World War II

American war production turned the tide of the war in favor of the ____________________.

Allies

Benjamin O. ____________________, the highest-ranking African American officer in the U.S. Army, was appointed to brigadier-general by President Roosevelt.

Davis

The worst racial violence between African Americans and whites during wartime erupted in ____________________ on Sunday, June 20, 1943.

Detroit

World War II soldiers were called "GIs" because their clothing bore the label "G.I.," meaning "______________________________."

Government Issue

The atomic bomb was first dropped on the Japanese city of ____________________.

Hiroshima

Colonel Oveta Culp ____________________ was in command of the Women's Army Corps.

Hobby

The enormous B-24 bomber was called "the ____________________."

Liberator

General Leslie R. Groves organized a team of engineers and scientists to build an atomic bomb at a secret laboratory in ____________________, New Mexico

Los Alamos

The American program to build an atomic bomb was code-named the __________________________.

Manhattan Project

The United States dropped an atomic bomb code-named "Fat Man" on the city of ____________________.

Nagasaki

The Allies landed their invasion forces in the area of France called ____________________.

Normandy

The code name for the Allied invasion of France was __________________________.

Operation Overlord

A. Philip ____________________, the head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters—a major union for African American railroad workers—was frustrated that factories still resisted hiring African Americans even with the labor shortage.

Randolph

By putting the Germans on the defensive, the Soviet forces created a turning point in the war in Europe at the Battle of ____________________.

Staklingrad

The growth of southern California and the expansion of cities in the Deep South during World War II created a new industrial region called the ____________________.

Sunbelt

The 99th Pursuit Squadron, an African American unit of fighter pilots who played an important role during the Battle of Anzio, became known as the _________________________.

Tuskegee Airmen

33. Based on the map, which region gained more people than it lost? a. West b. North c. South d. There was no net gain for any region.

a

34. Where were the largest cities located? a. on the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts c. in the center of the country b. in the South d. on the East Coast

a

50. In the passage above, which two fronts was Roosevelt referring to? a. Japan and Germany c. Germany and Italy b. Japan and China d. Germany and the Soviet Union

a

62. Which of the following statements best summarizes the point Davis is making? a. The indignities of segregation are an insult to African American soldiers. b. African American soldiers are not equipped to deal with Southern segregation. c. The military should stop enlisting African American soldiers. d. The armed forces should be integrated.

a

After the war, the Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) tried to a. help Japanese Americans regain property lost during the relocation. b. help Japanese Americans return to Japan for a better life. c. encourage Japanese Americans to join the U.S. military. d. encourage Japanese Americans to establish their own state or reservations similar to Native Americans.

a

As a result of the Allied attack on Sicily, a. the Italian king arrested Mussolini. b. Hitler removed Mussolini from power. c. Mussolini surrendered Italy. d. Mussolini took his own life.

a

During World War II, the Army enlisted women for the first time, although they were barred from a. combat. c. the barracks. b. basic training. d. clerical positions.

a

During World War II, who was the highest-ranking African American officer? a. Benjamin O. Davis, Sr. c. John Pershing b. A. Phillip Randolph d. Oveta Culp Hobby

a

How did Navajo soldiers help the Allies regain islands in the Pacific during World War II? a. Navajo soldiers used their native language to code messages that the Japanese could not decipher. b. Navajo fighter pilots escorted bombers to Nagasaki and Hiroshima. c. Navajo fighter pilots firebombed Japan once the Allies controlled Iwo Jima. d. Navajo soldiers were part of a tank battalion that halted the Axis forces at the Battle of the Bulge.

a

On November 8, 1942, the American invasion of North Africa began under the command of General a. Dwight D. Eisenhower. c. Douglas MacArthur. b. George Patton. d. Chester Nimitz.

a

One part of the American plan for the defeat of Japan called for General MacArthur's troops to advance through the Solomon Islands, capture the north coast of New Guinea, and then retake a. the Philippines. c. Indonesia. b. Manchuria. d. Australia.

a

Rosie the Riveter was a symbol of a. the campaign to hire women to work in factories during the war. b. women who joined the armed forces. c. Japanese civilians who were sent to internment camps. d. Mexican farmworkers who helped with the harvest.

