world civ midterm study guide

Which of the following characterized the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte in France?

A centralized, efficient administration

What event sparked the Great Rebellion of 1857?

A rumor that cow and pig fat had been used to grease the cartridges used in soldiers' rifles

Which of John Locke's ideas formed the basis of the Declaration of Independence?

A social contract, binding both ruler and ruled

What did Marx and Engels believe would be the outcome of the conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat?

A victory by the proletariat that would result in the destruction of capitalism, the end of private property, and the eventual withering away of the state

What was the primary reason for the rapid increase in the importation of Africans in sixteenth-century Brazil and the Caribbean?

Africans were used as labor for sugar plantations.

what allowed the Spanish to defeat both the Aztec and Inca Empires?

Both empires suffered from internal weakness and divisions that were exploited by the Spanish.

The Shawnee prophet Tenskwatawa was similar to Hong Xiuquan in which of the following ways?

Both had religious visions and embraced a strict moral code.

Which of the following accurately characterizes both the American and French Revolutions?

Both introduced republican forms of government.

What did Bismarck of Germany and Cavour of Italy have in common?

Both were conservative prime ministers who exploited liberal national sentiment to promote unification.

Check all that apply. Commodities that were in demand from Mughal India included

Cinnamon

Francis Bacon's method of scientific inquiry asserted which of the following?

Conducting experiments was the only way that humans could begin to understand the workings of nature.

Wahhabi Islam was a direct threat to the political power of which of the following?

The Ottoman Empire

what explains in part why China did not become the epicenter of the Industrial Revolution?

The Qing did not foster experimentation or create links between thinkers and investors.

What led Portuguese traders to explore the coast of Africa in the mid-sixteenth century?

The Spanish had taken control of the gold coming from the Americas, so the Portuguese had to look elsewhere.

Why can historians claim that Mughal rulers were victims of their own success?

The combination of prosperity and dependence on local elites for governance allowed the local elites to become more autonomous.

How did the development of nation-states contribute to the spread of imperialism?

The conquest of new territories was seen as a measure of a nation-state's strength.

The steam engine was first used to

pump water out of mines

true or false In the Caste War, the Maya were finally defeated because the Mexican war with the United States ended in 1848.

true

true or false The American Revolution was the first of a series of revolutions to shake the Atlantic world, inspired by new ideas of freedom.

true

Before the reformation, the following excesses concerned Martin Luther:

- Immorality among the clergy - The sale of indulgences - lack of education among the clergy

Preconditions for the Scientific Revolution include

- Occam's Razor - Scholasticism - Renaissance Thinking

The Industrial Revolution changed the global economy by

- making some countries into suppliers of raw materials only - making luxury goods affordable to the middle class

Britain, rather than the Yangtze Delta or Japan, started the industrial revolution because

- they had already broken certain industries such as the textile industry into parts. - they had colonies to provide raw materials - they already had certain concepts of wealth and free market developed by people such as Adam Smith that set the intellectual conditions for a market driven society - they had easily accessible deposits of coal

The Terror portion of the French Revolution

- was led by Danton and Robespierre - resulted in the death of the king and much of the nobility

Problems that accompanied the industrial revolution were

-a growing working poor - bad working conditions - crowded cities

Europeans sought a route to the east via the sea because

-they desired the luxuries to be bought from China -they desired to spread the gospel -they wished to avoid traveling through Muslim held lands.

what accurately indicates the process by which the slave trade was ended in the North Atlantic?

Countries gradually prohibited the slave trade, and Britain posted a naval squadron off the coast of West Africa to prevent any slave trade north of the equator.

Which of the following was a consequence of Napoleon's failed attempt to create a French continental empire?

Europe was divided between those who wanted to restore the status quo and those who wanted to create a society based on individual rights and limited government.

Which of the following groups benefited most from the wealth generated by the Atlantic system?

European elites

What role did Europeans play in the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century slave trade in Africa?

Europeans remained in coastal enclaves, depending on indigenous political and trading networks to bring slaves to them.

In what way did the newly independent United States and revolutionary France differ?

