workbok Vascular Chp9
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
TIPS
List the four branches of the aorta that supply other visceral organs and the mesentery.
The Celiac trunk, the superior and inferior mesentaric arteries and the renal arteries
the abdominal aorta bifurcates at the level of the umbilicus into these, which supply blood to the lower extremities
common iliac arteries
The portal vein shows relatively ________ flow at low velocities, which may vary slightyly with respirations.
continous
weakening of the arterial wall
cystic medial necrosis
Arises from the celiac axis to supply the stomach and lower third of the esophagus
left gastric artery
small branch supplying the caudate and left lobe of the liver
left hepatic artery
Arises from the posterolateral wall of the aorta directly into the hilus of the kidney
left renal artery
Leaves the renal hilum, travels anterior to the aorta and posterior vena cava at the level of the diaphragm
left renal vein
The root of the aorta arises from the ______ _____ outflow tract in the heart
left ventricular
Cavernous transformation of the portal vein demonstrates __________ collateral channels in patients with chronic portal vein obstruction
periportal
The portion of the femoral artery posterior to the knee is the ____________.
popleteal artery
formed by the union of the superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein near the porta hepatis of the liver
portal vein
most commonly results from intrinsic liver disease; however also results from obstruction of the portal vein, hepatic veins, inferior vena cava, or prolonged congestive heart failure: may cause flow reversal to the liver, thrombosis of the portal sysytem, or caverous transformation of the portal vein.
portal venous hypertension
A ________________________ is a pulsatile hematoma that results from the leakage of blood into the soft tissue abutting the punctured artery, with subsequent fibrous encapsulation and failure of the vessel wall defect to heal.
pseudoaneurysm
A flow disturbance (increased velocity of obstruction) may result from the formation of an atheroma, AV fistula, __________, or aneurysmal dilation
pseudoaneurysm
Pulsatile hematoma that results from leakage of blood into soft tissue abutting the punctured artery with fibrousus encapsulation and failure of the vessel wall to heal
pseudoaneurysm
vessels that have little or reversed flow in diastole and supply organs that do not need a constant blood supply
resistive
peak systole minus peak diastole divided by peak systole
resistive index
Describe other pseudopulsatile abdominal masses that may simulate an aortic aneurysm
retroperitoneal tumors, fibroid uterus, and para aortic nodes
The aorta continues to flow in the ___________ cavity anterior and slightly ________ of the vertebral column.
retroperitoneal, left
supplies the stomach
right gastric artery
supplies the gallbladder via the cystic artery
right hepatic artery
Arises from the posterolateral wall of the aorta, travels posterior to the inferior vena cava to supply the kidney
right renal artery
leaves the renal hilum to enter the lateral wall of the inferior vena cava
right renal vein
List the 5 sections into which the aorta is divided
root of the aorta ascending aorta descending aorta abdominal aorta bifurcation into the iliacs
localized dilatation of the vessel
saccular aneurysm
Portal veins become ______ as they progress into the liver from the porta hepatis
smaller
increased turbulence is seen within the spectral tracing that indicates flow disturbance
spectral broadening
arises from the celiac axis to supply the spleen, pancreas, stomach, and greater omentum
splenic artery
Drains the spleen; travels horizontally across the abdomen (posterior to the pancreas) to join the superior mesentaric vein to form the portal vein
splenic vein
Drains the proximal half of the colon and small intestines, travels vertically (anterior to the inferior vena cava) to join the splenic vein to form the portal vein
superior mesentaric vein
arises inferior to the celiac axis to supply the proximal half of the colon and the small intestines
superior mesenteric artery
The flow pattern of the proximal abdominal aorta above the renal arteris shows a high ____ peak and a relatively low _____ component
systolic, diastolic
Describe the function of the circulatory system.
to transport gasses, nutrient materials, and other essential substances to the tissues and subsequently transport waste products from the cells to the appropriate cites for excretion
Permanent dilatation of an artery that forms when tensile stranght of the arterial wall decreases.
true aneurysm
outer layer of the vascular system, contains the vasa vasorum
tunica adventitia
Inner layer pf the vascular system
tunica intima
middle layer of the vascular system;veins have thinner tunica media than arteries
tunica media
With recanalized _______ vein, the main portal vein and the left portal vein show normal flow, but the flow in the right portal vein is reversed.
umbilical
Collapsible vascular structure that carry blood back to the heart
veins
thrombosis of the hepatic veins
Budd-Chiari syndrome
Define Capillaries and describe their function
Capillaries are minute, hair sized vessels connecting the arterial and venouse systems. Their walls have only one layer. The cells and tissues of the body receive their nutrients from the fluids passing through the capillary walls; at the same time, waste from the cells pass into the capillaries
Branch of the common hepatic artery that supplies the stomach and duodenum
gastrodiodenal artery
List the Characteristics of a vein
Hollow collapsible tubes that contain valves to prevent blood back flow.
How can the sonographer determine that the IVC is dilated?
