World Geography Unit 4

Chad

Notes: a. Key Terms: 1. Darfur refugee crisis: Major area for them, over a million came here. The rebel groups got the refugees to join their war by telling them they will help them and their families. This was destabilizing the country 2. Shatterbelt: A region of chronic instability. Perfect example of this. The Darfur conflict caused this

Lake Edward

Notes: Rift valley lake. Located in Graben, deep. Tremendous volumes of fresh water.

Lake Rudolf (Lake Turkana)

Notes: Rift valley lake. Located in Graben, deep. Tremendous volumes of fresh water.

Cameroon

Notes: a. Key Places: 1. Mount Cameroon: Over 13,000 ft, volcanic peak. Most dramatic of true elevation. Rising directly from sea level. Active volcano. 2. Debundscha: Village located in the southwestern area. Because of the location on the coast. One of the 5 wettest places, average 400in of precipitation a year.

Tanzania

Notes: a. Key Terms 1. Tourism: People come from all around the world to see these animals. Have set aside land for the animals. 2. Savanna: A tall grassland area with trees. Mainly this 3. African mammalian fauna: Biggest population, another name for animals. Large mammals. 4. Poaching: Illegal killing. Causing extinction. b. Key Places: 1. Serengeti National Park: The most famous national park in Africa. 2. Great Rift Valley 3. Mount Kilimanjaro: Largest mountain in Africa

Guinea

Notes: a. Key Terms: 1. Bauxite: Ranks 2 in this. Get aluminum from this. 2. 2014 Ebola Outbreak: were hit hard by this. Originated in Central Africa. Causes hemorrhagic fevers, had a 50% mortality rate. Deadliest outbreak in history. b. Key Terms: 1. Guinea Highlands

Malawi

Notes: a. Key Terms: 1. Biodiversity: Has the biggest in the world. Has the most types of fish 2. Cichlids: Has the biggest of these, 700 species. b. Key Places: 1. Lake Malawi: Second largest and deepest of the great rift Vally lakes.

Zimbabwe

Notes: a. Key Terms: 1. British Empire: Was part of this 2. White Minority: Didn't like that the British wanted to establish a Democracy. Thought they would loose their power, fought against them. 3. Southern Rhodesia: Used to called this. Had a huge white minority of British 4. Squatting: Mugabe sent his supporters to occupy the white majority owned farms, to get ride if the white farmers. Caused the economy to crash 5. Hyperinflation: Had the worst case of this. It makes your currency go down 6. Cholera Epidemic: Spread from dirty drinking water b. Key Individuals: 1. Robert Mugabe: Became the president. Kept himself in power and turned the country to a dictatorship. Recently forced out of office because he tried to get his wife in power.

The Gambia

Notes: a. Key Terms: 1. British Imperialism 2. Senegambia: In the 80s formed a confederation with Gambia and Senegal. First step to possible unification, but did nit last log, only lasted a year. I did not last long because they have been separated for too long. You need real compromise to get this to work. So they decided to let this go. 3. Confederation: A form of a Federal state the local administration hold a lot of power b. Key Places: 1. Gambia River: The British wanted control over this. They had a slave trade post on the river.

Uganda

Notes: a. Key Terms: 1. British imperialism: Was under this control. Idi was anti British. 2. South Asian minority: Became the target. They were the businessmen and blamed them for all the problems. They got kicked out b. Key Places: 1. Entebbe: Idi allowed a high jack Israeli airliner to lane here, it was humiliating for him. c. Key Individuals: 1. Idi Amin Dada: Takes power and overthrew the previous leader in 1971. Lead one of the most brutal regimes. Estimated that he killed 300,000 of his own people. We launched a failed invasion to Tanzania but they stoped and went into Uganda instead, and forced him out of power.

The Slave Trade and the Damage Done

Notes: a. Key Terms: 1. Cross Saharan Route: The Arabs and Berbers were receiving the forest people. The cross Saharan trade route was the first major slave route established in Africa. 2. East African Route: Was established by sailors coming form southern Arabia. Another trade route and spread Islam. The last one to shut down. 3. Trans Atlantic Route: Had the most people in the slave trade, was established by the Europeans. Lasted for 3 centuries. The real motivation to shut it down was economic changes, industrial revolution. They didn't need people for labor anymore. 4. Triangle Trade: Model the Portuguese established between Africa, Europe, and America. 5. Damage estimates: Between 11-60 million Africans died. b. Key Places: 1. East Africa: Not a lot of people impacted by slavery. 2. West Africa: Had the most people going into slavery. 3. Mouth of the Congo River 4. Brazil: Portuguese biggest colony. Biggest destination for slaves. 5. The Caribbean: Had large number of slaves. 6. Colonial United States: The Portuguese would ship the slaves to their colonies.

Lake Albert

Notes: Rift valley lake. Located in Graben, deep. Tremendous volumes of fresh water. Border between Uganda and the democratic republic of Congo.