French women successfully acquired a central role in its political sphere, and American women did not.

Which of the following did Adam Smith see as a valid reason for creating an economy with less government regulation?

He believed that free and fair competition provided the best opportunity to produce wealth.

Why did King Pedro separate Brazil from Portuguese rule and declare Brazil to be a constitutional monarchy?

He feared an uprising among the local elites.

whatfactors helped create the "industrious" revolution?

Households gave up leisure time to produce more goods for the market in order to buy products produced elsewhere.

During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, how did India's traditional trade patterns change?

India became an importer of British goods such as cotton textiles, and an exporter of raw materials.

How did the British change their approach to ruling India after 1857?

India came under the British crown's direct control.

In what way did Britain's political and social environment contribute to the industrial revolution?

It allowed merchants and industrialists to invest heavily in such inventions as steam power.

What change did the British East India Company make in its approach to ruling India during the 1840s?

It annexed more land and stripped native aristocrats of their privileges.

what accurately describes the political revolution against the Spanish monarchy in early nineteenth-century Latin America?

It became a social struggle among Amerindians, slaves, mestizos, and whites.

How did the status of Islam in West Africa change after the establishment of the Sokoto caliphate?

It changed from a minority religion to the majority religion in the region.

How did the idea that "all men were created equal" affect revolutionary American society?

It encouraged people to overturn social hierarchies and stop deferring to those who claimed higher rank.

How did the Franco-Prussian War encourage the growth of French nationalism in the late nineteenth century?

It encouraged the French to unify around their antipathy toward the Germans.

What was one of the reasons for the collapse of the Taiping Rebellion?

It failed to attract strong support from the landed gentry and other elite groups.

How did popular culture in Tokugawa Japan subvert its social order?

It idolized groups such as actors, musicians, and courtesans, who were ordinarily at the bottom of the social hierarchy.

How did Europe's trade balance with the rest of the world change during the Industrial Revolution?

It went from a deficit to a surplus as Europeans sold manufactured goods around the world.

What group, that came into existence because of the Counter Reformation, sent people out to convert the world (including China and Japan)?

Jesuits

Hong Xiuquan believed that he was:

Jesus's younger brother sent to rid the world of evil.

What factor contributed most to Mexico's Declaration of Independence in 1821?

Loss of faith in the Spanish king's ability to rule effectively

What can historians use as evidence that the ideals of the Enlightenment were not universally accepted?

Many governments employed censors and punished radical thinkers.

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, what led the Japanese to consider how to control and integrate foreign learning (especially from China and Europe)?

Members of middle class idealized foreign culture, leading the shoguns to fear that learning about Enlightenment ideals might lead the merchants to overthrow the emperor.

What was the economic philosophy called that assumed that the world's wealth was fixed and one country could only increase its wealth at the expense of another?

Mercantilism

Which of the following helped to destabilize the Ottoman Empire during the seventeenth century?

Military campaigns and a growing population strained the empire's resources.

The Taiping Rebellion was a nineteenth-century example of what Chinese tradition?

Millenarian peasant revolts

In terms of world trade, which region had the most influence around 1500 AD?

Ming china

Why was it necessary to continue to import large numbers of African slaves to replenish labor on sugar plantations?

Most of the slaves were men, who suffered high mortality rates due to overwork and poor conditions.

What actions did Ottoman officials take to assist the caravan trade transporting goods from China to the Ottoman heartland?

Officials forced nomadic desert peoples to adopt settled, agricultural lifestyles.

How did relations between the Ottoman Empire and its merchants compare with those between European nation-states and their merchants?

Ottoman merchants regularly feuded with rulers, whereas European merchants tended to have a mutually beneficial relationship with rulers.

What types of characteristics did Carolus Linnaeus use to define racial categories?

Physical appearance and form of governance

Which of the following is a consequence of the revolution in Saint-Domingue?

President Thomas Jefferson refused to recognize the new nation, worried that its success might inspire similar revolts in the United States.

How did Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Adam Smith perceive the influence of commerce on human relations?

Rousseau believed that commerce made people harmful to each other, whereas Smith believed it fostered cooperation.

