World Music Test 4

Nueva Canción

"New Song", a political song movement through which people stand up for themselves (and their own culture) in the face of oppression by a totalitarian government or in the face of cultural imperialism from abroad.

Salient characteristics of Latin America

-Merging of Iberian (Spanish and Portuguese), African, and Native American influences.

Salient characteristics of Quichua

-Sanjuanes: the traditional song of harpists and musical timekeepers; played inside and out of Quichua communities at weddings, private Masses, and children's wakes

Bomba

-a type of drum -song that features African American rhythms, Quichua Indian melodic and harmonic features, and Spanish language. (a type of musical genre)

Javanese music salient characteristics

-emphasis on percussion instruments (metal slab and knobbed gong, drums) -bronze preferred for metal percussion instruments -use of two scales (five tone sléndro and seven tone pélog) that differ from Western scale -Gamelan ensemble music that is either "loud playing" or "soft playing" -Stratified texture (mainly melody, punctuation, multiple variations, and drum pattern) -cyclic repetition of phrases -use of different sized gong instruments to punctuate phrases -binary orientation in length of phrases and subdivision of main beats -ensemble directed aurally primarily by drummer -often accompanies dance, dance drama, and shadow puppetry -flexibility in elaboration of main melody, tempo dynamics, and number of repetitions

Balinese music salient characteristics

-emphasis on percussion instruments, slab, knobbed gongs, and drums -use of two scales sléndro and pélog) different from Western scale -use of different sized gong instruments to "punctuate" phrases -often accompanies dance, dance drama, and shadow puppetry. -Almost all gamelan music strictly instrumental; variety of different ensembles -emsemble directed by melodic instrument player, with drummers (usually 2 of them) -Shimmery effect from tuning one instrument of a pair slightly higher than the other. -emphasis on interlocking (often very fast) melodic and rhythmic patterns. -abrupt shifts in tempo and dynamics (volume level) -variety of textures, often stratified -cyclic repetition of phrases in some sections; but free, non repeating phrases in others. -flexible in some aspects; but in many pieces, melodic patterns, tempo, dynamics, and number of repetitions all determined by composer, before the performances.

four layers, or strata of Gamelan Music

1. elaboration of melody (small slab instruments, suling, small gongs) 2. Punctuation (smaller gongs every 4 beats) 3. Melody kept (slab instruments 16 beats) 4. Gong playing at the end of each section

Kena

Andean vertical notched flute

Inti Illimani

Chilean Nueva Canción ensemble

Suling

End-blown bamboo flute (Java and Bali)

Sléndro scale system

F-tone scale, with nearly equidistant intervals (java and Bali)

Golpe

Flamenco guitar technique where one uses the fingers to tap on the soundboard of the guitar

Music of Latin America: Historical Contributions

Indigenous people--Pre Columbian states---Mayan, Aztec (Central America), Inca (Andes Mountains) ----2 general divisions today: -Highlands (Andes and foothills -Lowlands (Amazon basin)-many small tribes with cultures distinct from one another Iberians--Spanish and Portuguese Africans--Caribbean Islands as slaves. Many settled in Ecuador and became miners of emeralds (Esmerelda). Garifuna people of Honduras and Belize

Jakarta

Indonesia's national capital

Angklung

Indonesian musical instrument made of two to four bamboo tubes attached to a bamboo frame

Gong

Largest variety of hanging knobbed gong

3 General Types of Cultural Groups today

Mestizo-combination of native and Iberian traits. -Their culture includes costumed dances. -Use Diatonic harps, Violins, Guitars, mandolin (charango), Brass bands, Flutes, Marimbas, and many drums including Bomba (2 headed drum). -Use European scales and harmonies. -Use Hemiola (combination of/alternation between duple and triple feel in rhythm) -Songs with repeated sections Native American-Highland and Lowland. Differences between Mestizo and NA culture are often blurred. -Lowland--the Amazon basin, similar to Native North American music -Highland--Andes mountains and their foothills. -Well known tribes are the Aymara and Quechua -solo music is unheard of in the Aymara tribe -Instruments used include drums and wind instruments, panpipes in ensembles, several types of flutes including the Kenas. African American -(Afro-Brazilian)--Salvador, Bahia, birthplace of the Samba -(Afro-Hispanic)--the Caribbean -Polyrhythms -Call and response style -Dense, thick textures -Instruments include Mbira, Berimbau (musical bow used in Capoeira), single headed drums, Agogo (double bell used in Samba)

