World History Unit 3

Quote by John Locke

"MEN ARE BY NATURE ALL FREE, EQUAL AND INDEPENDENT. NO ONE CAN BE PUT OUT OF HIS ESTATE (LIBERTY AND PROPERTY) WITHOUTH HIS OWN CONSENT. THE ONLY WAY WHEREBY ANYONE DIVESTS HIMSELF OF HIS NATURAL LIBERTY AND PUTS ON THE BONDS OF CIVIL SOCIETY, IS BY AGREEING WITH OTHER MEN, TO JOIN AND UNITE INTO A COMMUNITY FOR THERE COMFORTABLE, SAFE, AND PEACEABLE LIVING ONE AMONGST THE OTHER."

Hobbes Social Contract

1) PEOPLE NEEDED TO SURRENDER LIBERTY IN ORDER TO MAINTAIN ORDER AND SECURITY; 2) STRONG CENTRAL AUTHORITY IS NEEDED - MONARCH OR LEGISLATURE AND RULE IS ABSOLUTE; 3) WITHOUT GOVERNMENT LIFE WOULD BE SHORT, NASTY AND BRUTISH believed that this was an exchange between the government and the people: The people hand over their rights in return for law and order.

What were the 3 laws of planetary motion?

1) PLANETS REVOLVE AROUND THE SUN IN ELLIPTICAL ORBIT 2) PLANETS MOVE MORE RAPIDLY AS THEY APPROACH THE SUN 3) TIME TO COMPLETE ORBIT VARIES WITH DISTANCE

Causes of Scientific Revolution

1. Discovery of the New World-new technological advances of navigation 2. Printing Press-spread of new ideas 3. Rivalry among nation states-help push the idea of need of better technology to defeat rivals 4. Protestant Reformation-higher literacy rates 5. Renaissance Humanism-basic familiarity of past in order for modern scientific thought to mature

Explain the significance of Sir Francis Bacon on 17th Century thought and learning

17th-century philosophy in the Western world is generally regarded as being the start of modern philosophy, and a departure from the medieval approach. Early 17th-century philosophy is often called the Age of Reason or Age of Rationalism and is considered to succeed the Renaissance philosophy era and precede the Age of Enlightenment.

Absolute Monarch

A king or queen who has unlimited power

Revolution

A major change

Scientific Revolution

A major change in the way people thought about the natural world; a major shift in thinking in which modern science emerged as a new way of gaining knowledge

Rene Descartes

A mathematician who argued that scientists should doubt all things until they are proven with reason; he relied on mathematics and logic; MATHEMATICIAN - ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY, MATHEMATICAL MODELS; BELIEVED GOD HAS GIVEN MEN REASON - MAN CAN USE REASON TO UNDERSTAND THE WORLD, THE POWER OF SCIENCE

Renaissance

A period of time that inspired a sense of curiousity about the world; REDISCOVERY OF CLASSICAL KNOWLEDGE; HUMANISM: SECULAR, SELF-AWARENESS, STUDY OF LIBERAL ARTS

Reformation

A period time that challenged the accepted ways of thinking about God; ENDS THE MONOPOLY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH; HUGE EXPLOSION OF NEW INTERPRETATIONS OF THE BIBLE; DEMONSTRATES A CHALLENGE TO AUTHORITY

Was the Scientific Revolution really a revolution?

A revolution is when things are changing fast, people form new opinions, and are open to new things

Ptolemy

Alexandrian astronomer who proposed a geocentric system of astronomy that was undisputed for 1300 years

Why did the Catholic Church condemn Galileo's discoveries?

Because he promoted the heliocentric theory of the universe. The church said the thought that the sun is the centre of the world and does not move from its place is absurd and false because it is expressly contrary to the Holy Scripture. it was a matter of power, influence and control. He was put under house arrest because his Ideas could throw into question previous teachings of the church. They condemned Galileo for judging and comparing God with his scientific research. The Catholic Church believed that God created the universe everything around us, revolving around Earth; not the sun. Also condemned Galileo from promoting his research and information to others because they were afraid that their believers will turn away from God.

3 ways Enlightenment spread?

