Willis Midterm Exam review

Conquest in the Americas

- The spanish conquered the Americas for "God, Glory and Gold.".The Spaniards wanted to convert the Native American Indians to Christianity

This is when a government spends more money than it consumes. Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, Louis XV, and Louis XIV created and continued this deficit, which led to unrest in French society.

Deficit Spending

closed the European ports to British goods. This was important because this kept ships carrying goods from getting in and out of Britain and France. Britain began a blockade as a result.

Continental System

Define: Vasco da Gama

Lead four ships around the cape of good hope. After ten months, he reached the great spice of Calicut. Forced the treaty of Calicut. He outfitted new fleet, seeking greater profits

Restored family monarchies that the French Rev and Napoleon unseated.

Legitimacy

James Watt

Looked at new comers invention in 1764 and set out to make improvements

ruled before and during the French Revolution. He was an indecisive and weak leader, and poor at budgeting. He led France into its downfall.

Louis XVI

o Cultural and Political changes during the Enlightenment.

Many European citizens began to rethink concepts that had become accepted norms of society

Marie Antoinette was the wife of Louis XVI. She was disliked because of her extravagant spending. Also her Austrian heritage caused tension. Her wasteful spending contributed to the deficit in France.

Marie Antoinette

He worked with George Washington and fought in the American Revolution. He headed the National Guard in France, which was mainly composed of middle-class. National Guard was a response to the royal troops in France.

Marquis de Lafayette

§ The Scientific Revolution

§ The Scientific Revolution A major shift in thinking between 1500 and 1700 in which modern science emerged as a new way of gaining knowledge about the natural world

government run by religious leaders, Calvin set up one of these

§ Theocracy

archbishop of the new church. Cranmer annulled the king's marriage, and in 1533 Henry married Anne Boleyn. Soon, Anne gave birth to a daughter, Elizabeth.

§ Thomas Cranmer

Danish nobleman, astronomer, and writer known for his accurate and comprehensive astronomical and planetary observations

§ Tycho Brahe

everyday language of ordinary people

§ Vernacular

a city in northern Germany where a priest offered indulgences for money to rebuild a cathedral, Martin Luther wrote the 95 Theses here

§ Wittenberg

What was: Tenochtitlan

-was a large Mexica city-state in what is now the center of Mexico City.

o Montesquieu

1689-1778.Studied all kinds of Government. Political Scientist. Determined that England's monarchy was the best. Advocated "Separation of Powers" into executive, legislative and judicial branches

o Philosophe

1700s. Group of enlightenment thinkers in France applied the methods of science to understand and improve society, believing that the use of reason could lead to reforms of government, law, and society. Some of the main were Hobbes, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Diderot, Locke, Rousseau, and Smith.

Who migrated to New France? Were they taxed?

28 men and no

Frederick William I

A Prussian ruler who came to power upon the death of his father in 1713.

Enterprise

A business organization in an area such as shipping, mining, railroads, and factories.

Anesthetic

A drug that provents pain during surgery,this helped because people would get hurt in the battles and it would make the doctors and the peoples lifes easier

Spanish and Portuguese Colonies in the Americas

A flood of Spanish settlers and missionaries followed the conquistadors to Spain's new empire. Wherever they went they established colonies, claiming the land and its people for their king and Church. When there was resistance, the newcomers imposed their will by force. Over time, however, a new culture emerged that reflected European, Native American, and African traditions.

Social Democracy-

A political ideology in which there is a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism.

Prussia

A region that emerged as a new Protestant power

Smelt

A separate piece of ion from its core

o Laissez Faire

Allows business to operate with little or w/out no govt. interference, at all; let's the economy do its job, while the government keeps its hands off. Adam Smith was a strong supporter of this.

to step down from power like the throne. Napoleon abdicated. Victors exiled him.

Abdicate

Westernization

Adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture

Who won the Revolutionary War?

America. But made peace with Britan

What is: Moluccas

An island chain in present day indonesia which europeans called the spice islands

An old order. This is important because until 1789, France used this social hierarchy. The third estate hated this hierarchy since they received the worst treatment and least amount of privileges.

Ancien Regime

to be incorporated into one's empire. Napoleon annexed Italy, Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands into his empire.

