World History- Ch. 24

A child of one Spanish or Portuguese parent and one native parent was called a __________, or "mixed," in the racial hierarchy of the Americas.

mestizo

Match each word to the racially mixed background it describes.

mestizo- Portuguese and native parents zambo- native and African parents mulatto- African and Portuguese parents

Generally, when native peoples within Spanish America adopted Christianity, they did so by

mixing elements of Christianity with their native religions.

The tradition of the Virgin of Guadalupe emerged from the mingling of Roman Catholic and __________ beliefs.

native Mexican

The Pueblo revolt in 1680 and the Tupac Amaru rebellion in 1780 are examples of

native rebellions that successfully repelled the Spanish for years.

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Europeans had brief contacts with native Australians, in part because the aboriginal peoples were

nomadic.

Indentured laborers included which of the following types of people?

orphans; the chronically unemployed; criminals; political prisoners

Match each social label to its description.

peninsulares- European born Spanish or Portuguese; criollos- American born Spanish or Portuguese

Match each source of funding with the European power(s) that used it to finance colonies in the Americas.

private investors- the French, the English, the Dutch royal backing- the Portuguese, the Spanish

Far more abundant than gold and of much greater value, __________ was the focus of Spanish mining operations in the Americas.

silver

Which natural resource found in the Americas was most sought after by the Spanish?

silver

In what century did Europeans first cross the Pacific Ocean?

sixteenth

Portuguese landowners who established plantations in Brazil relied on __________ imported from Africa to cultivate their crops.

slaves

While both the northern and southern colonies of North America profited from the slave trade, only the __________ colonies used slave labor on a large scale.

southern

What commodity was of primary importance to the economy of Portuguese Brazil?

sugar

The term engenho originally referred only to a

sugar mill.

What ultimately spurred the Portuguese to settle in Brazil?

sugar plantations

The Beaver Wars were brought about by

a decline in beaver populations.

Which of the following best describes Spanish and Portuguese colonial society in the Americas?

a male-dominated, patriarchal society

In 1492 what was the approximate native population of the territory that is now the United States?

at least 5 million

The first permanent British settlement in Australia was founded in the __________ century.

eighteenth

In Brazil, sugar mills and the complex of land, laborers, and buildings that surrounded them were called

engenhos.

Which of the following best describes the quinto in relation to Spanish silver production?

the Spanish government's portion of colonial wealth

The first Europeans to reach the Americas made contact with

the Taino in the Caribbean.

Did the encomenderos of the early sixteenth century live up to the expectation that they would look out for the welfare of their workers?

No; they often abused their workers by overworking and underfeeding them.

Which statement best describes the relationship of the northern colonies to slavery?

Northern colonies profited from the slave trade by building ships, trading slaves, and making rum to trade for slave in Africa.

The Taino came to the Caribbean from the valley of the __________ River in South America.

Orinoco

Which of the following contributed to Pizarro's eventual defeat of the Incas?

People conquered by the Incas often did not resist the Spanish; Smallpox had swept through before Pizarro's arrival; People conquered by the Incas joined with the Spanish to defeat the Incas.

What best describes reactions to early tobacco use in Europe in the sixteenth century?

Physicians prescribed it for medical purposes.

Captain James Cook identified the natives of Hawaii as relatives of the __________, whom he had previously encountered.

Polynesians

Match the colonies to their founders.

Port Royal (Nova Scotia)- the French Jamestown- the English New Amsterdam- the Dutch Vancouver Island- the Spanish

Which of the following European powers did not establish a colony in North America during the sixteenth century?

Portugal

Why did Portugal establish a presence in Brazil?

Portugal and Spain agreed to split the world along an imaginary line.

The richest deposit of silver in South America that was mined by the Spanish was located in the Andes near __________ (in present-day Bolivia).

Potosí

The Beaver Wars of the seventeenth century were fought primarily between the

Hurons and the Iroquois.

About how many English settlers came to North America in the seventeenth century?

150,000

The population of the native Chamorro on Guam declined from about 50,000 in 1650 to __________ by 1700.

5,000

Why did the French and English find fewer converts to Christianity among native American populations than did the Spanish?

They did not rule large native empires in North America, and natives moved often.

Spain's presence in the Pacific was centered on voyages between

Acapulco and Manila.

With native labor scarce, Portuguese Brazil relied upon labor imported from

Africa

Early English and French settlers encountered indigenous peoples in eastern North America who were speakers of what main language groups?

Algonquian; Iroquois; Lakota

Match the indigenous peoples to their geographic regions.

Aztecs- Mexico; Incas- the Andes Mountains; Taino- the Caribbean

In which area of the Americas did Portugal establish a foothold?

Brazil

Which of the following statements regarding the English colonists of North America and the Spanish colonists of South America is correct?

British colonists had limited self-government.

In the Americas, European-born women were more numerous in __________ and __________ colonies than in Spanish and Portuguese colonies.

English; French

Which statement best describes Europeans' efforts to find a southern continent prior to the discovery of Australia?

For centuries European geographers had expected to find a southern continent, but had lacked the means to find it.

Whereas the Spanish and Portuguese were the first to arrive in the New World, the __________ arrived soon after and founded colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America.

French, English, and Dutch

Which Pacific island, in addition to the Philippines, attracted significant Spanish interest in the late seventeenth century?

Guam

How did Captain Cook die?

He was killed in a battle with native Hawaiians.

What did Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala do to resist Spanish rule?

He wrote a long letter to King Philip III.

Which statement explains the shift in the seventeenth century toward the use of slave labor on southern plantations?