Books, magazines, spoken word

5 People/Things responsible for the Scientific Revolution

COPERNICUS, KEPLER, GALILEO, SIR ISAAC NEWTON, CONFLICT WITH THE CHURCH

Brahe

Danish astronomer who generated huge amounts of data by carefully recording the movements of the planets for many years, but did not discover anything

What was the LONG-TERM IMPACT on the AGE OF REASON

EMPLASIS ON THE STUDYING NATURE - BELIEF THAT SCIENCE CAN EXPLAIN ALL; SCIENTIFIC FINDINGS CHALLENGED THE AUTHORITY OF THE CHURCH - SCIENCE CONFLICTED WITH THE BIBLE, HOW CAN TEH BIBLE BE WRONG, CONFLICT STILL CONTINUES TODAY, EVOLUTION VERSUS CREATIONISM; ALSO CHALLENGE AUTHORITY OF OPPRESSIVE GOVERNMENTS; THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY - OUR DEPENDENCE ON IT; IT HAS COMPLETELY CHANGED OUR LIVES

Francis Bacon

FATHER OF EMPIRICISM; argued that scientists should observe, gather information, then draw conclusions based on that information (i.e. experiment) - LEAVE THE PAST (OLD IDEAS) AND DISCOVER NEW KNOWLEDGE; believed that KNOWLEDGE SHOULD BE USEFUL TO HUMANITY

Locke

He believed "Man is by nature a social animal."

Hobbes

He believed "Man is not by nature a social animal, society could not exist except by the power of the state. "

Locke

He said "Governments must be designed to protect the people from the government."

Hobbes

He said "Governments must be designed to protect the people from themselves."

Locke

He said "In the state of nature men mostly kept their promises and honored their obligations, and, though insecure, it was mostly peaceful, good, and pleasant."

Locke

He said "Men exist in the state of nature in perfect freedom to do what they want. The state of nature is not necessarily good or bad. It is chaotic. So, men do give it up to secure the advantages of civilized society."

Hobbes

He said "The purpose of government is to impose law and order to prevent the state of war."

Locke

He said "The purpose of government is to secure natural rights, namely man's property and liberty."

Hobbes

He said "The state of nature is a state of war. No morality exists. Everyone lives in constant fear. Because of this fear, no one is really free, but, since even the "weakest" could kill the "strongest" men ARE equal."

Hobbes

He said "no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short."

Locke

He said this of the social contract "We give up our right to ourselves exact retribution for crimes (i.e. ENOUGH) in return for impartial justice backed by overwhelming force. We retain the right to life and liberty, and gain the right to just, impartial protection of our property "

Hobbes

He said this of the social contract"If you shut up and do as you are told, you have the right not to be killed, and you do not even have the right not to be killed, for no matter what the Sovereign does, it does not constitute violation of the contract."

Locke

He said this of the violation of the social contract "If a ruler seeks absolute power, if he acts both as judge and participant in disputes, he puts himself in a state of war with his subjects and we have the right and the duty to kill such rulers and their servants. " Therefore there is a right to rebel.

Hobbes

He said this of the violation of the social contract "The ruler's will defines good and evil for his subjects. The King can do no wrong, because lawful and unlawful, good and evil, are merely commands, merely the will of the ruler." Therefore there is no right to rebel

Locke

He thought "Humans know what is right and wrong, and are capable of knowing what is lawful and unlawful well enough to resolve conflicts. In particular, and most importantly, they are capable of telling the difference between what is theirs and what belongs to someone else. Regrettably they do not always act in accordance with this knowledge."

Hobbes

He thought "In a state of nature people cannot know what is theirs and what is someone else. Property exists solely by the will of the state, thus in a state of nature men are condemned to endless violent conflict. In practice morality is for the most part merely a command by some person or group or God, and law merely the momentary will of the ruler Locke

How did the Scientific Revolution influence the thinking of Hobbes and Locke

Hobbes based his theories of government on his belief that man was basically greedy, selfish, and cruel. In his book, Leviathan, Hobbes states that life would be a state of constant warfare without a strong government to control man's natural impulses. He believed people would enter into a Social Contract to escape from this. In the Social Contract, people would exchange most of their freedoms for the safety of organized society. Once people entered into this contract, there was no release. Hobbes did not believe in revolutions, and supported the idea of absolute monarchs. Locke also based his theories on his assessment of human nature. However, Locke believed that people could be reasonable and moral. In his book, Two Treatises of Government, Locke explained that all men have Natural Rights, which are Life, Liberty, and Property, and that the purpose of government was to protect these rights. Furthermore, Locke states that if government does not protect these rights, and becomes bad for the people, then they have a right to revolution. Locke supported a limited government that protected people's natural rights.