Annex

o Ideas of "Just Society".

Before ideas were scientific and rational, during the Age of Reason Enlightenment thinkers taught that people should ensure in social justice and happiness in the world.

Define: Moctezuma

Aztec Ruler, mistook Cortes to be god and welcomed him into the empire. Offered him gifts, but was killed nonetheless.

o Baroque and Rococo (differences)

Baroque art was huge, colorful, and exciting. They glorified historic battles or the lives of saints. Rococo art was personal, elegant, light, and charming. Showed noble subjects in rural settings, surrounded by happy servants and pets.

medieval fortress that was used to imprison political and other prisoners. The Parisians took control and occupied outside of the Bastille and as a result the commander opened fire on the Parisians. symbol to the people of France representing the years of abuse by the monarchy

Bastille

o John Locke

Believed that people are good at birth, and deserve natural from since we were born. All have rights to liberty, property, and life. If the Government cuts off any of our natural rights then we have the right to revolution.

The middle class in the Third Estate that was made up of doctors, professors, bankers, and lawyers. This class fueled the French Revolution and was inspired by the Enlightenment Thinkers and the American Revolution.

Bourgeoisie

Jeremy Bentham

British Philosopher and economist thought all laws or actions should be judged by their "utility"

are notebooks that list all of the three estates' grievances (complaints) that were given to King Louis XVI

Cahiers

St. Petersburg

Capital city and a major part that Peter the great established in 1703. On the Baltic Sea

Hapsburg Empire

Central European empire in the 1500s included the Holy Roman Empire and the Netherlands

§ Erasmus

Christian humanist who called for Church reforms, urged for a return to the simple ways of the early Christian Church

resulted from the Congress of Vienna. Leaders met now periodically to discuss problems within Europe.

Concert of Europe

was created to restore stability in Europe after Napoleon's reign.

Congress of Vienna

Eli Whitney

invented the cotton gin that separated the seeds from the raw cotton at a fast rate

There were many threats to slaves on ships. What was the largest threat to captives aboard ships?

Disease

Edict of Nantes

Document that granted religious freedom to the Huguenots

Struggle for North America

Early 1500s, French ships were crossing the Atlantic each year to harvest rich catches of cod off the Newfoundland, Canada. Within 200 years, the French had occupied or claimed nearly half of North America.

o Adam Smith

Economist, Philosopher/ Physiocrat (economic rights), believed in "natural laws" for economics. Stood for Laissez Faire- let the people make the economy, handoff of the economy, government

These are the nobles and the clergy that fled France from the rebels. They are important because they made up a large part of France but they have now fled because of fear and loss of privileges.

Emigres

o Catherine the Great

Empress if Russia criticized the institution of serfdom

General- is a legislative body that is made up of representatives from all three estates.

Estates

The three social classes that divided France into the clergy, nobles, and the rest of the citizens.

Estates

Effects of Global Contact

European struggles for power shape the North American continent. New France grew slowly compared with the Spanish and English colonies. English colonies had a large degree of self-government. Britain came to dominate North America. Native American groups sided with European powers rather than join together to oppose them.

Factions are groups of people that disagree with the monarchy, and competed for power. During the height of the French Revolution different factions competed for power.

Factions

city that was center of the Italian Renaissance, Medici family ruled this city and helped it flourish

Florence

Huguenots

French Protestants who followed the Calvinist doctrine and broke from the Catholic Church

§ Martin Luther

German monk and professor of theology who began the Protestant Reformation, saw Church corruption and worldliness, wrote 95 Theses

§ Albrecht Durer

German painter, was one of the first northern artists to be profoundly affected by Renaissance Italy. In 1494, he traveled to Italy to study the Italian masters. He soon became a pioneer in spreading Renaissance ideas to northern Europe. At the same time, his own methods 1

Karl Marx

German philosopher, that condemned the ideas of the Utopians as unrealistic idealism

quick raids. The Spanish used this against the French to ambush their supply trains or French troops.

Guerrilla Warfare

weapon of the Reign of Terror that was used to behead criminals, and executed many citizens during the French Revolution. Joseph Guillotin introduced this. It became a symbol of horror.

Guillotine

When Columbus left Spain and 1492. . . What critical mistake did he make?