Pathet (a major section of a shadow play)

Musical mode; also major section of shadow play (Java)

Gendhing

Musical piece for gamelan, with regular beat and punctuation (Java, sometimes used in Bali also)

Krakatau

Name of ethane-jazz fusion group; also name of volcanic island located between java and sumatra

Surakarta (Solo)

One of two famous court cities in central Java, where traditional gamelan music and arts have flourished in most elaborate and refined forms.

Yogyakarta (Jogjakarta - Yogya)

One of two famous court cities in central Java, where traditional gamelan music and arts have flourished in most elaborate and refined forms.

Ramayana

One of two major Indian epics widely known in java and Bali; centers on story of prince rama

Mahabharata

One of two majors Indian epics widely known in Java and Bali; centers on conflict between rival sets of cousins, culminating in major war.

Pélog scale system

Seven tone scale, of small and large intervals (Java and Bali)

Wayang Kulit

Showdow puppetry, using flat leather puppets made of water buffalo hide

Gamelan gong kebyar

Type of gamelan (and dance) created in twentieth century bali, also known as flash and burst forth

Celempung

Zither usually with twenty four to twenty-six strings in double courses ( Java)

Rebab

a spiked fiddle

Zampoña music

an ensemble of panpipes playing some melody at various pitch levels

Quichua

an indigenous language of the Andes

Isorhythmic

equal rhythm, same rhythm (may be different notes though). Rhythm of the first half of the phrase is characteristically identical or nearly so to the rhythm of the second half

Colin McPhee

ethnomusicologist who wrote a book which ended up helping Bali revive their musical culture.

pesindhèn

female soloists

Capoeira

fight disguised as a dance

Diatonic harp (Imbabura harp)

harp with pedals that is tuned to one particular scale and cannot be changed quickly

Soft-playing ensembles

includes singing, and usually played indoors at ceremonies

gérong

java male chorus

Panji

legendary prince in Indonesia and his life is often reinterpreted/reenacted through the shadow puppetry

Hocketing

melody is dispersed among two or more voices or instruments; when one sounds, the others do not

standard makeup of a gamelan ensemble:

metal slab instruments Tuned gongs At least one drum May add winds, strings, xylophones

Berimbau

musical bow used in Capoeira

Loud-playing ensembles

no singing, usually outside at festivals and such

Colotomic form

piece of music divided into sections with each section ending with the striking of large gong

Landó

reconstructed genre of Afro-Peruvian music

Requinto guitar

smaller, higher pitched guitar (heard playing at the beginning of the Leche song)

dhalang

the puppeteer in the wayang kulit puppet dances

role of the drum

to set tempo and direct dynamics--lead

Ubud

town in the uplands of Bali known as a center for traditional crafts and dance

K'antu

type of ceremonial panpipe music from the altiplano of Peru and Bolivia.

Charango

type of guitar that has a body made of a shell of an armadillo

Hemiola/Sesquialtera

type of metrical rhythm: simultaneous feeling of 3/4 and 6/8 meter. This is the heart and soul of much Hispanic-derived Latin American regional folk music

Sanjuan

type of song played at the festival of St John the Baptist or a type of dance performed at the festival. Often contains a harp with pedals (diatonic harp)

Gamelan

word for ensemble of instruments, predominantly precision (central, easter, and western java; Bali and southern Kalimantan and Malaysia).