What Is Programming?
What was the first successful programming language
FORTRAN
What was the name of the assembler in that computer
Initial Orders
What does ISP stand for
Internet Service Provider
What is the first Platform Independent language
Java
What was BCPL originally intended for?
Writing Compliers
Why did Tom Kurtz and John Kemeny create BASIC
For a simple, basic, easy-to-learn language would give non-math and non-science majors the ability to learn to use computers
What was required to program the ENIAC
Rewiring the machine
What is Sneaker Net
Running around to share computer information is now called the Sneaker Net because sharing files or printing files requires you to put on your sneakers and walk to another computer.
Wireless connections are convenient, but there are some problems. List 2 of them
Signals aren't always reliable and hackers
PL/1
Stands for Programming Language 1. After IBM standardized hardware with System/360, they set out to standardize software as well by creating PL/1. This language combined all of the number crunching features of FORTRAN with all of the record handing features of COBOL. The intention was that this language would be "everything for everyone". The reality was that the FORTRAN programmers did not like the COBOL features. The COBOL programmers did not like the FORTRAN features, and new programmers found the language too complex to learn. (1964)
The Internet came about during what period in our history
The Cold War
Niklaus Wirth created the language Pascal specifically for the purpose of
teaching programming
What is a server
A specialty computer that is connected to the LAN for one or more purposes.
In 1969, a slimmed down version of BCPL was released. It was simply called B. In 1972, an improved version of B was released. What was that language called?
B Vista
Where in the Internet is the central location where all the control computers are located
It has no central location.
FORTRAN was designed for which groups of people
Mathematicians, scientists, and engineers
After IBM standardized hardware with System/360, they set out to standardize software as well by creating
PL/I.
The intention was that PL/I would be "everything for everyone". The reality was this language was not popular
The FORTRAN programmers did not like the COBOL features, and the COBOL programmers did not like the FORTRAN features, and new programmers found the language too complex and overwhelming.
Why are these languages considered "low-level
The function at, or very close to, the level of 1's and 0's.
Internet
The internet has existed since the 1960s and has its origins in the "Cold War". During the Cold War there was a major concern about the country being paralyzed by a direct nuclear hit on the Pentagon. A means of communication had to be created that was capable to keep working regardless of damage created anywhere. This was the birth of the internet. The internet has no central location where all the control computers are located. Any part of the internet can be damaged, but all information can travel even when damaged.
Describe a Very-High Level of Language
These languages do not even use words. They use pictures that you can click and drag to program the computer
LISP is known for being one of the languages specifically designed to help develop
artificial intelligence
Traditionally, the introductory courses in computer science focus
on programming
How does a compiler translate
A compiler first goes through and translates the entire program into machine code. This creates a second file which is executable.
Compiler
A compiler translates the entire program into an executable file before execution
Lego Mindstorms NXT
A new kind of programming has come about that is very high-level. In this style of programming, the programmers can click on different blocks. Each block performs a different task. By creating a sequence of these blocks, you can program a computer. (2006)
Program
A program is a sequence of instructions that makes a computer perform a desired task.
What is a program
A program is a sequence of instructions, which enables a computer to perform a desired task.
Programmer
A programmer is a person who writes a program for a computer
What is a programmer?
A programmer is a person who writes a program for a computer
Server
A server is a special computer that is connected to the LAN for one or more purposes. Servers can be used for printing, log on authentications, permanent data storage and communication.
What is a peer-to-peer network
A small group of computers with a common purpose all connected to each other
Translators
A translator (compiler or interpreter) translates a high-level language into low-level machine code.
Very High Level Languages
A translator (compiler or interpreter) translates a high-level language into low-level machine code.
Grace Hopper's immeasurable contributions to computer science have earned her the nickname
Amazing Grace
Intranet
An Intranet behaves like the internet on local business level. This promotes security, speed, and saves cost. Now the moment a school, a business, your home, wants to be connected to the outside world and giant world-wide network known as the Internet, you have access to millions of lines of telecommunications
How does an interpreter translate
An interpreter functions by going through your program line by line. Each line is translated into machine code (1's and 0's) and then is executed.
Interpreter
An interpreter translates one program statement at a time during execution.
C++
As computer programs grew more complex a new, more powerful, and more reliable type of programming was needed. This lead of the development of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) Bjarne Stroustrup, wanted to create a new language that used OOP, but did not want programmers to learn a new language from scratch. He took the existing, very popular language C and added OOP to it. This new language became C++. In 1997, C++ replacement Pascal as the official language for AP Computer Science Exam. (1983)
Why did a number of college professors did not like BASIC
Because it did not teach proper programming structure
Explain why the use of BASIC become widespread when personal computers came out in 1976
Because small early PCs could not handle big languages like FORTRAN or COBOL. They were able to handle a small language like BASIC.
In 1983, Bjarne Stroustrup created a new language by combining C with OOP. What was that language called
C ++
Medium-Level Languages
C and C++ are sometimes considered to be medium-level languages. This is because they have the English commands of a high-level language as well as the power of a low-level language. This made C, and later C++, very popular with professional programmers.