Somalia

Notes: a. Key Terms: 1. Failed state: Best example of this. When the central or national government has little or no control over the countries territory. 2. Warlords: Many areas taken over by this 3. Piracy: Nothing new, many areas where this is still a problem. Got a lot of recognition for who they were targeting, oil workers. It got so bad the Navy's from different countries for protection. Not the most dangerous area for this anymore b. Key Places: 1. British Somaliland: Unified in 1960, and became one country. Has declared their independence, republic of Somaliland, only a few counties recognizes them. Functions as an independent country. 2. Italian Somaliland: Unified in 1960, and became one country 3. Mogadishu: Capital, had only control of this 4. Indian Ocean

Sierra Leone

Notes: a. Key Terms: 1. Freed British slaves: Founded this 2. Indigenous tribes: The freed slaves went to land where they already lived. Caused conflicts. When the feed slaves gott into government they were treated very bad.

Burkina Faso

Notes: a. Key Terms: 1. French West Africa: Was part of this 2. Rail Network: Connected the capital to the coast. Have been working to expand this. b. Key Places: 1. Ouagdougou: Capital and one of the most unusual names. Gained its importance when the french were because it is was an important transportation hub.

Namibia

Notes: a. Key Terms: 1. German South West Africa: Originally under this 2. League of Nation Mandate: Gave the county to South Africa 3. United Nations trusteeship: Was replacing the mandate with trusteeships 4. Annexation 5. Benguela Current: Cold water current. Flows on the coast of Namibia. Created foggy conditions. The cold and hot air meeting. b. Key Places: 1. Republic of South Africa: Got Namibia. After world war 2 they wanted to annex them. Was controversial because it would have extended apartheid rule into Namibia. Fought for many years to keep them, they eventually got their independence. 2. Skeleton Coast: Called his because there would be many whale carcasses here.

Burundi

Notes: a. Key Terms: 1. German imperialism: Originally under this control 2. Belgium League of Nations Mandate: Was giving to Belgium. They put the people in categories. 3. Hutu: If you were put in this group if you were short and wide and were a farmer. 4. Tutsi: If you were tall and slender and a live stock 5. Minority Rule: The Belgium favored the Tutsi minority over the Hutu majority. They the minority have power. 6. Rwanda Genocide 1994: The assassination of the president of Rwanda and Burundi. Killed the first Hutu president. After this Hutu extremist wanted to kill all the Tutsis. This started the Genocide. The Tutsi rebels ended up took control. 7. 1996 Burundi War:: Had their own civil car fighting between various factions. 8. Population density: Might have been another reason for all the fighting 9. Overcrowding 10. Demographic Response: People think that this was another reason for the violence, because there wasn't enough land to go around.

eSwatini

Notes: a. Key Terms: 1. HIV/AIDS pandemic: One of the hardest hit countries on the planet. b. Key Individuals: 1. King Mswati III: Under complete monarchy. Has done nothing for his citizens about HIV pandemic.

Togo

Notes: a. Key Terms: 1. Indigenous African religions: The only country that has this as the majority.

Madagascar

Notes: a. Key Terms: 1. Island biogeography: The larger an island ism the more species it will be able to retain from migration and the closer it is to the mainland, the more species wil be able to migrate 2. Tropical deforestation: The species are in danger 3. Biodiversity: Most unique of this

Libya

Notes: a. Key Terms: 1. Oil: Has Africa's largest oil reserves. When they got their independence they were classified as the poorest country in Africa, until they found oil. 2. International terrorism: Gaddafi gave money to many terrorist groups. Bombed a disco in Berlin and killed US military soldiers The last straw for him was when an intelligence officer for Libya was convicted for bombing as plane over Scotland. After the he reformed himself. 3. Rogue state: Under Gaddafi rule it was this for many years. Countries that are constant threat to world wide peach and stability. 4. Arab Spring: Also went through significant political change. Came here in 2011 and the went into the streets to protest that Gaddafi step down. Started highering people to fight the people. b. Key Places: 1. Tripoli: Main place for the protests 2. Benghazi: Main place for the protests c. Key Individuals: 1. Muammar Gaddafi: Gets power in 1969, for 42 years he was in charge. Used their oil money to make himself rich and started problems in the world.

Egypt

Notes: a. Key Terms: 1. Population density and distribution: 96% of the population lives on 4% of the land, live near the Nile. 2. Long staple cotton: Big source of income. Makes high quality cotton fabrics. 3. Rice: Big food crop. 4. Radical Islamic Fundamentalism 5. Arab spring: The most famous in this. 6. Egyptian Revolution of 2011: The most notable protests for the Arab Springs wanted end in the power of Hosni Mubarak. The real power was in the military, at first they were on Mubaraks side, but as they grew they went neutral. Finally they got Mubarak to step down.They wrote a new constitution and got a new president in a democratic way. b. Key Places: 1. Nile River Vally and Delta: Where most the population lives. Not unlimited water supply. Used for many things, rice and cotton. 2. Cairo 3. Tabriz Square: Where the protests started. c. Key Individuals 1. Hosni Mubarak: Had a 30 year dictatorship. 2. Mohamed Moris: President after the revolution. The military did not like him. He removed from office by Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, because he did not follow the Constitution and went to trial. 3. Abdel Fattah el-Sisi: Over threw Moris. Became President and the military is back in control, and went back to before the Revolution.