Europeans believed they had found the source of truth where?

IN THE METHODS OF SCIENCE

Happiness

If you live by nature's laws you will find happiness on earth (philosophy); PEOPLE WHO LIVE IN A PERFECT STATE OF NATURE WILL BE HAPPY, REJECTED IDEA OF MISERY ON EARTH AS A TICKET TO HEAVEN, BELIEVED HAPPINESS COULD BE ACHIEVED ON EARTH

Johannes Kepler

Improved upon Copernicus's theory by showing that the planetary orbits were ellipses (ovals) not circles; wrote mathematical laws describing the movement of the planets; CONTINUED WORK OF TYCHO BRAHE; PROPOSED 3 LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION; DEVELOPEMENT PROCESS OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD; the planets do not orbit at a constant speed, and that an orbit is related to its distance from the sun

Who proposed 3 laws of planetary motion and what were they?

Johannes Kepler

what took the place of revelation or the decrees of the Church to become the source of moral authority

NATURAL LAW AND REASON

What made philosophy respond to Science

NATURE AS MECHANISM, INFLUENCE OF FRANCIS BACON, RENE DESCARTES, THOMAS HOBBES, JOHN LOCKE

The Enlightenment is an attempt to find the laws of human society in the same way that?

NEWTON HAD FOUND THE LAWS OF NATURE

Liberty

RESTRICTIONS ON TRADE, RELIGION AND SPEEECH WERE SEEN AS HARMFUL; THROUGH REASON PEOPLE COULD BE SET FREE

Reason

Rational thought; The ABSENCE OF INTOLERANCE, BIGOTRY and prejudice in one's thinking (philosophy); THROUGH REASON SOCIETY COULD BE IMPROVED AND TRUE HAPPINESS FOUND

The five concepts/VALUES that philosophers believed in

Reason, nature, happiness, progress, liberty

Nature as Mechanism

SCIENCE CAN BE USED TO EXPLAIN THE WORLD - "IT IS A MACHINE OF NATURAL PARTS, NOT DIVINE" KEPLER, GOD MAY BE A DESIGNER, BUT NOT ACTIVELY INVOLVED; EUROPEANS LOOKED AT THE WORLD TO DISCOVER KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTAND NATURE, NOT TO UNDERSTAND THE DIVINE

Where did the source of knowledge end up coming from

SCIENTISTS AND UNIVERSITY EDUCATED SCHOLARS

Progress

SOCIETY CAN BE IMPROVED, SCIENCE CAN IMPROVE SOCIETY, UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LAWS COULD IMPROVE SOCIETY

What became the common bond holding society together

STATE

geocentric theory

having Earth at the center; The theory that claimed that the earth was the center of the universe and that the sun, stars and other planets revolved around the earth in a perfect circle

Heliocentric theory

idea that the sun is the center of the solar system; The theory that claimed that the sun was the center of the universe and that the earth, stars and other planets revolved around the sun in an elliptical path

empiricism

learning through experience and perception

How do the discoveries of Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, Galileo and Newton demonstrate an intellectual change?

They all contributed to the increase in scientific knowledge during the Renaissance; They deduced that the earth was rotating in an eliptical orbit around the sun.

How do the discoveries of Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, Galileo and Newton demonstrate an intellectual change?

They moved the thinking from a geocentric belief to a heliocentric belief.