a

The Bataan Death March occurred in a. the Philippines. c. Corregidor. b. North Africa. d. the Soviet Union.

a

The Germans' goal for the Battle of the Bulge was to cut off Allied supplies coming through the port of a. Antwerp, Belgium. c. Helsinki, Finland. b. Odense, Denmark. d. Nice, France.

a

The Office of Price Administration began rationing, or limiting the availability of, many consumer products to make sure enough were available for a. military use. c. children. b. the elderly. d. schools.

a

The Pittsburgh Courier argued that African Americans should join the war effort in order to achieve a double victory over Hitler's racism and racism at home in a campaign called a. "Double V." c. "Fight for Right." b. "Tuskegee Airmen." d. "Two V."

a

The growth of southern California and cities in the Deep South created a new industrial region known as a. the Sunbelt. c. Belle Isle. b. the Southwest. d. the military zone.

a

The secret American program to build an atomic bomb was called a. the Manhattan Project. c. V-J Day. b. Operation Overlord. d. the Enola Gay Project.

a

Why was the Battle of Stalingrad important? a. It put the Germans on the defensive for the rest of the war. b. It led to the development of radar, sonar, and other new technologies. c. It allowed the British to recapture the Suez Canal. d. It was the first victory for the Americans and the British in Europe.

a

31. What does this passage tell us about the way World War II was won? a. Having superior equipment intimidated the enemy. b. Moving troops and supplies quickly was critical. c. Ground troops had the most difficult job. d. Without jeeps and trucks, soldiers had to walk.

b

32. What does this passage tell you about the Germans? a. Their troops were not well trained. b. They could not move supplies and troops as quickly as the Allies. c. They had better mobility on the battlefield. d. They had fewer troops than the Allies.

b

51. What did Henry Stimson believe that companies needed in order to rapidly mobilize the economy? a. unions c. tax increases b. incentives d. awards

b

61. Based on the excerpt, what was Saunders Redding's position on African Americans fighting in World War II? a. He believed that they should not fight for a country that did not treat them as equal citizens. b. He believed that they should fight for the United States based on the ideal of equality. c. He believed that the segregated military would continue to oppress African Americans in the United States. d. He believed that the United States should stay out of European entanglements.

b

A central purpose of the Office of War Information was a. coordinating espionage. b. improving the public's understanding of the war. c. developing encrypted codes. d. stabilizing wages and prices.

b

A key to the American success at Midway was a. the use of new sonar and radar technology. b. breaking the Japanese Navy's secret code. c. the use of long-range B-25 bombers launched from aircraft carriers. d. American submarines.

b

As a result of a presidential order allowing the military to declare any part of the United States to be a military zone, a. many areas of the West became off-limits to civilians. b. many Japanese Americans were moved to internment camps. c. much of the Nevada desert became a weapons testing ground. d. many military installations sprang up along the West Coast.

b

At the Tehran Conference, Roosevelt and Stalin agreed to a. launch an attack on Italy before invading France. b. divide Germany after the war. c. use atomic weapons against Japan. d. destroy Germany's economy through strategic bombing.

b

Blue points and red points were a system for a. rewarding American civilians. c. prioritizing targets for attack. b. rationing goods. d. mapping opposing forces.

b

During World War II, Americans bought over $150 billion worth of bonds in order to a. donate part of their wages to the military. b. lend the government money to pay for the war. c. avoid paying taxes. d. finance public works projects.

b

If British and American troops opened a second front by attacking Germany from the west, it would take pressure off the a. Pacific war. c. Italians. b. Soviet Union. d. French.

b

In 1942 Secretary of War Henry Stimson declared most of the West Coast a military zone and ordered all people of Japanese ancestry to relocate to a. Japan. c. the Sunbelt. b. internment camps. d. the East Coast.

b

In 1944, at the Dumbarton Oaks Estate in Washington, D.C., delegates from 39 countries met to discuss a new international organization, which was to be called the a. League of Nations. c. Allies. b. United Nations. d. International Military Tribunal.

b

In 1945 the Supreme Court ruled in the case of Ex parte Endo that a. American citizens could not speak out against the war effort publicly. b. the relocation of Japanese Americans was constitutional. c. loyal American citizens could not be held against their will. d. the Espionage Act of 1917 was unconstitutional.

