WHI.5 Ancient Greece

democratic principles that originated in Athens

- direct democracy - public debate - duties of the citizen

Golden Age of Pericles

- extended democracy, giving most adult males an equal voice - Athens was rebuilt following the Persian War

polis

A city-state in ancient Greece

Balkan peninsula

A large peninsula in southern Europe bounded by the Black, Aegean, and Adriatic seas.

Mediterranean Sea

A large, almost landlocked arm of the Atlantic Ocean touching Europe, Asia, and Africa

Peloponnesus peninsula

A mountainous peninsula in southern Greece. Sparta was located on this peninsula.

Macedonia

An ancient kingdom north of Greece, whose ruler Philip II conquered Greece in 338 B.C.

Phidias

Athenian sculptor who supervised the building of the Parthenon

Solon

Athenian statesman; made Athens more democratic

an inspiration for modern democracies

Athens

two sides of the Persian War

Athens & Sparta against the Persian Empire

two sides of the Peloponnesian War

Athens & the Delian League against Sparta & the Peloponnesian League

result of the Persian Wars

Athens preserved its independence and continued its innovations in government and culture

role of slaves in Greece

Did not have power, political rights or status. Most families owned them as household servants or laborers

three types of columns

Doric, Ionic and Corinthian

Athenian tyrants who worked for reform

Draco and Solon

time period between the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars

Golden Age of Pericles

direct democracy

Government in which citizens vote on laws and select officials directly

Euclid

Greek Mathematician (Father of Geometry) who taught in Alexandria

Sparta

Greek city state led by an oligarchy

Athens

Greek city-state which practiced democracy

offered explanations of natural phenomena, human qualities and life events

Greek mythology

Pythagoras

Greek philosopher and mathematician who proved the Pythagorean theorem

Aristotle

Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander the Great; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world

Archimedes

Greek scientist. He is best known for the lever and pulley.

Sophocles

Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex

Ionic column

Ionic columns are identified by the scroll-shaped ornaments at the top

Philip II

King of Macedonia; conquered most of Greece & returned them to a monarchy

sites of two Athenian victories in the Persian Wars

Marathon & Salamis

example of the Reconstruction of Athens following the Persian War

Parthenon

war caused in part by competition for control of the Greek world from 431-404 BCE

Peloponnesian War

Wars fought from 499-449 BCE

Persian Wars

militaristic and aggressive city state with a rigid social structure

Sparta

Greek geography

Surrounded by water on three sides with smaller peninsulas protruding from the mainland

Doric column

The Doric column is the oldest and simplest Greek style--its found on the Parthenon in Athens.

Hera

Zeus' wife; queen of gods and of the heavens; goddess of women, marriage, and motherhood

democracy

a form of government in which citizens govern themselves

tyranny

a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator

aristocracy

a government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility

Dardanelles

a strait connecting the Black Sea with the Mediterranean

Troy

an ancient city in Asia Minor that was the site of the Trojan War

Socrates

ancient Athenian philosopher; teacher of Plato

Plato

ancient Athenian philosopher; teaher of Aristotle; author of The Republic

Thucydides

ancient Greek historian remembered for his history of the Peloponnesian War (460-395 BC)

Homer

author of the Iliad and the Odyssey

Greek mythology

based on a polytheistic religion that was integral to culture, politics and art

How people in Greece became slaves

by being captured as prisoners of war, born to enslaved parents or failing to repay their loans & debts

Draco

created a set of harsh (Draconian) laws for Athens

Alexander the Great

established an empire which stretched to western India & spread Greek influence

Corinthian column

fanciest column decorated with leaves and flower designs

Aeschylus

father of Greek tragic drama

Greece

first major civilization of Europe

Greek citizens

free adult males

Apollo

god of light and music

Aphrodite

goddess of love and beauty

Artemis

goddess of the hunt and the moon

Athena

goddess of wisdom; patron god of Athens

Greece's coastline

had deep bays & natural harbors

Zeus

king of gods and ruler of Mount Olympus; god of the sky, thunder, and justice

significance of victories at Marathon & Salamis

left the Greeks in control of the Aegean Sea

legacy of ancient Greek mythology

many of Western civilization's symbols, metaphors, words and idealized images

Hippocrates

medical practitioner who is regarded as the father of medicine

stages in the evolution of Athenian government

monarchy, aristocracy, tyranny and democracy

Greece's Mountains

natural barriers & boundaries; prevented large scale farming

Greek cities

promoted civic & commerical life

oligarchy

rule by a small group

Black Sea

sea located between Europe and Asia north of Turkey

monarchy

state ruled over by a single person, as a king or queen

Greece is located in -

the Aegean Basin

Herodotus

the ancient Greek known as the father of history

Aegean Sea

the sea that separates Greece from Asia Minor

what the expansion of Greece through trade & colonization led to

the spread of Greek culture across the Black & Mediterranean Seas

Asia Minor

the western Asian peninsula comprising most of modern-day Turkey, known to the Greeks as Anatolia

result of the Peloponnesian War

weakened Athens & Sparta, setting the stage for the Macedonian conquest & the end of Greek democracy

had no political rights in ancient Greece

women, foreigners and slaves