In the seventeenth century Virginia law officially declared all blacks to be slaves.

A civil war, resolved only shortly before the arrival of Francisco Pizarro's expedition, divided the __________ and greatly compromised their ability to fight off the Spanish in Peru.

Incas

How did many indigenous people react to the attempts of Spanish missionaries to convert them to Christianity?

Indigenous people honored their traditional idols in caves and other remote sites.

Which is true of the silver mined in Mexico and Peru?

It promoted trade around the world.

Which statement best describes the economic impact of American silver in the early modern era?

It stimulated the economies of Spain and the world.

The native population of Guam suffered a great decline after the _________ among the islanders.

Spanish introduced smallpox

The 1770 English expedition in Australia anchored in Botany Bay near the modern-day city of __________.

Sydney

The Aztec capital of __________, present-day Mexico City, was besieged by Hernán Cortés and the Spanish until the city surrendered in 1521.

Tenochtitlan

Which of the following statements best describes the different attitudes of English and Spanish settlers towards mixing with other races in the Americas?

The English were less likely than the Spanish to mix with other races.

Which of the following is a true statement?

The Spanish and Portuguese mixed with the natives of the Americas.

Which of the following were factors that enabled Cortés and a tiny Spanish army to conquer the large and powerful Aztec empire?

The Spanish had cannons, guns and armor; The Spanish had help from peoples conquered by the Aztecs; The Spanish had horses and were good horsemen.

Which of the following best describes the actual status of Portuguese sugar planters in Colonial Brazil?

They were politically powerful; They were often in dire financial straits; They were socially privileged.

Which statement best describes James Cook's 1779 visit to the Hawaiian Islands?

The islanders were less welcoming than on his previous visit.

Which factors contributed to the shortage of native labor in Portuguese Brazil?

The natives of Brazil were not settled farming people; the natives of Brazil often fled to avoid the Portuguese; Smallpox and measles killed many natives.

The animal most sought after by fur trappers in North America was the __________.

beaver

Travel through the Hudson Strait and Hudson Bay accelerate the __________ trade in North America.

fur

Which traded commodity was the most important to early Europeans in North America?

fur

The Caribbean ultimately proved to be an ideal location for

growing cash crops.

What purpose did the hacienda serve in Spanish America?

It supplied crops to nearby communities.

Which statement about Guam is correct?

It was used by the Spanish as a stopover for ships traveling between Manila and Acapulco.

In Peru, the Spanish moved the capital from Cuzco in the highlands to __________ on the coast.

Lima

Throughout their empire in the Americas, the Spanish spread a form of Christianity called __________ __________.

Roman Catholic

Established in 1498, the city of __________ __________ served as the Spanish capital of the Caribbean.

Santo Domingo

Which statement best describes the effects of the Virgin of Guadalupe on the spread of Catholicism in Mexico?

She embodied the triumph of both Catholic and indigenous influences.

What best describes how Spain shipped most silver to markets?

Silver was shipped across both the Atlantic and the Pacific to Europe and Asia.

Many of the earliest European settler-cultivations survived due to

maize, game, and fish supplied by native people.

Match each Spanish conquistador with the people he helped conquer.

Hernan Cortes- Aztecs; Francisco Piazzo- Incas

Although they did not recognize it as a new continent, the __________ were likely the first Europeans to reconnoiter the western and northern coasts of Australia.

Portuguese

What factor contributed most to the decline in health among the indigenous peoples of the Caribbean in the early sixteenth century?

The smallpox virus arrived in the area.

What was the primary contributing factor in the creation of an ethnically mixed society in the Iberian colonies of the New World?

The vast majority of the colonists who came from the Iberian peninsula were males.

What ultimately attracted European settlers to North America?

availability of farmland

Who was Bernardino de Sahagun?

a Franciscan missionary

What is meant by the term "mestizo society"?

a racially mixed society.

By the mid-sixteenth century, which of the following had caused the native population in North America to be greatly reduced?

attacks by Europeans and the spread of disease

Though deposits of __________ were scarce in the Caribbean, Spanish adventures continued to seek treasure there for more than a century.

gold

Before the Spanish adopted it, the mita system had been used by the __________.

incas

Which European groups were more likely to make treaties with the indigenous peoples for rights to their land?

the English and French

What was the name of the native rebellion that took place in Spanish Peru in 1780?

the Tupac Amaru rebellion

The first recorded European sighting of the Australian continent occurred in

the early 1600s.

What was the primary institution through which the Spanish recruited Taíno laborers?

the encomienda

Which was the dominant labor system implemented by the Spanish to control native peoples throughout the Caribbean, Central America, and South America in the sixteenth century?

the encomienda system.

What important work did Bernardino de Sahagun engage in?

the preservation of Aztec history and culture

What was the role of the audiencia in the Americas?

to check the power if the viceroys

What was the primary goal of Spanish voyagers in the Pacific?

to establish contacts with the markets of Asia

Natives in the Americas used the plant __________ in religious rituals and for medical purposes.

tobacco

After the mid-sixteenth century, most encomenderos (landowners who were in charge of the encomiendas) required their subjects to provide __________ but not labor.

tribute

In the Americas the Spanish established __________ main center(s) of colonial administration.

two

In order to rule Mexico and Peru more effectively, Spain created the office of __________, the highest government post in the Americas.

viceroy

In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Spanish interest in the Pacific islands

was very limited.

Which of the following were forms of resistance employed by indigenous people against the Spanish in the Americas?

work slowdowns; armed rebellions; retreating to remote areas