Nigeria

Notes: a. Key Terms: 1. Population: 170 million. Largest country by population. Africa's most diverse country. 2. Oil: Big part of their largest economy. The people said they have not seen their big economy. 3. Kelptocracy: Have been accused of this. Is a government that diverts national resources for its own gain. A government that is stealing from the country. 4. Corruption 5. Ethnic Tension: Moved the capital from Lagos to Abuja to decrease the tension. Divided into to more states so no one felt like they were being favored. Is now a democracy. 6. Yoruba: Southwestern. Tend to be a mix of Muslims and Christians. Often dominant 7. Hausa/Fulani: Dominates the north. Typically are Muslim. Often dominant. 8. Ibo (Igbo): Southeastern. They are Roman Catholic. Felt like they never had a voice. Tried to break off from the country, unsuccessful. There is still tension. 9. Sharia law: Some of the Muslim states have this. Islamic based law. Has been inforced on non Muslims. b. Key Places: 1. Niger River Delta: Have large oil and gas reserves. 2. Lagos: The old capital. Yoruba dominated. Largest city. 3. Abuja: New capital. Own federal capital

Angola

Notes: a. Key Terms: 1. Portuguese imperialism: Largest region of this. Came in the last 1400. They were to first here. 2. War for independence: Had to fight for 15 years to get independence from Portugal 3. Cold War: Came right after the war for independence. Communist factions fighting against democratic capital factions. 4. Oil: one of the biggest producers here. Important resource to them. 5. Exclave: Cabinda. b. Key Places: 1. Cabinda: Owned by them. Where most the oil is located. These people have tried to get away from Angola but they want to keep it because of the oil.

Guinea-Bissau

Notes: a. Key Terms: 1. Portuguese imperialism: Originally got their independence much later then the rest of Africa. When they got their independence they wanted to call themselves Guinea, but there was already one. 2. Matriarchal society: Women hold all the power. b. Key Places: 1. Bolama archipelago: Home to one of the most unique society, one of the few matriarchal societies. Women are in power. It's changing because of Christian and Muslims missionary.

Mozambique

Notes: a. Key Terms: 1. Portuguese imperialism: Was under their control. 2. War for independence: Fought a long war with Portuguese, they were trying to hold on. 3. Cold War: After getting independence this happened. By the mid 1990s it was the poorest country on Earth. 4. Tropical cyclone: High risk. Trigger massive flooding and crop failure.

Western Sahara

Notes: a. Key Terms: 1. Spanish Sahara: Was known as this for a long time, was one of the few Spanish colonies. Spain did not have a big influence in Africa. Spain tried to hold on but gave up in the 70s, because of the fight with Polisario. Spain told Morocco and Mauritania to do whatever they want with this, they both immediately invade. Mauritian withdrew does not recognize Moroccos ownership, but Morocco kept fighting for the territory. In 1993 Morocco annexes this, and declaring it as theirs. The rest of Africa got mad because they didn't want the boundaries to change. This caused Morocco to withdraw of the OAU, but recently joined the African Union if they bring Pea Recently the US recognized Morocco's claim on this territory in exchange to make diplomatic relations with Israel. 2. Polisario: The group fighting Spain for independent. 3. Phosphates: Has some of the largest deposit of this. Used for fertilizer, pesticides, explosives, etc.

The Legacy of Colonialism/Imperialism

Notes: a. Key Terms: 1. Superimposed boundaries: Boundaries that ignore cultural and ethnic diversity. Can cause a lot of problems. 2. Organization of African Unity (OAU): Was formed in 1963 many of the independent or soon to be countries joined. The charter states the boundaries at the time of independence can not change. Was actually smart because if a lot of countries changed their boundaries it could cause balkanization. 3. African Union (AU): Was the OAU 4. Balkanization: A country breaking a part violently on ethnic boundaries 5. Lack of industrial development: The Europeans didn't build anything there just taking things out of Africa. 6. Economic dependence: They were politically independent but economically dependent because they had raw materials but still needed the manufactured goods from Europe. 7. Balance of trade 8. 1960: 17 countries in Africa got their independent 9. Preparation for political independence: For most of the country it came quickly with no preparation. Some had plans. These countries were trying to function without ruling themselves recently. It takes time to learn how to run a country

Benin

Notes: a. Key Terms: 1. Tap route: The Europeans left this. Just one straight line or one or two branches that extend into the interior from a port city. Road or railroads. Great for extractions for raw materials, not good for intergrading the country, not good for the economy, etc.

