being installed on the system BIOS of laptop and notebook computers, which will enable users to turn their devices on in a matter of seconds, bringing up a streamlined Linux environment. This environment will have Internet connectivity tools such as a web browser and an e-mail client, allowing users to work on the Internet without having to boot all the way into their device's primary operating system--even if that operating system is Windows. At the same time, Linux is showing up on mobile Internet devices (MIDs). This includes embedded devices such as smartphones and PDAs, as well as netbook devices--small laptop-type machines that feature the core functionality of their larger counterparts in a smaller, more energy-efficient package. The growth of cloud computing is a natural fit for Linux, which already runs many of the Internet's web servers. Linux enables cloud services such as Amazon's A3 to work with superior capability to deliver online applications and information to users. Related to Linux' growth in cloud computing is the well-known success of Linux on supercomputers, both in the high-performance computing (HPC) and high-availability (HA) areas, where academic research in physics and bio engineering, and firms in the financial and energy industries need reliable and salable computing power to accomplish their goals. Many of the popular Web 2.0 services on the Internet, such as Twitter, Linked In, YouTube, and Google all rely on Linux as their operating system. As new web services arrive in the future, Linux will increasingly be the platform that drives these new technologies.

List some yesterday operating systems

MS-DOS,Windows 1.0,Windows 2.0,Windows 2.11,Windows 3.0,Windows NT,Windows 95,Windows 98,Windows 2000,Windows ME,Windows XP,Windows VISTA,Windows 7

The Birth of Linux

On August 25, 1991, a Finn computer science student named Linus Torvalds made the following announcement to the Usenet group comp.OS.minux: "I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional like GNU) for 386(486) AT clones. This has been brewing since April, and is starting to get ready. I'd like any feedback on things people like/dislike in minix, as my OS resembles it somewhat (same physical layout of the file-system (due to practical reasons) (among other things)." The "Minix" Torvalds referred to is a variant of the UNIX operating system, used as a guideline for his the free operating system he wanted to run on the x86-based consumer PCs of the day. "gnu" refers to the set of GNU (GNU Is Not Unix) tools first put together by Richard Stall man in 1983. UNIX, the operating system that started it all, had its origins in the old Bell Labs back in the early 60s. Torvalds built the core of the Linux operating system, known as the kernel. A kernel alone does not make an operating system, but Stall man's GNU tools were from a project to create an operating system as well--a project that was missing a kernel to make Stall man's operating system complete. Torvalds' matching of GNU tools with the Linux kernel marked the beginning of the Linux operating system as it is known today. Linux is in many ways still only at the beginning of its potential, even though it has enjoyed tremendous success since Torvalds' first request for help in 1991. Linux has gained strong popularity among UNIX developers, who like it for its portability to many platforms, its similarity to UNIX, and its free software license. Around the turn of the century, several commercial developers began to distribute Linux, including VA Linux, Turbo-Linux, Mandrake Linux, Red Hat, and SUSE GmbH. IBM's 2000 decision to invest $2 billion in Linux development and sales was a significant positive event to the growth of Linux. Today, Linux is a multi-billion dollar industry, with companies and governments around the world taking advantage of the operating system's security and flexibility. Thousands of companies use Linux for day-to-day use, attracted by the lower licensing and support costs. Governments around the world are deploying Linux to save money and time, with some governments commissioning their own versions of Linux. The analyst group IDC has projected Linux will be a $49 billion business by 2011, and there are many indications in the market that this figure will be achieved.

Were can Linux be used

One of the most noted properties of Linux is where it can be used. Windows and OS X are predominantly found on personal computing devices such as desktop and laptop computers. Other operating systems, such as Symbian, are found on small devices such as phones and PDAs, while mainframes and supercomputers found in major academic and corporate labs use specialized operating systems such as AS/400 and the Cray OS. Linux, which began its existence as a server OS and Has become useful as a desktop OS, can also be used on all of these devices. "From wristwatches to supercomputers," is the popular description of Linux' capabilities.

Whats ROM

Read-only memory (ROM) is a class of storage medium used in computers and other electronic devices. Data stored in ROM can only be modified slowly, with difficulty, or not at all, so it is mainly used to distribute firmware (software that is very closely tied to specific hardware, and unlikely to need frequent updates). Strictly, read-only memory refers to memory that is hard-wired, such as diode matrix and the later mask ROM. Although discrete circuits can be altered (in principle), Integrated Circuits (ICs) cannot and are useless if the data is bad. The fact that such memory can never be changed is a large drawback; more recently, ROM commonly refers to memory that is read-only in normal operation, while reserving the fact of some possible way to change it.

Whats is Symbian

Symbian is the name of an operating system on mobile phones. The operating system itself is a program or software that is used by mobile phone vendors to run their creations. It was on the phone. System operation is also often used on the PC as we know it by the name Windows XP, Vista, Seven and Linux and Apple's Mac OS. Mobile phones with the operating system will have the functionality to resemble a PC. Because of the sophistication that's so often called a smart phone or Smartphones. Symbian is an operating system Nokia's pride, in use on most smart phones Nokia and only a few types of mobile phone brands Samsung and Sony Ericsson, but the latter two vendors that move to Android.

IBM

The Acronym IBM stands for International Business Machines, Incorporated. IBM has been at the forefront of the technological wave from day one, creating some of the first computers, and even electrical components for typewriters and cash registers. In the early days of computer creation, there was a huge legal battle looming over the many kinds of computers available. IBM, Franklin ACE and Apple were going to court because of the huge influx of computers who used the same operating system. As green boards (now called Mother Boards) were all PRINTED circuits, the computer manufacturers all felt that the "printed" copyrights would cover their intellectual property. Then, IBM got the idea to make their operating system available to anyone who wanted it without recourse. Any company who wanted to could use the IBM basic operation system. IBM by this one move, created the entire IBM compatible computer system we see in place today. APPLE, on the other hand, did not. IBM computers grew at an increasing rate and Apple computers nearly went bankrupt. Today, the term IBM computer is meant to be a computer running the original hardwired system created by IBM Inc. also knows as PC's.

Ram

Used to temporarily hold programs to be executed on the computer and their data.

Name some input

a keyboard or a touch screen or a mouse