b

In June 1942, decoded Japanese messages alerted the United States to the planned Japanese attack on a. Hawaii. c. the Philippines. b. Midway. d. Manchuria.

b

It took the Allies five months to break through the German lines at Cassino and a. Pas-de-Calais. c. Salerno. b. Anzio. d. Guadalcanal.

b

Roosevelt created the Fair Employment Practices Commission as a result of a. the success of the Bracero Program. b. a threatened protest of over 10,000 African-American men seeking jobs. c. the increase in the number of working women from 12.9 million to 18.8 million. d. the need for an agency to coordinate war production.

b

Roosevelt created the Fair Employment Practices Commission to a. meditate disputes between labor and management. b. end discrimination in hiring workers in defense industries. c. control wages and prices. d. coordinate all government housing projects.

b

The "Double V" campaign meant victory a. over Europe and victory in the Pacific. b. over Hitler's racism abroad and victory over racism at home. c. over the Nazis and victory over the Fascists. d. on land and victory on the seas.

b

The U.S. Marines had severe casualties at Tarawa in part because a. they had no air support. b. the shallow reef prevented many landing craft from reaching shore. c. the Japanese had the high ground of Mount Suribachi. d. the Japanese used kamikaze fighters against them.

b

The cost-plus system sped up war production by a. imposing penalties on companies that did not meet their production quotas. b. providing larger profits for companies that worked fast and produced a lot. c. allowing previously competing companies to work together. d. providing bonuses for superior workmanship in war production.

b

Which group played a vital role in the war effort after almost half of the soldiers had been in internment camps located in the American Southwest? a. African Americans c. Mexican Americans b. Japanese Americans d. Native Americans

b

46. The excerpt above describes the events during the early years of World War II when a. Japanese formed the first all-Japanese army unit. b. Japanese citizens were sent back to Japan. c. Japanese Americans were relocated to internment camps. d. Japanese Americans had to move into restricted areas in cities.

c

69. Based on the excerpt, the internment Japanese Americans during World War II was a result of a. well-founded concerns that they posed an immediate threat to U.S. national security. b. evidence that they were plotting to sabotage the American war effort. c. fears they posed a threat to national security, although no sabotage had been carried out by Japanese Americans. d. attacks carried out by a small minority of Japanese Americans.

c

At the Tehran Conference, the Allied leaders agreed a. to name the invasion of France Operation Overlord. b. to return Mussolini to power. c. that the Soviet Union would help fight Japan after Germany was defeated. d. that Allied forces would not land in Pas-de-Calais.

c

Attacks on American cargo ships by German submarines led to the development of the a. cost plus system. c. convoy system. b. liberty ship. d. victory garden.

c

During World War II, women were recruited into the military to a. serve in light combat. c. release men for combat. b. serve as cooks and nurses. d. entertain the troops.

c

Faced with the massive destruction caused by atomic bombs and the shock of the Soviets joining the war, the Japanese emperor ordered his government to surrender on August 15, 1945— a. Armistice Day. c. V-J Day. b. V-E Day. d. Veterans Day.

c

How did the successes of the Tuskegee Airmen and other African American units influence U.S. military policy? a. President Roosevelt ordered the military to begin recruiting African Americans soldiers and officers. b. President Roosevelt desegregated the military in 1941 following the creation of the 99th Pursuit Squadron. c. President Truman fully integrated the military in 1948 following the war. d. President Truman continued the policy of segregated armies.

c

In the case Korematsu v. United States, the Supreme Court ruled that relocation of Japanese Americans was a. constitutional, but the government had to pay them for property losses. b. unconstitutional, and they had to be released at once. c. constitutional because it was based on military urgency. d. unconstitutional because it was based on race.

c

Iwo Jima was an important objective for the American military because a. the Japanese were using it as a base to attack the U.S. fleet. b. the main Japanese naval force was stationed there. c. U.S. planes could bomb Japan from there. d. the islands were an important link in the Japanese supply lines.

c

Japan's goal in attacking Midway was to a. gain a base from which to attack Hawaii. b. cut American supply lines to Australia. c. destroy the American fleet. d. gain control of resources on Midway.