Zambia

Notes: a. Key Terms: 1. Copper: Has the richest supply of this 2. Cobalt: Has the richest supply of this 3. Monoeconomic state: It has been too dependent on copper and cobalt to drive their economy. It got bad when the prices dropped. Never really recovered from the price drop. 4. TAZARA Railway: Initially connected the city of Kaliningrad Mposhi to Derces Salaam. Not as important as it used to be. b. Key Places: 1. Copper Belt: Where a lot of the copper comes from 2. China: Funded the railroad. Did this to gain political influence. Was their first major foreign investment project. 3. Kapiri Mposhi: 4. Zambia: 5. Der es Salaam: Port City 6. Tanzania: Talked to them about building a railroad

Mauritania

Notes: a. Key Places: 1. Western Sahara: Withdrew in 1979 because they couldn't afford to keep their Army here, to try to take control. They don't recognize Morocco claim on the land.

Ghana

Notes: a. Key Terms: 1. Cacao: Second in production. 2. African Independence: Very important in this. First country to gain independence under black leadership. 3. Transition to democracy: Rawlings did this. Had very successful results after this. b. Key Individuals: 1. Kwame Nkrumah: Lead the independence movement in Ghana. Not only the face of the movement and the face of the whole African movement. Was the first president. His government started getting away from democracy, and he got removed from office. After that their government was not stable. 2. Jerry Rawlings: Came to power and wanted to transition to democracy. He did transition it.

Gabon

Notes: a. Key Terms: 1. Oil: Produces this. 2. Per capita income: The oil has made this look higher then we see in the rest of Africa. The problem is that they are averages, and they can mask the true distribution of wealth. If one person has a lot of money it looks like everyone has a good amount of money. 3. Distribution of wealth: In the hand of few wealthy people, like in government or in the oil industry. Most of the people are living similar lifestyles.

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Notes: A lot of land areas and many resources. The only country on the planet that has poorer people then they did 60 years ago. Conflicts are still going on because of the amounts of resources a. Key Terms: 1. Zaire 2. Copper: Some of the worlds largest reserves. 3. Cobalt: Some of the worlds largest reserves. 4. Diamonds 5. Gold 6. Cotton 7. Rubber 8. Palm Oil 9. Dictatorship 10. Cold War: Mobutu played the Cold War was well as anyone. He was anti communist, the us thought he was a good Allie. 11. Rwanda 12. Refugee crisis 13. Shatterbelt 14. "Africas first world war" b. Key Places: 1. Kinshasa: The Capital. Rebels started moving here. 2. Rawanda: Helped the rebels. They backed them because they wanted some of the riches in the Northern Congo, they didn't get any and stoped helping. They backed up groups that wanted to overthrow Kabila. This started the second Congo war. 3. Uganda: Helped the rebels. They backed them because they wanted some of the riches in the Northern Congo, they didn't get any and stoped helping. They backed up groups that wanted to overthrow Kabila. This started the second Congo war. 4. Namibia: Supported Kabila in the second Congo war. 5. Angola: Supported Kabila in the second Congo war. 6. Zimbabwe: Supported Kabila in the second Congo war. b. Key People 1. Joseph Mobutu (Sese Seko): Ruled for 30 years. Ran the country into the ground. Made himself rich from the country. Was able to stay in power because he had back on from the US and Europe. After his rule came to an end the first Congo war started, 2. Laurent Kabila: Rebels we're led by him. Had backing from Uganda and Rwanda. Entered the capital and took over. Killed by his bodyguards. 3. King Leopold II of Belgium: Was his colony. He got someone to find a territory for him. Used his money to buy the colony. He has the most cruel administration. More I'd a genocide. Got so bad Belgium took the colony away from him.

Isolated Volcanic Peaks of East Africa

Notes: Africa's highest elevation. The volcanos keep building because Pangaea is still moving. a. Key Terms: 1. Mount Kilimanjaro (19,340 ft): Highest peak in Africa. Not part of any range. Has had snow at the top, until recently. 2. Mount Kenya: Over 17,000 feet 3. Mount Elgon: Over 14,000 feet 4. Global warming: Has caused the snow caps to melt off of Mount Kilimanjaro 5. Rift Vally: Areas where huge chucks have fallen and become valleys, because of the plates moving apart. b. Key Places: 1. Great Rift Valley: Valleys created by those separation of those plates.

Eritrea

Notes: After world war 2 Italy had the give up all their colonies. Ethiopia thought it might be better to unify them a. Key Terms: 1. Federation: Power originates at the local level, and is granted upward. Seen as easy to expand. 2. Annexation: Thought it would easy for Ethiopia to do this. Because they were a federation. Was never smooth and easy, was a mess from the beginning. They both fought a war and decided to go their separate, was the first boundary change in Africa.

