World History chapter 12

Trade deficit

An excess of imports over exports. Western countries had this with China and wanted to change it.

Boxer Uprising

anti-foreign movement in China where rebels planned to drive out the "foreign devils"

Samori Toure

fought French forces in West Africa where he was building his own empire

Cultural Pluralism

policy that allows each group within society to keep its unique cultural identity

Pashas

provincial rulers, who in the Ottoman Empire, increased their power and contributed to its decline.

Mahdi

the long-awaited savior of the faith

cultural pluralism

Learn Western ways but maintain African culture.

When did imperialism begin?

1492

Benefits of British rule in India

1) Revised the legal system to promote justice for Indians regardless of race. 2) improved transportation, such as railroads. 3) Improved communication with the telegraph. 4) Some upper class children could attend British schools. 5) some grew rich from exporting cash crops.

What are some reasons why some opposed colonialism?

1. Some claimed it was a tool of the rich. 2. Some claimed it was immoral. 3. Some believed that they were moving towards a greater democracy at home while the conquered states were being forced into an undemocratic rule.

Why were Western nations able to dominate the world?

1. They had advances in science and technology, industry, transportation, ans communication. 2. Their economies were stronger and so was their military as a result of the Industrial Revolution.

When did India gain independence?

1947

Taiping Rebellion

A revolt by the people of China in which they rebelled against the Qing dynasty due to misery and poverty. They almost toppled the Qing dynasty before being crushed by the government and others aiding against it.

Suez Canal

A ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea.

Protectorate

A system in which local rulers could keep their places but were expected to follow the advice of European advisors on issues such as trade or missionary activity.

Open Door Policy

American statement calling for China to keep trade open for all.

Sphere of Influence

An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges

Cultural Assimilation

Becoming a part of European culture.

Countries involved in the scramble for Africa

Britain, Germany, France, Spain, Belgium, Italy, and Portugal.

Why was the treaty between Britain and China unequal?

Britain received a huge indemnity for their losses, they received Hong Kong, and British citizens in China received extraterritoriality.

Examples of Religious (SPERM)

British spreading their "superior religion" to Africans and Indians.

Where were most European Spheres of Influence set up?

China

Example of Social (SPERM)

Countries, especially Britain, wanted to spread their "superior culture" to inferiors in Africa.

Muhammad Ahmad

Declared himself the Mahdi and led the resistance against the British.

E(sperm)

Economic- trade, new markets, natural resources.

David Livingstone

English explorer who discovered the Zambezi River, where he got lost.

John Speke

English explorer who located Lake Victoria and named it after his queen.

Mungo Park and Richard Burton

Explored great rivers (Niger, Nike, Congo, etc.)

Muhammad Ali

Father of a Modern Egypt who made several reforms: improved tax collection, reorganized the landholding system, and backed large irrigation projects to increase their farm output.

Zulus (Shaka)

Fought the Boers after the Boers lost the Cape Colony to the British. The Zulus could not defend against the guns very well.

Two leading imperial powers

France and Britain

Hundred Days of Reform

Guang Xu attempted to modernize and improve China by launching this.

Example of Economic (SPERM)

India had lots of natural resources that other countries wanted to exploit. The British earned tons of money for exporting Opium to China, and never wanted to end it.

Ram Mohun Roy

Indian scholar who believed that India could benefit from some Western beliefs. He also believed in reforming traditional Indian culture, such as banning purdah.

direct rule vs. indirect rule

Indirect rule didn't replace traditional rulers with Europeans, but the traditional rulers had very limited power or influence.

Wahhabi Movement

Islamic Reform movement that called for a Return to the purity and simplicity of Muhammad's teaching

Purdah

Isolation of women in separate quarters from men

Advantages of a protectorate over a colony

It cost less to run than a colony, and normally did not require strong military forces.

Why was India so valuable?

It could provide lots of economic prosperity to countries through its many resources.

Hong Xiuquan

Leader of the Taiping Rebellion.

Negatives of British Rule in India

Machine-made textiles ruined the economy. Population boomed as a result of improved medicine, which also led to famine.