He greatly underestimated the Earth's size

o Frederick the Great, "In my kingdom, everyone can go to heaven in his own fashion."

He had religious tolerance and his disdain for torture showed Frederick's genuine belief in enlightened reform.

Thomas Malthus

He saw the effects of the population explosion.

Turnpike

Helped make goods travel faster, turnpikes were quickly linked in all of Britain.

Putting-Out System

Helped the British merchants organize a cotton cloth industry at home.

an intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that focused on education and the classics (Greek and Roman cultures which increased understanding of own times where pious Christians focused on worldly subjects)

Humanism

o Ideas of the Enlightenment and Independence of the United States.

Ideas about freedom and representative government inspired leaders in the colonies to revolt and establish an independent republic.

o Voltaire

Impassioned poet, historian, essayist and philosopher who used his sarcasm and sharp wit to criticize French authorities, and was sent to Bastille prison twice for it.Exiled from France to England for insulting a nobleman; was banned from Paris and when able to return wrote about political and religious freedom.

Peace of Westphalia

In 1648, exhausted combatants accepted this series of treaties

Intendant

royal officials who collected taxes, recruited soldiers, and carried out his policies in the provinces

Of the effects the Atlantic Slave Trade had. . . What was the largest effect?

It helped colonial economies

o Stamp Act

Law passed in 1765 by the British Parliament that imposed taxes on items such as newspapers and pamphlets in the American colonies; repealed in 1766

Charles V

ruler of the Hapsburg empire beginning in 1519

o Relevance of the Bill of Rights

It is important to me because it gives me the freedom to rights. It guarantees such rights as the freedoms of speech, assembly, and worship.

The Jacobins were a revolutionary political club that was mostly made up of middle-class lawyers and intellectuals. They were radicals who were part of the legislative assembly.

Jacobins

was Louis XVI's financial advisor. He wanted Louis to tax the first and second estates, but the members of the estates forced Louis to fire him because they did not like his suggestions.

Jacques Necker

Tenements

Multistory buildings divided into apartments because these did not have proper storage these buildings lead to the spread of diseases

Napoleon was a military hero that became the ruler of France. Conquered many territories throughout his reign. He was exiled from France at the end of his reign.

Napoleon

This code was a reform created by Napoleon. It emphasized enlightenment ideas such as religious toleration, equality of citizens, and abolishment of feudalism. Women lost a lot of their rights and men regained complete control of their household as a result.

Napoleonic Code

a feeling of devotion and pride towards one's country. This spread through France following the French Revolution.

Nationalism

What was an area in South America that was not controlled by the Spanish?

Portuguese colony in Brazil

o Thomas Jefferson

Principal author of the Declaration of Independence, a document that reflected John Locke's ideas. Carefully detailed the colonists' grievances against Britain

She is an important French journalist who sought equal rights for women. She inspired women in France to take a stand for their rights and to take political action. Inspired the woman who marched on Versailles and demanded that the King lower the price of bread.

Olympe de Gouges

Versailles

Palace with its halls and salons displayed the finest paintings and statues, and they glittered with chandeliers and mirrors. In the royal gardens, millions of flowers, trees, and fountains were set out in precise geometric patterns

o Treaty of Paris

Peace treaty made final in 1783 that ended the American Revolution

o Rousseau

People are good, governments are evil. But because the government is evil, the natural innocence of people is corrupted by the evils of the society, especially. the unequal distribution of property.

Socialism

People as a whole rather than private individuals would own and operate the farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses.

Who were the first settlers in the colonies?

Pilgrims

a popular vote by ballot. Napoleon used this for the citizens to vote for a leader. Despite this ballot, he was still an absolute monarchy but he wanted people to have a say.

Plebiscite

Henry IV

Political leader of Huguenots who converted to Catholicism. He ended the religious fighting in France. He passed the Edict of Nantes.

Warm-Water Port

Port that is free of ice year-round

What countries were involved in the slave trade? Who was the first European country to get involved?

Portugal, Spain, England, France, Netherlands. And the first was Spain

Dissenters

Protestants who differed with the Church of England

Robert Owen

Put his own ideas of Utopia into practice.

when the republic conducted hasty trials against the republic's enemies. People were executed by use of Guillotine.