The Sudan

Notes: All the wars caused many refugees in other countries. a. Key Terms: 1. Disadvantage of size: Have to connect and administer the country. The biggest issue was that it had a big transitional territory. The northern portion was by an Arab Muslim majority, the south was black Christians, and this was an issue. 2. Muslim majority: In the North 3. Christian minority: In the South 4. Civil War: Fought for 4 decades, between the Muslims and the Christians. In the 90s they wanted to stop, and went trough peach agreements. They decided to have a vote in the south and had 98% voted to separate them, and this should be suspicious. Decided to separate the. One of only two boundary changes since the time of independence in Africa. After the separation they are still fighting about the boundary and oil and gas reserves. One of 2 of the UN boundary change. 5. Genocide: The government tried to deny this. The Sudan government killed 500,000 people who wanted the people Darfur to not want to separate. b. Key Places: 1. Khartoum: The capital. Where the white and blue come together. 2. Darfur: Wanted to separate from Sudan as well, but the government didn't want that and started the first 2100st century genocide. 3. South Sudan: The newest country, got it's independence in 2011. Used to be one county with Sudan and was biggest country in Africa.

Cote d'Ivoire

Notes: Also called the Ivory coast a. Key Terms: 1. Introduced capital: A new capital replacing a new one. 2. Cacao production: Leads this. Get chocolate from this. Not native here, native from Central America, brought by the Europeans. Thrived here. Ranks number one in this most of the time. 3. Civil war: Caused after the president died, and other groups tried to take over. Still see some fighting, the main fights are done. b. Key Places 1. Abidjan: Strong French presence, largest city, and a major port city. The pairs of Africa. Originally the capital. 2. Yamoussoukro: The new capital. c. Key Individuals 1. Felix Houphouet Bioigny: Long time leader from the time of Independence to his death. Leadership was stable, one party rule. He decided to move the capital to a more central. He picked the new capital location because it was his home town. His leadership was very effective , but when he died it fell apart. Many groups were trying to fill the power spot. By the late 90s it caused a civil war.

Lake Victoria

Notes: Biggest in surface area. Not a Rift Valley lake, not formed through tectonic processing and not located in a Graben. Formed from drainage.

The Age of Colonialism and Imperialism

Notes: Colonialism has to do with colonies, imperialism is external political control. Main motivation for the European powers was the need for resources, for the factories. Another reason for imperialism were the 3GS: gold, god, glory. a. Key Terms: 1. "The scramble": European powers trying to get as much land as they could 2. Berlin Conference (1884-1885): They invited all the powers of Europe that had powers in African, the most important part is that they drew the boundaries in Africa 3. Exploitation: Exploitation of Africa's resources was the number one goal. 4. "White man's burden": Felt burden to help the poor Africans 5. Paternalism: The civilizing mission b. Key Individuals: 1. Otto von Bismarck: Was the architect of modern Germany, was not a fan of Imperialism.

Lesotho

Notes: Complete surround by South Africa a. Key Terms: 1. Perforated State: South Africa is this. One of the only examples of this

Senegal

Notes: Had been part of French West Africa a. Key Terms: 1. French West Africa colonial administration: b. Key Places: 1. Dakar: Capital, largest city. Was the capital of French West Africa. Still remains an important meeting place for organizations.

Liberia

Notes: Had the first female president a. Key Terms: 1. Freed American slaves: Founded this 2. Indigenous tribes: The freed slaves went to land where they already lived. Caused conflicts. When the feed slaves got into government they were treated very bad. 3. Civil War: The conflicts got so bad it caused. The child militias made these very controversial. Calmed down in the early 2000s 4. "Blood diamonds": The child militia caused the international community to stop buying diamonds. Called this because the factions that were trying to get control of the minds., and selling them and using the money for more weapons 5. Child militias: As young as 8 and 9. They drudged them and gave them guns.

Republic of South Africa

Notes: Has a lot of mineral wealth. a. Key Terms: 1. Industrialization: Only one. Most Advanced. Major manufacturer in many things. 2. Gold: For many years they were the major producers of this 3. Diamonds: Major producer of this. 4. De Beers: At one point controlled 90% of the Diamonds. They created an artificial shortage to make the price go up. Came up with the idea of diamond engagement rings. 5. White minority regime: Got it's independence under minority white rule. 6. Apartheid: The African word for segregation. Had one of the worst of this in the world. Made everyone who was not white we're not citizens. This made other countries not want to have anything to do with them, so they got ride if this. 7. Divided capital: The capital functions in more then one city. Into 3 cities. b. Key Places: 1. Witwatersrand: In the 1880s a lot of gold was found, had a gold rush. 2. Transvaal 3. Kimberly: Where the diamond rush started 4. Pretoria: The administrative capital 5. Cape Town: Where the legislature is located 6. Bloemfontein: Judicial Capital c. Key Individuals: 1. Nelson Mandela: First black president

Lake Kivu

Notes: Rift valley lake. Located in Graben, deep. Tremendous volumes of fresh water. On the border between Rawanda and the Congo.