Berlin Conference

Meeting in which Europeans divided up African territory without inviting any Africans.

M(sperm)

Militarism- soldiers, naval bases, military outposts, ports for boats to transport coal.

Nehanda

Military leader of the Shona against Britain. Captured and executed.

Menelik II

Modernized Ethiopia to resist Italian imperialism.

Young Turks

Movement that believed reform was the only way to save the empire.

Father of Modern Egypt

Muhammad Ali

Three Principles of the People

Nationalism, Democracy, and Livelihood

Aggressive expansion in the 1870's-1914 is known as

New imperialism

Direct rule

Officials and soldiers administered colonies and turned them directly into provinces. Ex. France

Sun Yixian

Organized the Revolutionary Alliance to rebuild China on "Three Principles of the People." Became first president of China when it switched to a democracy.

Why did imperialism succeed and spread so quickly? (3 reasons)

Other states were weakening awhile others, such as most European states, were growing stronger. 2. They had advantages such as an improved economy, well-organized government, and powerful armies. 3. They had better technology, such as riverboats and the Telegraph. New medicines and superior weapons, for example, the Maxim machine gun.

Why did countries grow an interest in Persia?

Persia had oil. Russia and Britain plotted for control of Persian oil fields.

What were the effects of the Indians trying to Westernize?

Population exploded, which increased the intense competition for the best land. Unrest was increased.

P(sperm)

Political- wanted vast empire building, and power.

Example of Political (SPERM)

Power over many peoples and prestige. Examples: taking land in Africa and India.

cultural assimilation

Process in which one racial or ethnic group is absorbed into another's more "dominant" culture.

Yaa Asantewaa

Queen of the Asante who led the fight against the British.

R(sperm)

Religious- Christian belief that it was their duty to spread the western religions.

Diaz

Rounded the Cape of Good Hope

Sultans

Rulers of the Ottoman Turkish empire

5 motives of Imperialism

Social, political, economic, religious, militarism

S(sperm)

Social- Desire to spread their "superior" culture, customs, and wanted more nationalism.

Concessions

Special rights given to foreign powers. (Persia gave Britain and Russia these, which angered Persian nationalists.)

Colonialism

The control of one nation by "transplanted" people of another nation, thereby setting up colonies in a new land.

Who did the Muslim Turks commit genocide on?

The Armenians

Who practiced indirect rule? Direct rule?

The British practiced indirect rule, while the French practiced direct rule.

Examples of Military (SPERM)

The British used Sepoys from India to grow the military.

Causes of the Opium War

The Chinese didn't want the British to sell opium to their people anymore, but the British wouldn't stop because of its massive importance to the economy, causing a war.

Who practiced cultural assimilation?

The French

What started the Boer War?

The discovery of gold and diamonds by the British.

Imperialism

The domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region.

Extraterritoriality

The right of people to live under their own laws and be tried in their own courts.

How did the British gain control of India?

They exploited Indian diversity. They encouraged internal conflict along with their superior weaponry.

Why did Western-educated Indians demand reform?

They learned about democracy and equality, therefore they wanted to end British imperialism.

Henry M. Stanley

Welsh Journalist who found Livingston's and explored and claimed the Congo for Belgium.

Indemnity

a payment for damage or loss

Shaka

Zulu Leader who waged relentless war and conquered many nearby people's.

What native tribe of South Africa fought the British to keep their land?

Zulus

Sino-Japanese War

a war between China and Japan for influence, power, and territory. China was humiliated.

King Leopold II

king of Belgium who set off a scramble among European powers for African colonies in the late 1800s.

Self-Strengthening Movement

late 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West. Industrialization began and improved weaponry was introduced.

Indirect rule

local rulers were allowed to keep their authority and status in a new colonial setting. Ex. In Britain, African children were encouraged to go to school in Britain's mainland. This would westernize children and created a new generation of leaders to continue indirect rule.

Balance of Trade

the difference between a country's total exports and total imports

Vasco da Gama

the first European to reach India by sailing around the tip of Africa.

Paternalistic

the system of governing a country as a father would a child

Trade surplus

when a country exports more than it imports. China had a trade surplus before imperialism.