World History Patterns of Interaction study guide semester 2 final
John Locke
English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.
William Harvey
English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood
Mary Wollstonecraft
English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women
Schlieffen Plan
Germany's military plan at the outbreak of World War I, according to which German troops would rapidly defeat France and then move east to attack Russia.
Axis Powers
Germany, Italy, Japan
NATO vs Warsaw Pact
In 1949, the prospect of further Communist expansion prompted the United States and 11 other Western nations to form the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Soviet Union and its affiliated Communist nations in Eastern Europe founded a rival alliance, the Warsaw Pact, in 1955.
Rasputin
Russian peasant monk who was able to influence Russian politics by gaining the confidence of the Czarina
Third World
Term applied to a group of "developing" or "underdeveloped" countries who professed nonalignment during the Cold War.
Voltaire
(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.
Reign of Terror
(1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty"
Mao Zedong
(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.
Battle of the Bulge
A 1944-1945 battle in which Allied forces turned back the last major German offensive of World War II.
Lusitania
A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.
Battle of Leyte Gulf
1944 World War II naval battle between the United States and Japan. Largest naval engagement in history. Japanese navy was defeated.
Yalta Conference
1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war
Truman Doctrine
1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey
Ho Chi Minh
1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used guerrilla warfare to fight anti communists, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it not winnable
Cuban Missile Crisis
1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba
Iranian Hostage Crisis
1979 kidnapping of American Embassy hostages in Iran. It lasted for more than a year.
Karl Marx
19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.
détente
A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.
brinkmanship
A policy of threatening to go to war in response to any enemy aggression.
unrestricted submarine warfare
A policy that the Germans announced on January 1917 which stated that their submarines would sink any ship in the British waters
Iron Curtain
A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region
fascism
A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition
democratization
A process of transition as a country attempts to move from an authoritarian form of government to a democratic one.
socialism
A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Archduke of Austria Hungary assassinated by a Serbian in 1914. His murder was one of the causes of WW I.
pogroms
an organized massacre of a particular ethnic group, in particular that of Jews in Russia or eastern Europe.
Weimer Republic
democratic party in Germany after WWII which allowed rise of dictators
Nuremberg Laws
1935 laws defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood.
labor union
An organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members
Vladimir Lenin
Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR
Old Regime
The Political and Social system that existed in France before the French Revolution
2nd Estate
"The Nobles"---Make up 2% of population, but owns 25% of land. Paid no taxes, held highest offices in government. Controlled the most wealth.
Battle of Midway
1942 World War II battle between the United States and Japan, a turning point in the war in the Pacific
Bolsheviks
A group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia's government in November 1917
Leeuwenhoek
1670's ; father of modern microbiology; first to observe living cells
WW1
1914
Zimmerman Note
1917 - Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the U.S. It was intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilized against Germany, which had proven it was hostile
Jean Jacques Rousseau
A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy
Nicolaus Copernicus
A Polish astronomer who proved that the Ptolemaic system was inaccurate, he proposed the theory that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the solar system.
Ortega
A Sandinista leader in Nicaragua
Nikita Khrushchev
A Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Also famous for denouncing Stalin and allowed criticism of Stalin within Russia.
Marshall Plan
A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe
Great Purge
A campaign of terror directed at eliminating anyone who threatened Stalin's power
Napoleonic Code
A comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon
total war
A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort
Cold War
A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.
totalitarianism
A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)
civil disobedience
A form of political participation that reflects a conscious decision to break a law believed to be immoral and to suffer the consequences.
Vietcong
A group of Communist guerrillas who, with the help of North Vietnam, fought against the South Vietnamese government in the Vietnam War.
rationing
A limited portion or allowance of food or goods; limitation of use
guillotine
A machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution.
Holocaust
A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.
island hopping
A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others
Manchuria
A northern industrial province in China, invaded by the Japanese in 1931. From here the Japanese would launch an invasion of mainland China beginning in 1937.
Winston Churchill
A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.
entrepreneur
A person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business.
demilitarization
A reduction in a country's ability to wage war, achieved by disbanding its armed forces and prohibiting it from acquiring weapons.