Reign of Terror

o George III

Reigned 60 years starting in 1760. Unlike his father and grandfather, he was born in England. Set out to reassert royal power. Wanted to end Whig domination, choose his own ministers, dissolve the cabinet system, and make Parliament follow his will. Found seats in Parliament for his friends and began to assert his leadership

a government that is ruled by elected representatives. Sans-culottes wanted this rather than a monarchy.

Republic

o Natural Right

Rights that belonged to all humans from birth. Included the right to life, liberty, and property.

Robespierre is a lawyer and politician that became leader of the Committee of Public Safety. He had a strong dedication towards the French Revolution. Established Reign of Terror

Robespierre

Catherine the Great

Russian tsar who embraced the Russian Orthodox faith and had the support or the Russians and her military. Her husband was Tsar Peter III whom she assassinated. Gained a warm-water port for Russia

Peter the Great

Russian tsar, part of the Romanov family, who led Russia to become a modern power

These people are working-class men and women. They were the people that pushed the revolution in a radical direction. Means "without breeches."

Sans Culottes

Earth Policy- Military policy in which soldiers destroy everything in their path to hurt the enemy. Russians used this against Napoleon's troops

Scorched

War of Austrian Succession

Shortly after Charles V's death in 1740, Fredrick II of Prussia seized the rich Hapsburg province of Silesia. This action sparked this eight-year war

Mercenaries

Soldiers of hire

the right to vote that was about to be extended from only male property owners to all males in France. This was pushed forth by the radicals

Suffrage

This is an oath that was created by the National Assembly and stated that they will never separate until the constitution is just and fair.

Tennis Court Oath

Electors

The 7 leading German princes that chose the Holy Roman Emperor

In regard to trade between Asia and Europe in the 1400s. What groups controlled the trade?

The Arabs and the Italians

Ferdinand

The Catholic Hapsburg King of Bohemia, who sought to suppress Protestants and to assert royal power over nobles.

Capital

The Money that was used to invest in enterprises.

o Achievements of the Scientific Revolution

The Scientific Revolution transformed the way people in Europe looked at the world. Scientific successors convinced educated Europeans of the power of human reason. Using the methods of the new science, reformers set out to study human behavior and solve the problems of society.These methods known as the Scientific Revolution led to another revolution in thinking, the Enlightenment.

Divine Right

The belief that a ruler's authority comes directly from God

o Loyalist opposition to the American Revolution.

The colonies belonged to Britain and therefore, the colonists owed allegiance to it. Britain also supported and protected the colonies.

o Society and Politics in the 13 English Colonies.

The colonies were prosperous and home to diverse groups. There was a good deal of free discussion about politics and a sense of having a separate identity from Britain.

o Why does conflict arise between colonies and Britain?

The colonists resented the new taxes that Britain imposed to help pay for the Seven Years War. They opposed taxes without representation in Parliament.

Maria Theresa

The daughter of Charles VI who was intelligent and capable and wanted to rule Hapsburg lands

What was important about Ferdinand Magellan?

The expedition he commanded circled the globe

Means of Production

The farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produced and distributed goods.

Utilitarianism

The idea that the goal of society should be "the greatest happiness for the greatest number" of its citizens.

Urbanization

The movement of people to cities

o Laissez Faire (Natural economic laws)

The policy of laissez-faire allowed business to operate with little or no government interference. Physiocrats supported free trade and opposed tariffs. The physiocrats claimed that their economic system was based on the natural laws of economics.

Enclosure

The process of takin over land formally shared by peasant farmers, this increased migration

o Effects of Philosophers had on government and society

The spread of enlightenment philosophers ideas sparked changes in governments and society throughout Europe

Proletariat

The working class

o How did Philosopher's study and understand society?

They applied the methods of science to better understand and improve society. They spread the idea that the use of reason couin ld lead to reforms of government, law, and society. They spread these beliefs through articles, books, and freedom of speech.

Know the importance of cities such as Bristol, England; Nantes, France; and Newport, Rhode Island. What did they have in common?

They became prosperous because of Triangle Trade

In the conquest of South America, how did the Native Americans resist?

They preserved many aspects of their own culture.

What was the most important Portuguese Discovery?