If the IVC measures greater than 2cm and does not show collapse with expiration, it is enlarger
The __________ flows from the kidney posterior to the superior mesenteric artery and anterior to the aorta to enter the lateral wall of the inferior vena cava
Lt Renal vein
Hereditary disorder of connective tissue, bones, muscles, ligaments, and skeletal structures
Marfan Syndrome
The ____________ supplies the gallbladder via the cystic artery and the liver
Rt hepatic artery
the __________ courses from the aorta posterior to the inferior vena cava and anterior to the vertebral column in a posterior and slightly caudal direction to enter the hilum of the kidney.
Rt renal Artery
The _____ is the second anterior branch, arising, approximately 2 cm from the celiac trunk.
SMA
The _______ passes anterior to the third part of the duodenum and posterior to the neck of the pancreas, where it joins the splenic vein to form the main portal vein
SMV
the __________ artery takes somewhat tortuous course horizontally to the left as it froms the superior border of the pancreas.
Splenic artery
The diameter of the abdominal aorta measures approximatley _______ cm, tapering to _______ cm after it proceeds inferiorly to the bifurcation in to the iliac arteries
2-3cm , 1-1.5
Describe the specific differences between arteries and veins
Arteries are hollow elastic tubes that carry blood away from the heart. Veins are hollow collapsible tubes
Describe the complications of inferior vena cava thrombosis
Complete thrombosis of the IVC is life threatening. Patients present with led edema, low back pain, pelvic pain, gastrointestinal complaints, and renal and liver abnormalities
Nonresistive vessels have high _______ component and supply organs that need constant perfusion, such as the internal carotid artery, the hepatic artery, and renal artery
Diastolic
songrapher selects the exact site to record doppler sidnals and sets the sample volumne (gate0 at this site
Doppler sample volume
___________ is a pattern of blood flow, typically seen in larger arteries, in which most cells are moving at the same velocity across the entire diameter of the vessel. In other vessels the different velocities are the result of friction between the cells and arterial walls
Plug flow
the _______ is formed posterior to the pancreas by the union of the superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein at the level of L2
Portal Vein
tiny arteries and veins that supply the walls of blood vessels
Vasa vasorum
communication between two blood vessels without any intervening capillary network
anastomosis
Permanent localized dilatation of an artery, with an increase of 1.5 times its normal diameter
aneurysm
thrombus usually occurs along the _________ or anterolateral wall
anterior
largest arterial structure in the body; arises from the left ventricle to supply blood to the head, upper and lower extremities, and abdominopelvic cavity
aorta
Vascular structures that carry blood away from the heart
arteries
disease of the arterial vessels marked by thickening, hardening, and loss of electricity in the arterial walls
arteriosclerosis
The most common causes of aneurysms are ____________ and ______________
arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis
communication between an artery and a vein
arteriovenous fistula
condition in which the aortic wall becomes irregular from plaque formation
atherosclerosis
Three arterial branches arise from the superior border of the aortic arch to supply the head, neck, and upper extremities: the _________, ___________, and ____________
brachiocephalic, Lt common carotid, and Lt subclavian
minute vessels that connect the arterial and venous systems
capillaries
Periportal collateral channels in patients with chronic portal vein obstruction
cavernous transformation of the portal vein
The _______ trunk is the first anterior branch of the aorta, arising 1 to 2 cm inferior to the diaphragm
celiac trunk
Arises from the celiac trunk to supply the liver
common hepatic artery
Tear in the intima or media of the abdominal aorta
dissecting aorta
In patients with right ventricular failure, the inferior vena cava does not collapse with __________.
expiration
Resistive vessels have very little or even reversed flow in diastole and supply organs that do not need a constant blood supply, such as the _______ carotid and iliac and brachial arteries
external
Circumferential enlargement of a vessel with tapering at both ends
fusiform aneurysm
the _____________ courses along the upper border of the head of the pancreas, behind the posterior layer of the peritoneal bursa, to the upper margin of the superior part of the duodenum, which forms the lower boundery of the epiploic
gastroduodenal artery
Describe how blood is transported from the artery and returned by the veins
heart arteries arterioles capillaries venuels veins heart
The ___________ originate in the liver and drain into the inferior vena cava at the level of the diaphragm
hepatic veins
flow away from the liver
hepatofugal
flow toward the liver
hepatopetal
during rejection, the vascular impedance _______, resulting in a decrease of even reversal of the diastolic flow
increase
Arises from the anterior aortic wall at the level of the third or fourth lumbar vertebra to supply the left transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum
inferior mesenteric artery
Drains the left third of the colon and upper colon and joins the splenic vein
inferior mesenteric vein
Largest venous abdominal vessel that conveys blood from the body below the diaphragm to the right of the atrium of the heart
inferior vena cava
The large aneurysm may rupture into the peritoneal cavity or retroperitoneal cavity causing _____________________ and a drop in _________.
intense back pain hematocrit
The main renal artery has a ______ impedance (nonresistive) pattern with significant diastolic flow----- usually 30% to 50% of peak systole
low
The most common origin of pulmonary emboli is venous thrombosis from the _______ ectremities
lower
vessels that have high diastolic component and supply organs that need constant perfusion
nonresistive
The normal measurement for an adult abdominal aorta is less than 3 cm, measuring from ______ to _____ walls
outer to outer
Doppler only records accurate velocity patterns when the beam is ________ to the flow
parallel