Liberty

Through reason, society can be set free (philosophy)

What brought about the Age of Reason

VALUES, LONG-TERM IMPACT

Nature

What is natural is good and reasonable (philosophy); LAWS OF NATURE FOR ALL THINGS. PEOPLE COULD USE REASON TO DISCOVER THESE LAWS. THESE NATURAL LAWS COULD BE USED TO EXPLAIN ECONOMICS, POLITICS AS WELL AS MOTION

Constitutional monarchy

a form of government in which the monarch's (king's) power is limited by a basic set of laws (constitution)

Scientific method

a method of investigation involving observation and theory to test scientific hypotheses; A step by step (logical) procedure for gathering and testing ideas

The Enlightenment

a new age of reason in which people discussed how governments and social institutions could be based upon rational understanding; When writers attempted to combine the ideas of the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution in order to study and improve society through observation and experimentation; belief in the use of reason and the scientific method

Natural law

a rule or body of rules of conduct inherent in human nature and essential to or binding upon human society

Copernicus

astronomer who developed the heliocentric theory that put the sun in the center of the earth with the planets traveling around the sun. BEFORE HIM THE PTOLEMAIC OR GEOCENTRIC VIEW OF THE UNIVERSE DOMINATED - ACCEPTED BY ARISTOTLE AND PTOLEMY, THE CHURCH TAUGHT THAT GOD PUT US AT THE CENTER OF THE UNIVERSE; COPERNICUS CHALLENGED THIS VIEW AND ARGUED FOR THE HELIOCENTRIC OR SUN-CENTERED VIEW

Influences of Enlightenment

belief in progress, a more secular outlook, and a new emphasis on the importance of the individual; RENAISSANCE/REFORMATION

John Locke

believed government should protect the rights to life, liberty, and property; believed that a government should be overthrown by the people if it fails to protect their rights. His ideas regarding natural rights and the purpose of government are echoed in the Declaration of Independence; A philosopher who witnessed the Glorious Revolution; this caused him to believe that people could be trusted to govern and should have the right to rebel; ESSAY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING - KNOWLEDGE IS GAINED FROM EXPERIENCE, MAN IS GOOD, REJECTED CONCEPT OF ORIGINAL SIN; HUMANS COULD IMPROVE SOCIETY THROUGH REASON; STATE OF NATURE IS FREEDOM - REJECTED ABSOLUTISM, ADVOCATED IDEA OF SOCIAL CONTRACT, BUT WITH REASON AND LIMITED STATE AUTHORITY, STATES EXIST TO PROTECT FREEDOM; PEOPLE HAVE RIGHT TO REVOLT WHEN STATES DENY FREEDOM; ADVOCATED RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE AMONGST CHRISTIANS; HUGE IMPACT ON AMERICAN POLITICAL THOUGHT

Isaac Newton

considered the last and the greatest figure of the Scientific Revolution; he was also known as the Father of the Enlightenment; his discovery of universal laws for gravitation, movement, and optics helped launch the Enlightenment; proved that the scientific method actually worked BELIEVED THE WORLD HAS NATURAL LAWS - LAWS OF GRAVITY AND MOTION THAT UNIFIED THE HEAVENS AND THE EARTH; BELIEVED THE WORLD HAS NATURAL LAWS TO EXPLAIN IT; BELIEVED HUMANS ALSO HAVE LAWS THAT GOVERN THEM; BELIEVED HUMANS CAN USE REASON TO DISCOVER THESE LAWS; united the ideas of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo under the law of universal gravitation.

Thomas Hobbes

philosopher who wrote that human beings are naturally cruel, evil, SELFISH and greedy; Believed that there should be absolute (unlimited) rule by kings (Monarchy); believed the STATE OF NATURE IS WAR; SOCIAL CONTRACT; believeD that people could not be trusted to govern nor should people have the right to rebel

natural rights

rights that belong to people simply because they are human beings

How would you define the Scientific Revolution

the scientific revolution made people open to new technologies, it also was when multiple technologies were invented in a short amount of time, people also thought more about inventing and discovering solutions to current problems

Galileo

was forced by the church court known as the Inquisition to swear that the geocentric theory was true; Italian astronomer and mathematician who built his own telescope and found four moons revolving around Jupiter. He used his telescope to STUDY THE HEAVENS; his work SUPPORTED COPERNICUS' HELIOCENTRIC THEORY and thus BECAME A CHALLENGE TO CHURCH AUTHORITY; and was FORCED TO RECANT HIS OPINION AND WAS UNDER HOUSE ARREST THE REST OF HIS LIFE