Lake Tanganyika

Notes: Rift valley lake. Located in Graben, deep. Tremendous volumes of fresh water. The largest of the Rift Valley lakes and deepest, second deepest lake in the world.

Tunisia

Notes: Home to the first female prime minister a. Key Terms: 1. Ancient Carthage: Was a old rival of Rome, over control of the western Mediterranean. Fought many wars that Rome won. 2. Tourism: Was this for many years, coming to the beaches and ruins. 3. Mediterranean agriculture: Has a economy in this. 4. Star Wars: The desert scene in the firs 6 movies. The reason the newer ones were not filmed here because there were political issues. Many protests, revolutions started here. 5. Arab Spring: The protests, revolutions that started here. Called this because Spring is seen as a time for change and renewal. It began because Tunisia by 2010 had been under the 23 year rule under President Zine el Abidine Ben Ali b. Key Individuals: 1. President Zine el Abidine Ben Ali: Ruled the country like a dictatorship and it remained stable. They developed one of North Africas better economies, but the strength was in the hands of very few wealthy people who had relations with him. Most people were struggling. This administration had a lack of opportunity for most people and caused protests and he stepped down.

HIV/AIDS: The Big One

Notes: Human indecency virus. 60% of the worlds HIV cases come from Africa. There is no cure or vaccine. a. Key Terms: 1. Pandemic: A bigger concern for Africa for much longer. Started to become a problem in the 80s. Africa was the hardest hit place. The stop a pandemic is to stop people from getting infected. 2. Spread of disease: Spreads through bodily fluids 3. Heterosexual contact: The primary way it's spread in Africa 4. Life expectancy: After AIDS sets you you have maybe a year to live, because you get sick from something else. The average life expectancy in Botswana was 60 years and 5 years later it was 39. In the hardest hit places the age is 32 years. High infant mortality rate 5. "Brain Drain" 6. Anti-Retroviral drug "cocktails": If you can stop from aids setting in you can live a normal long life. HIV is a retrovirus have RNA. Cocktails are medication with many different drugs doing many things at once, stopping the virus from taking over. Are extremely helpful, the issue is it's expensive. A months supply is $1000. 7. Social disease: Its this because it's spreads through behavior. 8. Behavior adjustment and change: 9. Condom use: Some religions are opposed to any contraption use. b. Key Places: 1. East Africa: Was hit hard in the 80s. Had the highest positives cases in 80% 2. Uganda: Had a high infection rate in the late 80s. 3. Southern Africa: Has been the hardest hit place since the 90s. 4. Botswana: Highest infraction rate in the world. The average life expectancy was 60 years.

Congo River

Notes: In Central Africa. One of the longest rivers on the planet a. Key Terms: 1. River volume: Second largest fresh water river in volume on the planet. Located in the tropics, with rainfall. 2. Rapids and waterfalls 3. Hydroelectric potential: Contains 1/11th of the worlds. b. Key Places: 1. Kinshasa 2. Democratic Republic of the Congo: Forms the boundary between the two Congo's 3. Matadi: Port city. When you get there you have to unload your stuff on a train to get to Kinshasa, because of a waterfall. 4. Republic of the Congo: Forms the boundary between the two Congo's

Africa's Ancient States

Notes: In sub Sahara is where people believe the first humans came from, oldest humans found here. a. Key Terms: 1. Oral Tradition: The history, stories being passed down to person to person by word of mouth. Problems are that anything can be altered by accident and on purpose, it can die out. 2. Written Tradition: The history that was written down. Reliable. Arabs and Berbers had these. 3. Ancient Ghana: The oldest empire in the Savanna. Was succeeded by the Mali empire. 4. Arabs: Located in North Africa and established trade routes across the Sahara desert. They would use camels. 5. Berbers: Located in North Africa and established trade routes across the Sahara desert. They would use camels. 6. Camel Caravans: Camels are perfectly suited for this environment.Arabs and Berbers had camels carrying their items to trade in the Sahara, they were mainly trading salt. They also spread Islam, they would convert the local leader and they would convert their people. They were getting gold for their salt. 7. Salt: The Arabs and Berbers would pick up salt on their route through the Sahara and trade it, has real practical value. It preserves food. For many years it was more validity than gold. 8. Islam: North Africa is dominated by this 9. Gold: The forest people would trade gold with the Arabs and Berbers, they would trade to the Europeans. That's how most of the gold got to Europe. 10. Ivory: Was traded with the Arabs and Berbers. High demand from tusk mammals. 11. Ebony: Was traded with the Arabs and Berbers. Is a dark tropical hard wood, very sturdy. 12. Slaves: The Arabs and Berbers were receiving the forest people. The cross Saharan trade route was the first major slave route established in Africa. b. Key Terms: 1. Mali: Was ruled by the richest man in history. 2. Sahara Desert: 3. 10 degrees North latitude: Separates different languages, religions, cultures, etc. from North Africa and Sub Sahara Africa.

