World History Chapter 13

Great Britain, France, and Russia

Countries that composed the Allied Powers at the start of the war

Germany, Austria-Hungary

Countries that composed the Central Powers at the start of the war

What were the characteristics of trench warfare?

Trench warfare involved soldiers fighting each other from trenches.

Triple Alliance

Alliance that included Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

Austria-Hungary

Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia were formed from this empire

Gallipoli Campaign

Failed attempt by the Allies in World War I to take control of the Dardanelles

Why did the US enter WWI?

German U-Boats had killed US citizens and sunk American ships, the Zimmerman Note was the last straw

What factors prompted the United States to enter the war?

German U-boats sunk American ships and the Zimmermann note led to the US entering the war.

How did nationalism, imperialism, and militarism help set the stage for World War I?

Nationalism served as a unifying force within a nation, imperialism increased the sense of rivalry and mistrust among one another, and militarism led to nations having a military power and an army prepared for war.

What were the reasons for the extensive loss of life and property and damage in World War I?

New tools of war were machine guns, poison gas, armored tanks, and larger artillery. The new technology killed greater numbers of people more efficiently, rather than delivering a fast-moving war like they had hoped. Near Verdun, a massive attack against the French by the Germans left a loss of more than 300,000 soldiers on each side. The Gallipoli campaign caused 250,000 casualties on the Allies' side. World War I had become a total war, which led to the rationing of food. At the same time, the Spanish Flu made its way all over the world. The flu was more destructive than the war itself, killing 20 million people worldwide. About 8.5 million soldiers had died in this war. Many civilians died of starvation, disease, and slaughter. The war destroyed acres of farmland, homes, villages, and towns. It had been reported that the cost of the war was $338 billion.

submarine

New warship introduced by the Germans that used underwater missiles

Finland

One nation, formerly part of Russia, that became independent

Great Britain

Palestine, Iraq, and Transjordan came under the control of this country

war guilt clause

Part of the Treaty of Versailles that placed responsibility for the war solely on Germany

Georges Clemenceau

Represented France at the Paris Peace Conference

mandates

Term for postwar territories expected to by governed by the League of Nations

Why was the Balkans known as "the powder keg of Europe"?

The Balkans had a long history of nationalist uprisings and ethnic clashes.

What was the purpose of the Gallipoli Campaign?

The Gallipoli Campaign was the fight for the Dardanelles.

Woodrow Wilson

The President of the United States during World War I

Where was the Western Front? the Eastern Front?

The Western Front was in Northern France and the Eastern Front was along the border or Germany and Russia.

What was the mandate system, and why did it leave so many groups feeling betrayed?

The countries felt cheated and betrayed by the mandate system. In Africa and Asia , the people were upset because their desire for independence was disregarded.

Why was the first Battle of the Marne considered so significant?

The defeat of the Germans left the Schlieffen Plan in ruins.

What was the purpose of the League of Nations?

The goal of the League of Nations was to keep the peace among the nations.

In what ways was World War I a total war?

The goods were being rationed among the civilians.

Self-determination

The guiding principle behind the Fourteen Points was ________, which meant allowing the people to decide for themselves under what government they wished to live.

The Balkans

The region of Europe that was referred to as the "powder keg"

Why did the United States enter World War I, and what effect did its entry have on the war?

When Germany had started using unrestricted submarine warfare, they sunk a British passenger ship that contained 128 US citizens. They later then sank three American ships. The last straw was the Zimmermann note. America felt a strong connection with England and joined the Allies. When the US joined the Allies, the war had been going for three years. World War I soon became a total war and goods became rationed. They thought the US had tipped the balance of thhe war in the Allies favor, but Russia soon gave a victory to Germany. Later Germany sent all of its forces to the Western Front, but the German military had weakened. The Allies and 140,000 US troops launched a counterattack on the Germans. The Central Powers began to crumble, leading to Wilhelm II's resignation, and Germany declaring itself a republic. The French and German governments met and signed an armistice, leading to the end of World War I. Later, President Wilson provided his Fourteen Points, in which would be incorporated in the Treaty of Versailles.

Fourteen Points

Wilson's plan for achieving a just and lasting peace after World War I

Triple Entente

World War I alliance that included Great Britain, France, and Russia

Kaiser Wilhelm II

he became ruler of Germany in 1888, forced Bismarck to resign, and broke the treaty with Russia

Eastern Front

a stretch of battlefield along the German and Russian border in World War I

trench warfare

a type of warfare in which the opposing armies fight each other from parallel trenches

armistice

an agreement to stop fighting

League of Nations

an international association whose goal was to keep peace among nations

Palace of Versailles

location of meetings to determine conditions of peace after WWI

poison gas

new weapon that caused blindness, blisters, and choking

propaganda

one-sided information designed to persuade

Militarism

policy of glorifying war and keeping an army prepared for war

rationing

system in which a government limits the amounts of items people can buy

Schlieffen Plan

the German battle strategy that called for attacking and defeating France in the west and then rushing east to fight Russia

Western Front

the battlefields of northern France in World War I

Treaty of Versailles

the harsh peace settlement dictated by the Allie at the end of World War I

total war

war in which countries devote all their resources to the war effort