c

Migrant farm workers became an important part of the Southwest's agricultural system as a result of a. the planting of victory gardens. c. the Bracero Program. b. Roosevelt's Executive Order 8802. d. the Great Migration.

c

Nearly one-third of all military equipment made during the war was manufactured by the a. steel industry. c. automobile industry. b. ship-building industry. d. aircraft industry.

c

Roosevelt decided to invade Morocco and Algeria in order to a. take pressure off of the Soviet Union. b. take control of the Suez Canal. c. help the British troops fight the Germans in Egypt. d. avoid invading Japan.

c

The automobile industry was uniquely suited to the mass production of a. "Government Issue" clothing. b. ships. c. military equipment. d. buildings to house soldiers.

c

The bombing campaign between January 1943 and May 1945 did not destroy Germany's economy or undermine German morale, but it did destroy many aircraft factories, wrecked the railroad system, and caused a severe a. water shortage. c. oil shortage. b. ecological crisis. d. political scandal.

c

The most difficult task facing cities with war industries was a. renting "hot beds." c. finding housing. b. relocating Japanese Americans. d. rationing.

c

The purpose of the Nuremberg Trials was to a. test the newly developed atomic bomb. b. build an organization that would prevent another war. c. punish German leaders for war crimes. d. remove the emperor of Japan from power.

c

What-African American military unit was commended for its service during the Battle of the Bulge? a. the Tuskegee Airmen c. the 761st Tank Battalion b. the 332nd Fighter Group d. the 442nd Regimental Combat Team

c

Which units, comprised of Japanese Americans, were the most decorated in the history of the United States military? a. the Tuskegee Airmen and the 332nd Fighter Group b. the 332nd Fighter Group and the 761st Tank Battalion c. the 100th Infantry and the 442nd Regimental Combat Team d. the 332nd Fighter Group and the 100th Infantry

c

On April 25, 1945, representatives from 50 countries came to San Francisco to officially organize the United Nations and design its ____________________, or constitution.

charter

Shortly after the Supreme Court ruling in Korematsu v. the United States, which stated that the relocation of Japanese Americans was constitutional, the Court ruled in Ex Parte Endo that loyal American ____________________ could not be held against their will.

citizens

The loss of many ships in the Atlantic convinced the U.S. Navy to set up a ____________________ system, in which navy warships would escort groups of cargo ships.

convoy

35. What do you think the woman was making? a. soldiers' uniforms c. flags b. ammunition d. aircraft

d

45. Which of the following choices best completes the diagram? a. D-Day c. Double-V Day b. V-G Day d. V-E Day

d

After France surrendered to Germany in June 1940, two members of Congress introduced the a. War Production Board. b. Women's Army Auxiliary Corps. c. Reconstruction Finance Corporation. d. Selective Service and Training Act.

d

Capturing Stalingrad was the key to Hitler's strategy to a. show that Communism did not work. b. force Stalin to sign a treaty. c. draw China into the war. d. destroy the Soviet economy.

d

Companies that wanted to convert their factories to war production received loans from the a. Office of War Mobilization. b. Selective Service. c. Cost-Plus System. d. Reconstruction Finance Corporation.

d

How did General Curtis LeMay attempt to destroy Japan's war production? a. by invading Okinawa b. by island hopping in the Pacific c. by dropping an atomic bomb on Hiroshima d. by firebombing Japanese cities

d

In 1942, Churchill and Roosevelt agreed to attack the edges of the German empire because they believed that a. if they defeated Germany in North Africa, the Germans would surrender. b. invading North Africa was the best way to take pressure off the Soviet Union. c. the German commander in Egypt, General Erwin Rommel, was a poor leader. d. their countries were not ready to launch a full-scale invasion of Europe.

d

Invading Iwo Jima proved difficult because of the island's rugged terrain and a. a coral reef surrounding the island. b. large waves that swamped American landing craft. c. kamikaze attacks on American forces. d. a vast network of bunkers built by the Japanese.

d

Liberty ships could be produced quickly because they were a. made of steel rather than iron. c. riveted rather than welded. b. made with thick hulls. d. assembled from prefabricated parts.

d

On April 18, 1942, American bombs fell on Japan for the first time when the carriers' usual short-ranged bombers were replaced with long-range a. paratroopers. c. radar. b. code breakers. d. B-25 bombers.