Nuremberg Trials
A series of court proceedings held in Nuremberg, Germany, after World War II, in which Nazi leaders were tried for aggression, violations of the rules of war, and crimes against humanity.
Industrial Revolution
A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.
New Deal
A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.
communism
A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.
domino theory
A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.
League of Nations
A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.
Nazism
Adolf Hitler used fascism to create this type of government based on totalitarian ideas and was used to unite Germany during the 1930s.
Stock market crash
Another leading component to the start of the Great Depression. The stock became very popular in the 1920's, then in 1929 in took a steep downturn and many lost their money and hope they had put in to the stock.
Ngo Dinh Diem
American ally in South Vietnam from 1954 to 1963; his repressive regime caused the Communist Vietcong to thrive in the South and required increasing American military aid to stop a Communist takeover. he was killed in a coup in 1963.
Douglas MacArthur
American general, who commanded allied troops in the Pacific during World War II.
The United Nations
An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.
Battle of Britain
An aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance.
nonaggression pact
An agreement in which nations promise not to attack one another
armistice
An agreement to stop fighting
capitalism
An economic system based on private ownership of capital
command economy
An economic system in which the government controls a country's economy.
North Africa Campaign
Attempt to get Germans out of North Africa; Patton vs. Rommell; pushed Germans out of Tunisia back up into Italy. Known as Operation Torch.
First country to declare war
Austria-Hungary
Sigmund Freud
Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.
Cesare Beccaria
Author of Of Crime and Punishment. He attacked both torture and capital punishment. He believed criminal justice should ensure speedy trial and sure punishment which was intended to deter further crime. Law was to secure the greatest good for the greatest number of human beings
Joseph Stalin
Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition
Cultural Revolution
Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation.
Charles Darwin
English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection
Jiang Jieshi
Chinese nationalist leader that was against Mao; supported by the US; loss to Mao, so he and his followers fled to Taiwan
Fidel Castro
Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba
Isaac Newton
Defined the laws of motion and gravity. Tried to explain motion of the universe.
nonaligned nations
Developing countries that announced their neutrality in the Cold War.
Edward Jenner
Developed a vaccine for smallpox in 1796
38th parallel
Dividing line between North and South Korea
Thomas Hobbes
English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings
Rene Descartes
Father of modern philosophy, "I think, therefore I am"
Security Council
Five permanent members( US, UK, France, China, USSR) with veto power in the UN. Promised to carry out UN decisions with their own forces.
Robert Boyle
Founder of modern chemistry
Johannes Kepler
German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630)
collective farms
Government owned farms, workers were paid by government and they shared profits from products.
Allied Powers
Great Britain, France, Russia
WW2 effects
Great Depression over, women and African-Americans have a bigger role in American society, and technology advances.
Douglas MacArthur and the Korean War
He was put in charge of the UN force and he begins to invade North Korea and recapture the South Korean capital. China threatens to attack if The southern forces get any closer to the Chinese border. A truce was made in 1953. Truman fires MacArthur because he disobeyed orders. Truman loses popularity.
Post- WW1 Economy
High wages during World War 1 and European demand continued after conflict Demand led to inflation and a good economy Increase in prices prompted major strikes by workers
Lebensraum
Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people
Final Solution
Hitler's program of systematically killing the entire Jewish people
Wright Brothers
Invented the airplane
Eli Whitney
Invented the cotton gin
Thomas Edison
Invented the light bulb
Alexander Graham Bell
Invented the telephone
Bataan Death March
Japanese forced about 60,000 of americans and philippines to march 100 miles with little food and water, most died or were killed on the way
Berlin Airlift
Joint effort by the US and Britain to fly food and supplies into W Berlin after the Soviet blocked off all ground routes into the city
D-Day
June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.
Mohandas K. Gandhi
Leader of the movement for Indian independence from Britain
New Economic Policy
Lenin's economy reform that re-established economic freedom in an attempt to build agriculture and industry
proletariat
Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production
4 MAIN causes of WW1
Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism
urbanization
Movement of people from rural areas to cities
enclosures
One of the fenced-in or hedged-in fields created by wealthy British landowners on land that was formerly worked by village farmers.