Kenya

Notes: Mainly a Savanna

Guinea Highlands

Notes: More of a cluster of mountains. Think of west Africa. Very rich in mineral resources, has been for years. a. Key Terms: 1. Bauxite: Tremendous reserves of this. Ranks number 2 in exports.

Ethiopian Highlands

Notes: More of a mountainous region. High elevation. Can top out at 15,000 ft. This area was not formed out of plat collision. Referred to as the roof of Africa. Still volcanic activity. Volcanic soils. In the tropics and higher elevation. a. Key Terms: 1. Coffee: Needs rich volcanic soil, tropical region, and slightly higher elevation. Area where we believe coffee is native to, and domesticated as a crop. 2. Domesticated crop: Coffee. The Ottoman Turks were the first to take coffee out of here

Darkensberg Mountains

Notes: More rainfall. Top out at 13,000 ft. Atlas Mountains The edge of the southern African plateau. a. Key Terms: 1. Great Escarpment: The edge of the plateau.

Equatorial Guinea

Notes: Oil producer. a. Key Terms: 1. Spanish Guniea: One of the few Spanish colonies. 4. Central African Republic Notes: a. Key Terms: 1. Coup d'etat: Bokassa overthrew the president before him 2. Central African Empire: Bokassa wanted to be a king, and not a democracy 3. Darfur Refugee Crisis: Had a lot of spill over from this b. Key Individuals: 1. Jean-Bedel Bokasss (Emperor Bokassa I): Made himself king, spent 30,000,000 on his ceremony.

Botswana

Notes: One of the most political stable countries a. Key Terms: 1. Credit Rating: Best in Africa 2. Diamonds: Worlds largest producer 3. Debswana: Runs the Diamond industry here. Diamond manger 4. HIV/AIDS Pandemic: they have almost went to back to pre pandemic levels. 5. Free anti-Retroviral drug program: One of Africa's best programs in this,

Adamawa Highlands

Notes: Rich volcanic soil, good for agricultural a. Key Terms: 1. Iron Age (1500 BCE): Thriving civilization, made iron. Developed here. Spread outward from this area and creating a major cultural pattern in much of eastern and Southern Africa, dominated by Bantu family languages. Bantu family language originated here. 2. Bantu migrations: Dominating language first went to east Africa and then west. Their language spread all through Africa

Lake Malawi (Lake Nyasa)

Notes: Rift valley lake. Located in Graben, deep. Second largest of the Rift Valley lakes. a. Key Terms: 1. Graben 2. Lake volume as a result of depth

Niger River

Notes: Semi aired climate, dry. Seasonal, there is a wet season and a dry one. Wet season the river flows fine, but the dry one will run dry along its course and spread out and creating an inland delta. a. Key Terms: 1. Inland Delta: Can be critically important to ecosystems. When they dry up the sediments get deposited and you get rich oils. Wet seasons make the river start flowing again the area starts to bloom again. 2. Oil and Natural gas: Niger river delta is rich in this. b. Key Places: 1. Niger River Delta: Very rich in oil and gas reserves.

Niger

Notes: Shares its name with the river, but pronounced different. France is still connected to this, the French are the most pro nuclear power. a. Key Terms: 1. Uranium: Main fuel for nuclear power. A rare element. This is important for France and their relationship is important. 2. Desertification: Happens when you over graze. Where the Sahara desert has been growing southward. Also is having a big growth of population 3. Nomadic herding: Long been an area where this has been the primary lifestyle. For many centuries they were taking their herbs across the Sahel, very territorial routes. You need a lot of land.

Zambezi River

Notes: Southern Africas Major river. a. Key Terms: 1. Hydroelectric Development 2. Kariba Dam: Project between Zambia and Zimbabwe but also down stream countries. b. Key Places: 1. Lake Kariba: Artificial lake. Constructed by the Kariba damp 2. Victoria Falls (The smoke that thunders): A mile wide. Massive waterfall complex.

Morocco

Notes: The US has had an interesting relationship with them. Was the first non European country to recognize the USs independence. Has a positive relationship with the US. Their major international issue has to do with the disputed territory, Western Sahara.

Congo Republic

Notes: The smaller one a. Key Terms: 1. World War II: In the spring of 1940 France was overrun by Germany. Southern France was under rule if a puppet government. 2. Free French Resistance: Were able to utilize the French colonize to organize a plan their efforts. The colonies were supporting this. In 1944 they held a conference the free French decided that as a show of thank for the colonies they were giving them self rule after the war. More say on the local level. b. Key Places: 1. French Equatorial Africa: Used to be part of this. 2. Vichy France: Government that took over part of France was here. Allied with the Germans. 3. Brazzaville: Capital. Played a pivotal role for the French during World War Two.