They sailed to India by going around the coast of Africa.

o Thomas Hobbes

Thinks people are born naturally cruel, greedy because people are born bad, life in state of nature would be brutish and short. Believed Absolute Monarchy would be the best form of Government. Writer of Leviathan

Thomas More

Thomas More pressed for social reform, wrote Utopia, was against the Act of Supremacy, executed for treason, was later canonized as a saint

What ended the French and Indian War?

Treaty of Paris

Entrepreneur

Upper class never looked down on them due to their wealth.

o George Washington

Virginia planter and soldier who became leader of the Continental army. Many battles ended in British victories, the colonists were determined to fight at any cost. 1st President of the United States of America

o Diederot

Wanted to change the way of thinking from church and superstitious to thinking logically. Wrote ENCYCLOPEDIA covering government, philosophy, and religion, included Montesquieu and Voltaire, in which the philosophes denounced slavery, praised freedom of expression, and urged education for all.

Define: Christopher Columbus

Wanted to reach the East Indies, but underestimated the earths size and didn't know there were two continents on his path. Sailed with "nina piña and Santa Maria" thought he made it to the coast of Asia

o Joseph II

an enlightenment despot who traveled in disguise to learn the problems of his subject

Define: Cartographers

are map makers.

o Peasants and Equality

While some peasants sought to topple the old order, others resisted efforts bring about change.

Labor Unions

Workers organizations that were illegal and the wished to increase pay

Was the Jamestown colony able to survive? If so, how did they survive?

Yes, growing and exporting tobacco

Charles I

a Stuart monarch who inherited the throne in 1625 and dissolved Parliament, and then fought the English Civil War against it

Define: Prince Henry

a central figure in the early days of the Portuguese Empire and in the 15th-century European maritime discoveries and maritime expansion

o Federal Republic

a federation of states with a democratic form of government

Oligarchy

a government in which the ruling power belongs to a few people

Constitutional Government

a government whose power is defined and limited by law

What is the Line of Demarcation?

a line drawn by the pope that divided the non-European world, which were Spain and Portugal

Levee

a major ritual

o James Madison

a member of the Continental Congress and leader in the drafting of the Constitution

Limited Monarchy

a monarchy that rules in partnership with Parliament or another governing body

The Atlantic Slave Trade

a part of the global slave trading that transported millions of Africans through the Atlantic ocean. this occupied one of the three stages of the triangular trade where other items were shipped among Europe, the Americas, and Africa

Absolute Monarch

a ruler with complete authority over the government and the lives of the people

Define: Triangular Trade

a system of trade where countries pay for imports from it's exports. it was used during the times of European expansion for goods and slaves between mainly the continents of Europe, Africa, and the Americas

§ The Renaissance in the North

§ The Renaissance in the North had more astronomy, science, and other studies.

o Enlightened Despot

absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political & social change.

o Social Contract

an agreement by which they gave up their freedom for an organized society. Hobbes believed that only a powerful government could ensure an orderly society. For him, such a government was an absolute monarchy, which could impose order and compel obedience

o Salons

informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas

§ Petrarch

early humanist, father of humanism, vernacular poet, sonnet- 14 line poem

Define: Capitalism

economic system in which most businesses are owned privately

Armada

fleet of ships

What was the Columbian Exchange?

flow around the world of new plants, animals, and people.

Encomienda system was used for what?

force Native Americans to work.

§ Leonardo da Vinci

genius, sketched nature and models which lead to learning how bones and muscles worked, created Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, artist but had many talents which included botany, architecture, anatomy, music, and engineering, sketches for flying machines and undersea boats, most of his paintings are lost now

Communism

governments led by a small elite controlled all economic and political life.

Puritans

group of dissenters who sought to "purify" the Church of Catholic practices

The Renaissance in Italy

had a lot to do with the city-state and its own individual art and its relation to the church.