Alexander III
Politically reactionary czar who promoted economic modernization of Russia
Duma
Russian Parliament
Vietnamization
President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the Vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawal of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces
14 Points
President Woodrow Wilson's plan for organizing post World War I Europe and for avoiding future wars.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
President of the United States during most of the Depression and most of World War II.
Leonid Brezhnev
Seized power from Nikita Khrushchev and became leader of the Soviet Communist party in 1964. Ordered forces in to Afghanistan and Czechoslovakia.
Ayatollah Khomeini
Shiite religious leader of Iran, led the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran and ordered the invasion of the US Embassy.
5 year plan
Stalin's plan to reorganize the industry and agriculture to catch up with the industrialized west with collectivization of farms and unrealistic production quotas in factories
Social Darwinism
The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.
Japanese internment camps
The forcible relocation of approximately 110,000 Japanese Americans to housing facilities called "War Relocation Camps", in the wake of Imperial Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor.
crop rotation
The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.
Red Guards
The youths who led Mao's Cultural Revolution. Wore red arm bands and carried his book. Terrorized Chinese citizens and determined who went to camps.
laissez-faire economics
Theory that opposes governmental interference in economic affairs beyond what is necessary to protect life and property.
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Treaty in which Russia lost substantial territory to the Germans. This ended Russian participation in the war (1918).
Treaty of Versailles
Treaty particularly known for its harsh reparations towards the Germans after World War I.
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
Treaty signed in 1972 by the United States and the Soviet Union to slow the nuclear arms race.
Battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa
Two battles that cost many American lives. Wanted the islands to set up bomb bases closer to Japan.
Somoza
U.S supported dictator of Nicaragua who was taken out of power in the coup of 1979
Vietnam War
US aided the South (non-communist); led to sizable, passionate, and sometimes violent protests, especially as the war went on
Dropping of Atomic bombs on Japan
US dropped 2 nuclear bombs that forced Japan to surrender and ended WWII
Civil war in Nicaragua
US supported the anti-communist Contras
Henry Ford
United States manufacturer of automobiles who pioneered mass production
Pearl Harbor
United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941.
Battle of Stalingrad
Unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to 1943, that was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union. Put Germany on the defense
Korean War
Was the first "hot war" of the Cold War; was the first use of UN military forces to enforce international peace
First Battle of the Marne
Where Germany's hopes for a quick victory on the Western Front were ended
Montesquieu
Wrote 'Spirit of the Laws', said that no single set of political laws was applicable to all - depended on relationship and variables, supported division of government
policy of containment
a plan to keep something, such as communism, within its existing geographical boundaries and prevent further aggressive moves
Thomas Jefferson
Wrote the Declaration of Independence
Maximilien Robespierre
Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution; his execution ended the Reign of Terror.
Andreas Vesalius
a Flemish surgeon who is considered the father of modern anatomy (1514-1564)
Francis Bacon
developed the scientific method
Ivan Pavlov
discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell
Four factors of imperialism
economic, nationalistic, military, humanitarian
3rd Estate
everybody else; paid most of the taxes and had the least amount of property
utilitarianism
idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people
propaganda
information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.
Guglielmo Marconi
invented the radio
Galileo Galiilei
italian scientist who built on new theories about astronomy. He also wrote Starry Messenger
Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
king and queen of France were spending much of France's money on themselves not on helping the citizen= citizens uprising= death of king and queen by guillotine
factors of production
land, labor, capital
blitzkrieg
lightning war
policy of appeasement
policy of granting concessions to potential enemies to maintain peace; wanted to avoid war
1st Estate
the clergy of the church; 1% of population; owned 10% of the land; paid no taxes
Great Depression
the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s
Balkan Peninsula
triangular arm of land that juts from southeastern Europe into the Mediterranean
Kaiser Wilhelm II
was the Kaiser of Germany at the time of the First World War reigning from 1888-1918. He pushed for a more aggressive foreign policy by means of colonies and a strong navy to compete with Britain. His actions added to the growing tensions in pre-1914 Europe.