In what way did Shimai Soshitsu's writing reflect Adam Smith's conception of human nature?

Shimai resisted the influence of foreign culture and religion.

What kind of states resulted from the unifications of Germany and Italy?

States with persistent internal divisions and centralized power wielded by their monarchs

Which of the following was the most lucrative source of wealth for European planters in the Americas in the seventeenth century?

Sugar

How did the revolutions in Europe during 1848 differ from the revolution that Marx and Engels imagined?

The 1848 revolutions had participants from various classes.

Which of the following was included in 1842 Treaty of Nanjing?

The Chinese ceded the island of Hong Kong to the British.

For what reason did the Tokugawa shoguns expel all foreign traders except for the Dutch?

The Dutch did not proselytize.

Which of the following was a consequence of the political and economic disorder in the Ottoman Empire in the seventeenth century?

The Koprulu reforms failed to reenergize the Ottoman government.

Prior to the mid-nineteenth century, how did the Mayan experience of colonial rule differ from that of other indigenous Mexican peoples?

The Mayans escaped forced labor recruitment and social disruption because their territory lacked minerals or fertile land.

Which of the following is a valid comparison between the American and the Saint-Domingue Revolutions?

The leaders of the American Revolution were primarily owners of property, but the leaders of Saint-Domingue were primarily slaves.

From which groups did European nationalist movements draw their greatest number of supporters?

The liberal aristocracy and the commercial middle class

According to Marx, how is the "epoch of the bourgeoisie" different from other epochs of class antagonism?

The relations between classes in this period are simplified.

In early nineteenth-century Europe, what hampered the implementation of the nationalistic idea that the location of "the people" should form the basis for setting national boundaries?

There was no agreement as to who "the people" should be.

Which of the following was a product of radical French revolutionaries who controlled the French government during the 1790s?

They established the world's largest army.

What did the groups that led the 1848 revolutions in Europe have in common?

They shared a desire for independent nations and to overthrow the existing elites.

What ideas did European Enlightenment thinkers hold in common?

They wanted to improve their societies and search for universal, objective knowledge.

Why were the Portuguese and other Europeans motivated to find new routes to Asia?

They were responding to the conquest of Constantinople and the rise of Ottoman power in the Mediterranean.

Which of the following was the most common way that African slaves in the Americas resisted the conditions of their enslavement?

Thousands of slaves fled to the remote interiors of Brazil or the Caribbean islands.

What, according to mercantilist thinkers, was the purpose of colonies?

To enrich the states that had founded them

What was the general goal of imperial powers, such as Great Britain, in the late nineteenth century?

To force their colonies to buy their manufactured goods while exporting staple commodities

Why did King Louis XVI summon the Estates-General into session in 1788?

To levy new taxes in order to improve his credit

What was Portugal's primary goal in the Indian Ocean trade?

To take over the trade or tax local merchants once they realized they did not have goods to trade that were in demand in the region.

Which of the following factors made the Safavid Empire the most unstable of the large Muslim states?

Weak rulers and internal divisions

True or False: The fall of Constantinople in 1453 had absolutely no affect on trade for Europe.

false

true or false Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh failed because most American Indians preferred to assimilate into U.S. culture rather than reassert their native identity.

false

true or false Napoleon's assumption of power marked a return to prerevolutionary absolute monarchy in France.

false

true or false The whole world happily followed Europe's lead in trade and industry during the 19th century.

false

true or false: The appeal of Enlightenment thought in the eighteenth century was confined to Britain and France.

false

The French Revolution had how many phases

multiple

China exported

tea, silk, ceramics, paper, cotton

Sea routes were preferable to Land routes for Europeans because

the Ottomans, the Saffavids and the Mughals controlled the land routes and taxed European trade at each point.

true or false After the 1857 Indian Rebellion, Queen Victoria promised a range of policies, including religious toleration, the honoring of treaties, and permitting Indians to serve in government.

true

true or false The French Revolution and Napoleonic wars shattered the ties between Spain and Portugal and their American colonies.

true

true or false: Montesquieu believed that commerce improved relations among states, but could degrade human relations within states.

true