World History Chapter 5 - The Greeks

Helots

peasants slaves forced to stay on the land they worked after Sparta took over

King Philip II

(382 BC - 336 BC) King of Macedonia and father of Alexander the Great. By 338BCE, completed conquest of Greece. Planning to invade Persia, when killed at daughters wedding.

Peloponnesian War

(431-404 BCE) The war between Athens and Sparta that in which Sparta won, but left Greece as a whole weak and ready to fall to its neighbors to the north. Plague struck Athens and they had to stop the war

Socrates

(470-399 BCE) Athenian philosopher thought that human beings could lead honest lives honor was far more important than wealth, fame Believed in absolute truths and justice Sentenced to die for corrupting youth

Battle of Marathon

(490 B.C.E.) First Persian War Battle where the Persians who invaded Greece were defeated on the Plain of Marathon by an Athenian army. Athenians who were trained & prepared took down 6000 Persians who were not trained and only lost 200 men. It was a great turning point in the war and helped the Greeks.

Battle of Salamis

480 B.C.E. The battle that effectively ended the Second Persian invasion. The Greek fleet, although vastly outnumbered, defeated the Persian fleet by tricking them in. This helped end the Persian war, freeing Greece.

Direct Democracy

A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives

Acropolis

A fortified hilltop in an ancient Greek city temples, govt. buildings, etc.

Aristocracy

A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility

Oligarchy

A government ruled by a few powerful people

Democracy

A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

Alexandria

Alexander named 70+ conquered cities after himself Main one was city on the Mediterranean coast in Egypt that became center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization

Macedonia

An ancient kingdom north of Greece, whose ruler Philip II conquered Greece in 338 B.C. rough terrain and cold climate

Solon

Athenian reformer leader 594 B.C. established laws that eased debt on farmers forbade enslavement for debt said that no other citizen should own another organized the people into 4 social classes

What was Athens form of government?

Athens form of government was democracy but then was moved to direct democracy by Cleisthenes. It developed through the leadership of Cleisthenes but there were some restrictions

Battle of Thermopylae

Battle in the Second Persian invasion led by Emperor Xerxes, during which 300 Spartans fought thousands of Persian soldiers in a narrow mountain pass. All Spartans died but they held up the Persians long enough for Greeks to organize a defense.

How were the Greeks able to defeat the Persians?

Being better trained/prepared Fighting on home ground Used geography to advantage (Salamis/Thermopylae)

What were the charges against Socrates?

Child Corruption and neglecting city gods

Polis

City state in ancient Greece

How did Alexander's conquests spread Greek culture?

Creation of Greek-Style Cities Greeks settled throughout the kingdom Promoted idea that We are all Greeks Greek culture became the ideal. Greek culture spread. Greek official language of government &business

What was daily life like in Sparta?

Daily life in Sparta was weird. They didn't value the arts, boys left home by the time they were 7 to fight, and barely got enough food. On the other hand, they did believe in law and order, and they gave many rights/power to women.

Pericles

Dominated from 461-429 B.C. three goals: Strengthen Athenian Democracy Hold and Strengthen the Empire Glorify Athens Also ordered construction of the Parthenon

Battle of Plataea

Greek victory that ended the Third Persian invasion, conducted by remnants of Xerxes' armies.

How did Pericles strengthen Athenian democracy?

He strengthened it by bringing culture and money into Athens and making art and having plays

Describe Socrates' teachings.

He taught people to question their teachings and made people think about themselves and others

Why is this era referred to as the Age of Pericles?

It is referred to this because Pericles was a big leader at that time and helped Athens become rich and powerful

Earliest Greek Civilizations

Minoan (Neolithic) Mycenae (Bronze Age/Loose union)

How did geography influence the development of Ancient Greece?

Mountains effected the placement of cities and protected them from attack, while the water surrounding the peninsula protected them from sea and made the Battle of Marathon turn in the way of the Athenians.

Hellenistic

Of or influenced by the Greek Empire. A type of culture typically referred to after the conquests of Alexander the Great.

Development of Greek Government

Oligarchies -->Tyrants-->Democracy

What was origin of 1st Persian War?

Persia conquered some Greek city-states Tyrant of Miletus (a Greek city-state) rebelled Athens gave 20 ships to help fight Other Greek city-states in Asia Minor revolted Athens went home But Persian Emperor Darius wanted revenge

How did the Persian War lead to Athenian Empire?

Persian threat led to Delian League forming Athenians got most money from the Delian League Athenians used it on things to strengthen Athens

Cleisthenes

Ruler around 500 B.C. Allowed people to participate in limited democracy but was limited to white male non-foreign property owners.

Alexander the Great

Son of Philip Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East.

The Lycurgan Reforms

Sparta (Between 800 & 600 BCE) Military State & Oligarchy • Two Kings - led the military • Gerousia - council of elders - over 60 yrs old • apella - assembly of all male citizens • Ephors - in charge of education & conduct

What caused the Peloponnesian War?

Sparta and some city-states got angry at Athens for using the Delian League money for themselves.

What was the Peleponnesian War outcome?

Sparta won by fighting off the Athenian Army and having the plague strike Athens

How did Spartans regard children?

The Spartans raised their children separately Boys leaving the house at the age of seven for military training girls participating in sports and staying back at home

Why did Sparta become a fighting society?

They became into a fighting society because they took over the helots and they almost lost the revolt to them. They were also isolated in the mountains and needed to conquer other city states to get access to resources.

Phalanx

a formation used in the Persian Wars that became the most powerful fighting force in the ancient world

Agora

a public open space used for assemblies and markets

Delian League

an alliance headed by Athens that says that all Greek city-states will come together and help fight the Persians. It used taxes from other city-states to help make an army to fight if the Persians ever came back. Ended up being corrupted and used for the Athenian use.

Tyrants

in ancient Greece, rulers who seized power by force but who ruled with the common people's support; later came to refer to rulers who exercise brutal and oppressive power

Council of Elders (Sparta)

made up of 2 kings and 28 members over the age of 65; prepared and enforced laws which the assembly voted on