§ Raphael

had an artistic talent and sweet nature, developed his own style of painting that blended Christian and classical styles, best known for Madonna, created School of Athens that depicted all the great philosophers and scientists

Know the meaning of floating coffins.

half of the africans on board died from disease or mistreatment

Autocratic

having unlimited power

Inflation did what in European history

inflation rose rapidly in European history

Boyars

landowning noble in Russia under the tsars

Oliver Cromwell

leader of the supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War, who went on to lead the short lived Commonwealth between 1649 and 1658

o Yorktown, VA

location where the British army surrendered in the American Revolution

Define: Peninsulares

member of the highest class in Spain's colonies in the Americas

International Trade Network. During the first leg of the network, what transpired?

merchant ships brought european goods-guns, cloth, and cash- to africa and africa would give slaves

In regard to population mixing, which two groups reflected this?

mestizos and the mulattoes.

o Baroque

ornate style of art and architecture popular in the 1600-1700s

entrepreneurs

people who take on financial risk to make profits

Define: Creoles

person in Spain's colonies in the Americas who was an American-born descendant of Spanish settlers

o Rococo

personal, elegant style of art architecture made popular during the mid-1700s that featured the design with the shapes of leaves, shells, and flowers

§ Johann Gutenberg

printed the first complete edition of the Bible using a printing press with movable type. A printing revolution had begun that would transform Europe. By 1500, the number of books in Europe had risen from a few thousand to between 15 and 20 million.

o Benjamin Franklin

printer whose success as an author led him to take up politics; he helped draw up the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution

Define: Privateers

privately owned ship commissioned by a government to attack and capture enemy ships, especially merchant's ships

What was the primary goal of Tariffs?

protect local businesses.

What did Spanish priest Bartolome de Las Casas protest?

protested the mistreatment of Native Americans

What was the importance of the colonies related to the mercantile system?

provided natural resources and markets

Depopulation

reduction in population

Define: Hernan Cortes

renowned conquistador who, while in Mexico, threatened the life of the emperor to steal gold and silver. his expeditions led to the fall of the aztec empire for spain

Define: Viceroy

reprsentative who ruled one of Spain's provinces in the Americas in the king's name; one who governed in India in the name of the British monarch

o Censorship

restricting access to ideas and information (ban and burn books)

Define: Mutiny

revolt against a superior officer; strife, this happened upon slave ships among the slaves and the officials

Define: Inflation

rise in prices that is linked to a sharp increase in the amount of money available

o Natural Law

rules discoverable by reason, govern scientific forces such as gravity and magnetism. Used to better understand social, economic, and political problems. Rules discoverable by reason, it governed scientific forces such as gravity and magnetism.

§ Michelangelo

sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, poet, his work reflects his life-long spiritual and artistic struggles, created David and Pieta, created ceiling in Sistine chapel which took 4 years and left him partially crippled

The Search for Spices

search for spices and profit. They also made new discoveries while they explored

English Bill of Rights

several acts of Parliament that limited the power of the monarchy and restated the rights of English citizens

Phillip II

son of Charles V, who began his 42 year reign in 1556 and made Spain the foremost power in Europe

Spanish land gain was as important as what?

spreading Christianity

Conquistador Francisco Pizarro defeated what group?

the Inca

Define: Mercantilism

the belief/economy theory that shows trade and build up of profit from trade (commercialism) should be supported by the government to encourage success

What was a cause of the Global Population Explosion?

the dispersal of new crops from the Americas.

With whom did Hernan Cortes make an alliance?

the enemies of the Aztecs

James I

the first Stuart monarch who repeatedly clashed with Parliament

Define: Middle Passage

the route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade

Define: Immunity

the state of not being susceptible

How did the Spanish feel about Aztec Religion?

they did not like it and tried to convert the aztecs to Christianity.

Define: Civil War

war between people of the same country

o Frederick the Great

was a king of Prussia, kept tight control over subjects but gave freedom of press & religious tolerance

El Greco

was a painter, sculptor and architect of the Spanish Renaissance.

Define: Olaudah Equiano

was a writer and abolitionist from the Igbo region of what is today southeastern Nigeria according to his memoir, or from South Carolina according to other sources

Name a result of the "putting-out" system.

weakening of the guild system

Define: Peons

worker forced to labor for a landlord in order to pay off debt

§ Shakespeare

writer who wrote 37 plays, expresses universal themes in everyday realistic settings, work explored Renaissance ideals such as the complexity of individuals and importance of the classics, characters spoke in language ordinary people could understand, his love of words enriched the English language

§ Baldassare Castiglione

wrote The Book of Courtier

§ Niccolo Machiavelli

wrote the Prince, wanted to unite northern Italy and insulate it from foreign interference, wanted to understand how to best obtain and hold power

the branch of mathematics that deals with the finding and properties of derivatives and integrals of functions, by methods originally based on the summation of infinitesimal differences

§ Calculus

recognized as a saint, by the Catholic Church.