Algeria

Notes: Them and Morocco never really got along. Largest country in Africa in terms of land area. a. Key Terms: 1. French assimilation: When the African civilizations took in French culture 2. Expatriated population: Getting 3. Algerian Civil War (War for independence) 1954-1962: They wanted independence but the colonist there did not want to lose everything, but they started fighting. Fighting against the French government and the colonist. Killed over a million lives. Got their independence at the end. 4. Islamic fundamentalism: 5. Oil: Rich in this, limited because of the conflicts over the years. 6. Natural gas: Rich in this, limited because of the conflicts over the years. 7. Mission civilization (civilizing mission): The French thought their mission was to civilize the native Africans by bringing French culture. They knew they couldn't get everyone but thought if they got small elite groups that would be useful and would help them run the colonies. They ranked their colonies from most liked to least. This one was their favorite because they had the most French colonist population. They are the closet to France and has a similar climate, both have a Mediterranean climate.

Atlas Mountains

Notes: Top out 13,000 ft in elevation, not that high. Rugged area, desert conditions.

Mali

Notes: Used to be called French Sudan and called it this because they wanted to pick names before the Europeans came a. Key Terms: 1. Mali Empire: Overlap with the modern countries in many ways 2. Cross Saharan trade: Where the Arabs and Berbers found Timbuktu. 3. Isolation: Timbuktu b. Key Places: 1. Timbuktu (Tombctou): Seemed like the most isolated and civilized place in the world. Saw this as the edge of civilization. Was a thriving center of trade, one of the Major Urban country in West Africa.

Nile River

Notes: Very important for people living in the area. Heart of ancient and modern Egypt. Makes the desert bloom. a. Key Terms: 1. Worlds longest river (4,145 mil): Doing something geographically that it doesn't normally do, it's flowing from a humid region to a dry region. Good example of this 2. Exotic stream: A river flowing from a humid region to a dry region. 3. Aswan high dam: Construction started in 1950s and completed in the 60s. Was Egypt's way of making sure they will always have water from the Nile. Dams give you human control of the flow of the river. 4. Negative efforts of damming: When they made the river it stops the natural flow of a river. As the natural flow of the river is slowed down the Mediterranean Sea started to creep into the Delta, the issue is slat and fresh water mixing. Makes water useless for agricultural. 5. Stagnant water: Attracts mosquitoes. 6. Parasites: The biggest health concern of stagnant water is this. This is carried by snails. The major carriers of a flat worm. 7. Schistosomiasis (bilharzia): The flat worm of the snails cause this. When they get into the blood stream it causes this. After that you will feel sick. If left untreated you can have internal bleeding and organ failure or death. Biggest public health concern in Egypt. 8. Natural silting 9. Soil fertility: Flood cycle helps this, but it was stop so now artificial fertilizer is used. This is causing run off into the Mediterranean Sea, and causing a huge algae growth. Algae hurts everything below it. 10. Salinization: When fresh and salt water mix. b. Key Places: 1. White Nile: Starts in the Rift Valley lake area. Come together in Khartoum 2. Blue Nile: Starts in the Ethiopian Highlands. Come together in Khartoum 3. Khartoum: City in Sudan. 4. Sudan 5. Nile Delta: Where a river starts to fan out as it empty's out to an ocean. Delta means a triangular shape. Has very fertile soil. 6. Lake Nasser: Was created by the construction of the Aswan high dam.

Djibouti

Notes: Was a French colony's, because they wanted access to the water. a. Key Terms: 1. French military bases: Even after their independence the French still have kept military bases here, because to kept their presence here. Let the US use the bases to monitor terrorist activities. 2. War in Terror 3. 1998 Kenya and Tanzania US embassy bombings: Were bombed by Alkita b. Key Places: 1. Arabian Peninsula 2. East Africa

Rawanda

Notes: Was under German control, and then Belgium. The most densely populated country on the mainland in Africa

Ethiopia

Notes:Was one of 2 countries to be independent during the Imperial era, because they have been much more organized, and were allied with the British. a. Key Terms: 1. Christian kingdom: Early area for this. Long roots in this. Allied with the British. Reasons they were independent. 2. 1936 Italian invasion: Italy tried to take them over. Ethiopia defeated them. Later they controlled them for a few years. 3. Landlocked state: After Eritrea became independent, it became this. b. Key Terms: 1. Eritrea: Tried to became one country with them. Part of the agreement for their independence was that they gave Ethiopia access to their ports. 2. Red Sea: After they started having border arguments, they cut off access and they had a short war.

Landforms

a. Key Terms: Plateau surface: 75%. Location of Pangaea is the reason for this. This makes natural transportation hard, because of this they have very few natural harbors. Breakup of Pangaea: Remains mostly stable through the whole breakup, that's why there's no mountains, there was never any collision. Gondwanaland