World Hist II mod 6

Diderot

spent time in jail for his publications

Copernicus's theory of the universe

destroyed the distinction between earthly and heavenly worlds.

Voltaire's works indicates that he

detested the hypocrisy and violence associated with organized religion.

The enlightened monarchs of Europe

accepted their duty to provide a well-administered state

All of the following were important trends of Enlightenment thought except

criticism of government support for intellectuals, scholars, and scientists.

The key feature of Newton's system was the law of

universal gravitation

Pierre Bayle is famous for his

skeptical view of absolute certainty

According to its editor, the fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia was to

change the general way of thinking

The Physiocrats believed that economic progress could best be achieved by

free trade

The "enlightened" policies of Frederick II of Prussia included all of the following except

freeing the Prussian serfs

A striking feature of the salons was that

philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled.

Moses Mendelsson's "On the Immortality of the Soul" developed the idea that

reason could complement and strengthen religion.

To improve the rural economy and lives of the peasants, Empress Maria Theresa

reduced nobles' power over their serfs

Galileo's greatest achievement was his

refinement of the scientific method

All of the following played a role in the erosion of French absolutism except the

rise of the middle class.

Enlightenment thinkers relied on the reforming efforts of monarchs for all of the following reasons except

so that individual philosophes could claim credit for such efforts.

Empiricism emphasized

the actual observation of phenomena.

One important reason for the rise of salons as gathering places for frank discussion of Enlightenment ideas in France was

the need to evade government censorship of the press

In his Spirit of Laws, Montesquieu argued for

the separation of governmental powers

Joseph II's conversion of labor obligations to cash payments

was opposed by both nobles and peasants.

In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that

human development is determined by education and society

All of the following are later Enlightenment philosophes except

Madame du Châtelet

The rebellion of Britain's North American colonies was unique among the social conflicts prior to 1789 because

a and b

Catherine the Great of Russia came to power in 1762 through

a military coup.

Deism was

a naturalistic belief that acknowledged God as the creator of the universe

Which of the following was not an innovation of eighteenth-century urban life?

government censorship of publications

Rousseau's most important concept in The Social Contract was that

government must be based on voluntary participation by citizens, not simply by the accident of history or inheritance

The Parlement of Paris was

A high court

Habsburg Emperor Joseph II abolished serfdom in the Austrian Empire in 1781. What was the outcome of this reform?

After Joseph II's death in 1790 serfdom was more or less reinstated.

Before the Scientific Revolution, Europeans' view of the universe was based on the ideas of

Aristotle.

Which composer most dramatically transformed the conventions of music in the eighteenth century?

Beethoven

All of the following astronomers contributed to the destruction of the Aristotelian view of the universe except

Bernard de Fontenelle.

The Enlightenment reached its highest development in France for all the following reasons except

French scientists and universities were the most preeminent in the Scientific Revolution

Which of the following statements best characterizes the stance of early scholars in the Scientific Revolution toward alchemy, astrology, and religious mysticism?

From Copernicus to Newton, many authors of the Scientific Revolution dabbled in these fields.

In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward despotic or autocratic government?

He believed that an enlightened despot could be an effective reformer

Which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late 18th century?

Prussia, Russia and Austria.

The two men generally given credit for creating the modern scientific method were Francis Bacon and

René Descartes

Catherine the Great changed course from support for enlightened reforms in Russia to shoring up the power of the Russian nobility following which of these events?

The Pugachev Rebellion of 1773.

Which phrase is associated with Montesquieu's ideas on good government?

balance of powers among executive, legislature, and judiciary

After the death of Louis XIV, the French parlements

effectively challenged royal absolutism

In 1748, following the War of the Austrian Succession, Louis XV's finance minister created an outcry among French nobles, clergy, and wealthy town dwellers by

imposing a 5 percent income tax on all Frenchmen.

Learned academies

opened their doors to people of diverse social ranks over the course of the eighteenth century

In the eighteenth century, primary schooling was designed to

reinforce the traditional social order

Among the characteristics of popular literature for the masses in the eighteenth century were

religiosity and entertainment

Popular literature

remained superstitious and religious

The accomplishments of Frederick II included all of the following except

restructuring the Prussian social system.

Which was not a reason why the reform policies of Joseph II of Austria were largely unsuccessful?

the peasantry allied with Joseph in his attempts to abolish serfdom, thus sparking a revolt by the nobility

The philosophes believed the most important function of philosophy was to pursue

the rational study of human behavior

The intellectual uncertainties of the late seventeenth century included all of the following except

the scientific assertion that men and women were equals