§ Canonized

an agreement between two different parties.

§ Compromise

proposed that the sun was the center of the universe, his theory was rejected

§ Copernicus

called by Pope Paul III, led by Carlos Borromeo, declared that salvation comes through faith and good works, Bible is not the only source of religious truth, Church interprets Bible, took steps to end abuses in the Church such as indulgences, provided stiff penalties for worldliness and corruption among the clergy, established schools to create a better educated clergy

§ Council of Trent

daughter of King Henry and Anne Boleyn, took throne after Mary dies, puts Anglican Church has official Church of England, preserved much Catholic rituals and traditions, restored unity in England, made England a Protestant nation

§ Elizabeth

an artist etches a design on a metal plate with acid. The artist then uses the plate to make prints

§ Engraving

The northern Renaissance began in the prosperous cities of Flanders, a region that included parts of present-day northern France, Belgium, and the Netherlands. Flanders was a thriving center of trade for northern Europe.

§ Flanders

assembled an astrological telescope, observed that the 4 moons of Jupiter move slowly around the planets, caused an uproar, condemned by Church because his ideas challenged the Christian teachings that the heavens were fixed in position to earth,

§ Galileo

Swiss city-state that became a Calvinist theocracy in the 1500's, people came here to see themselves as a new "chosen people" entrusted by God to build a truly Christian society, model Calvinist community

§ Geneva

a separate quarter of the city where the Jews lived

§ Ghetto

that single force keeps the planet in their orbits around the sun

§ Gravity

theory that the sun is the center of the universe, proposed by Copernicus, rejected by many expects, proven correct by Kepler

§ Heliocentric

King, married to Catherine of Aragon, wanted a male heir, wanted Anne Boleyn to bear him a son, pope refused to divorce him and Catherine, took English church control from under the pope, established Anglican Faith

§ Henry VIII

study of subjects such as grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and history, that were taught in ancient Greece and Rome/was emphasized a lot

§ Humanities

this is tested with further experimentation and observations, repeated many times to confirm results

§ Hypothesis

Spanish knight raised in the crusading tradition, founded the Jesuits, vowed to become soldier of God, helped establish schools and missionary work

§ Ignatius of Loyola

pardons for sins committed during a person's lifetime, lessening of a time a soul would have to spend in purgatory, used to be granted for good deeds but some priests began selling them, sold to finance church projects and help keep up the lavish lifestyles of popes

§ Indulgences

perfected a theory to explain why planets moved as they did with mathematics, showed that single force keeps the planet in their orbits around the sun called gravity, he saw a apple fall from a tree and from there he started to perfect his theory

§ Issac Newton

used mathematical calculations to prove the heliocentric theory, his data showed that each planet does not move in a perfect circle but in a oval-shaped orbit called an ellipse

§ Johannes Kepler

daughter of King Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, took throne after her half-brother Edward died, was determined to return England to the Catholic faith, religious persecution of non-Catholics

§ Mary Tudor

financial supporter of the arts (ex: Lorenzo Medici)

§ Patron

artistic technique used to give paintings and drawings a 3D effect

§ Perspective

Calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation (saved were called elect)

§ Predestination

§ Reformation Ideas Spread

§ Reformation Ideas Spread talks about the council of Trent along with King Henry the 8th

philosopher, chemist, physicist, and inventor. Boyle is largely regarded today as the first modern chemist,

§ Robert Boyle

step by step process used to confirm findings and to prove or disprove a hypothesis, required scientists to collect and accurately measure data, developed by Bacon

§ Scientific Method

religious groups that had broken away from an established church

§ Sects

symbolized renewed feelings of intense faith, entered convent, established her own order of nuns, dedicated themselves to prayer and meditation, reorganized and reformed Spanish convents and monasteries, canonized by Church

§ Teresa of Avila

§ The Protestant Reformation

§ The Protestant Reformation major 16th century European movement aimed initially at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church.