d

On June 6, 1944, nearly 7,000 ships carrying more than 100,000 soldiers set sail for the coast of a. Northern Africa. c. Japan. b. the Philippines. d. Normandy.

d

The Allies placed inflated rubber tanks, empty tents, and dummy landing craft along the coast of Britain to convince the Germans that a. the Allies had more troops than they really had. b. an invasion of Britain would be futile. c. the Allies planned to invade the coast of Germany rather than France. d. the Allies planned to land their invasion forces in Pas-de-Calais.

d

The Battle of the Atlantic slowly turned in favor of the Allies, in part due to new technology, including depth charges, sonar, and a. B-25 bombers. c. convoy systems. b. mass production. d. radar.

d

The U.S. caused massive fires in Tokyo by dropping bombs filled with a. amphtrac. c. grease. b. dynamite. d. napalm.

d

To help farmers in the Southwest overcome the labor shortage, the government introduced the a. Migrant Worker Program. c. Rosie the Riveter Program. b. Relocation Program. d. Bracero Program.

d

Where did American military planners choose to invade in order to stockpile supplies and build up troops for an invasion of Japan? a. Hiroshima c. Iwo Jima b. Nagasaki d. Okinawa

d

Why were the Japanese unable to decipher the messages of the Navajo code talkers? a. The Navajo code talkers used a code that consisted of a series of whistle-like noises. b. The Navajo code talkers had an advanced code machine that was an early form of computer. c. The Navajo code talkers devised a complex mathematical formula based on their native numeric system. d. The Navajo code talkers used their native language which had no written alphabet and was spoken by only a few people besides the Navajo.

d

Many Japanese leaders were willing to surrender after the capture of Okinawa, but they would not accept the American demand for unconditional surrender, which included the ____________________ losing power.

emperor

After Italy's surrender, German troops seized control of northern Italy, attacked the Americans at Salerno, and put Lenin back in power.

f

Hitler was convinced that the only way to defeat the Soviet Union was with naval attacks.

f

In World War II, the United States suffered more casualties in combat than any of its allies.

f

In the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Japanese sank or badly damaged most of the U.S. Navy's aircraft carriers.

f

In the trials for war crimes after World War II, the Japanese emperor was sentenced to death.

f

Joseph Stalin wanted the Americans to send troops to the eastern front to help defend the Soviet Union.

f

On May 13, 1943, the last German forces in France surrendered.

f

The American landing at Omaha Beach went very well, unlike the landing at Gold Beach.

f

The use of firebombs filled with ____________________, a kind of jellied gasoline, was very controversial because the fires would also kill civilians.

napalm

Certain materials such as spare rubber, tin, aluminum, and steel were so vital to the war effort that the government organized ____________________ drives.

scrap

The War Labor Board tried to prevent ____________________ that might endanger the war effort.

strikes

A problem encountered in the island-hopping campaign in the central Pacific was that many of the islands were coral reef atolls.

t

Adolf Hitler committed suicide.

t

Although the troops in the Bataan Peninsula surrendered in April 1942, a small force held out on the island of Corregidor in Manila Bay until May of that year.

t

American naval attacks forced the Japanese to limit their attack on New Guinea and kept the American supply lines to Australia open.

t

During World War II, American workers were more productive than German workers or Japanese workers.

t

In order to stop the American invasion, the Japanese sent four aircraft carriers from the north to the Philippines while secretly dispatching another fleet to the west.

t

President Truman fully integrated the military after World War II was over.

t

Roosevelt agreed with Churchill to attack the periphery of the German Empire and in July 1942 ordered the invasion of Morocco and Algeria.

t

The Allies' massive bombing campaign against Germany destroyed so many aircraft factories that the Allies gained total control of the air.

t

The Doolittle Raid convinced Japanese leaders to attack Midway Island.

t

The invasion of Normandy had to begin at night to hide the ships crossing the English Channel.

t

World War II put an end to the Great Depression.

t

By the summer of 1942, almost all major industries and some 200,000 companies had converted to ____________________ production.

war

Damaged Liberty ships could often get back to port, make repairs, and return to service because they were ____________________ instead of riveted.

welded