PL/I was created by combining all of the features of which 2 languages
COBAL and FORTRAN
PASCAL
College professors did not like BASIC because it did not teach proper programming structure. Instead, it taught quick-and-dirty programming. Niklaus Wirth decided to create a language specifically for the purpose of teaching programming. He named this new language Pascal after Blaise Pascal. Unlike PL/1, Pascal is a very lean language. It has just enough of both the math features of FORTRAN and the record handling features of COBOL to be functional. In 1983, the College Board adopted Pascal as the first official language for the AP Computer Science Exam. (1969)
COBOL
Created (largely by Grace Hopper) for the business community and the armed forces. COBOL stands for: COmmon Business Oriented Language. COBOL became extremely successful when the Department of Defense adopted COBOL as its official programming language. (1959)
SneakerNet
Early personal computers were not networked at all. Every computer was a stand-alone computer. Some computers were hooked up to printers and many others were not. If you needed to print something, and you were not directly connected to a printer, you saved your work to a floppy disk, but on your sneakers, and walked to the printing computer.
Assembly Language
First introduced by the British with the EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer). EDSAC had an assembler called Initial Orders which used single-letter mnemonic symbols to represent different series of bits.
Who is credited with making the term debugging popular and also wrote the first compiler
Grace Hopper
Who was the primary designer of COBOL
Grace Hopper
C
In 1966, BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language) was designed at the University of Cambridge by Martin Richards. This language was originally intended for writing compilers. In 1969, Ken Thompson, form AT&T Bell Labs, created a slimmed down version of BCPL which was simply referred to as B. In 1972, an improved version of B was released. This was called C. In 1973, C was used to rewrite the kernel for the UNIX operating system. (1972)
FORTRAN vs COLBOL
In the early 1960s, computer design was not yet standardized and was strongly influenced by programmers' languages of choice. FORTRAN programmers wanted computers that were suited for number crunching. COBOL programmers wanted computers that were suited for record handling Companies like IBM would have different models for "FORTRAN programmers" and "COBOL Programmers". In 1964, the IBM system/360 family of computers standardized hardware and was suitable for both. (1960)
Normally, businesses and schools have a series of LANs that are all connected into a large network called what
Intranent
Clients
It services the other computers in the network which are called clients.
Describe a High-Level Language
It uses English words as instructions. BASIC, Pascal, FORTRAN, COBOL, LISP, PL/I and Java are examples
LISP
LISP (LISt Processing) was designed by John McCarthy at MIT. It is known for being one of the languages specifically designed to help develop artificial intelligence. (1958)
Low-Level Languages
Languages that function at, or very close to 1s and 0s. Powerful, but very difficult. Examples: Machine Language, Assembly Language
High Level Languages
Languages that use English0like words as instructions. Easier, but less powerful. Examples: BASIC, Pascal, COBAL, FORTRAUN, PL/1, Java
What does LAN stand for
Local Area Networks
What is another word for Machine Language
Machine Code
List 2 Low-Level Languages
Machine Language or Assembly Language
What was required to simply enter numbers into the Mark-I calculator
Manipulating its 1,440 switches
In 1998, the Lego Corporation created their first point-and-click language for use with their Lego Mindstorms robots. In 2006, they released their next language. What was that language called?
NXT
Were early personal computers networked
No, you had to be directly connected to something to use it.
What does OOP stand for
Object Oriented Programming
How is Pascal different from PL/I
Pascal is a very lean language
The first practical networks for personal computers were called what
Peer-to-Peer Networks
Java
Released in 1995 by Sun Microsystems. Java is a Platform Independent Language. Platform Independence means that the language does not cause problems as programs are transported between different hardware and software platforms. Unlike C++, were OOP is optional, Java requires you to use OOP which caused many universities to adopt it. (1995)
What does "Platform Independence" mean
That a program crated on one computer will work and have the exact same output on any computer.
What computer first introduced Assembly Language
The British with the EDSAC
COBOL was designed for which group of people
The Business Community
Peer-to-Peer Networks
The first practical networks for personal computers were peer-to-peer networks. These are small groups of computers with a common purpose all connected to each other. These types of networks were frequently called Local Area Networks or LANs. Every computer is equal.
FORTRAN
The first successful high-level programming language. FORTRAN stands for FORmula TRANslation Developed by a team of IBM programmers for mathematicians, scientists and engineers. (1957)
ISP
To have internet, it will cost money and every person, every school, every business, who wants this access needs to use an Internet Service Provider or ISP. (Internet Service Provider)
BASIC
Tom Kurtz and John Kemeny created BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) at Dartmouth College. Their intention was that simple language would give non-math and non-science majors the ability to use computers. The use of BASIC became widespread when personal computers hit the market. The first was the Altair in 1976. BASIC required the little memory, and it was the only language that could initially be handled by the first personal computers. The Altair was shipped with Altair BASIC a.k.a. Microsoft BASIC (1964)
What does a computer translator do
Translator (compiler or interpreter) translates a high-level language into low-level machine code.
What is the major difference between Java and C++
With C++ you have the choice of using OOP. Java you do not.
Grace Hopper
Wrote the first complier (a type if translator) in 1952 for the language A-0. This paved the way for the other languages that followed. Many of these were also created in part or in whole by Grace Hopper.
What does programming in Machine Language mean
You are directly manipulating the 1's and 0's of the computer's binary language.
Machine Code
You are directly manipulating the 1s and 0s of the computer's binary language. Physically changing the wires of the machine
