Writing & News Reporting: FINAL EXAM

Identify the 3 BEST ways journalists can double-check information they glean from social media sources. (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 6: How to find sources, stories for your beat and more)

1. Eavesdrop on social media chatter 2. Cross check and organize your social media information by using resources such as Tweetdeck and/or Hootsuite 3. Twxplorer (twxplorer.knightlab.com)

Define "acquittal." (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

Acquittal—A judgment that a person is not guilty of the crime with which the person has been charged.

TRUE or FALSE: A journalist should always be nice during an interview, and stay away from touchy topics that could harm the interviewee. (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 7: The art of interviewing)

FALSE! Remember, your job is not to be nice. It is to be fair and to get information that your audience needs to know. Politeness is part of this, but that does not mean you are a pushover.

Federal law enforcement officials include what two groups? (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

Federal law enforcement officials include: 1. U.S. Marshals Service 2. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).

Define "felony." (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

Felony—is considered much more serious and is punishable by more than a year in prison. Examples include murder, kidnapping, and rape.

What does it mean for reporters to "humanize the story?" (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 10—City hall, government, and meetings)

It is up to you, the reporter, to extract the key points that affect your audience most. It's referred to as "humanizing the story." Make the story relevant to your audience, so they learn whatever it is you are trying to tell them. Show them why this news matters to them and why stories that originate in government matter.

Define "question lead." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

Question lead—Ask a question of your readers so they'll stick around to see what the answer is in your story. Use the question lead sparingly and be sure to answer the question high up in your story. This tends to work best in online news stories.

What is the MAIN reason journalists use quotes in their stories? (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 4: The basics of writing news for online, print, radio, and TV)

Quotes are your proof, your evidence, and often your detail and color. When quoting some-one, you must quote accurately, verbatim, and in context. Failure to do this can be misleading, can cast your source in a false light, and can call into question your credibility.

Define "preliminary hearing." (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

Preliminary hearing—A hearing to determine if a person charged with a felony should be tried.

Define "public shaming." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 2: Guiding Principles of Practicing Accurate and Fair Journalism)

In the news world, it is a form of punishment whose main feature is dishonoring or disgracing a person in a public outlet/social media platform.

"____________ ____________" do require a "hook and point" at the top to entice the listener and viewer to want to stay tuned. (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 4: The basics of writing news for online, print, radio, and TV)

"Broadcast stories."

State the First Amendment. (HINT: "Congress shall make no law...") ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 3: Law for Journalists in a Digital Age)

"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances." —First Amendment, U.S. Constitution, 17911

"____________ _________________" has become such a phenomenon because of the tremendous amount of data currently available and the increasing power of computers to crunch that data. (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 8: Accessing and understanding data, public records, surveys, and studies)

"Data journalism."

How does the SPJ view the term "copyright" and how it correlates to journalism? (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 3: Law for Journalists in a Digital Age)

"Fair use protects journalists' free speech rights from within the struc-ture of copyright. Those rights fuel journalists' mission to inform the public," says the booklet. "Journalists use it, often without thinking about it or even knowing they are doing so, to quote or paraphrase source material, to provide proof or illustration of assertions, and to engage in comment or critique, among other uses."

In regards to the term "defamation," what does it mean for information to be considered "false information?" ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 3: Law for Journalists in a Digital Age)

"False information" must be a purported statement of fact. If someone is expressing an opinion, it cannot be proven objectively true or false and therefore cannot be defamation. In addition, opinion is protected by the First Amendment. Truth is also fair game.

"__________________________" is a common saying among television journalists. (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

"If it bleeds, it leads"

In regards to the term "defamation," what does it mean for information to be considered "unprivileged?" ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 3: Law for Journalists in a Digital Age)

"Privileged speech" includes speech between an attorney and client, some legislative sessions, and speech in court. In these cases, "free speech is so important that the speakers should not be constrained by worries that they will be sued for defamation." Ultimately, you must be sure that the person upon whom you are reporting is actually the person in question. You must also be certain that you are reporting only on the known facts and not assuming anything.

In regards to the term "defamation," what does it mean for information to be "published?" ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 3: Law for Journalists in a Digital Age)

"Published" does not necessarily mean printed in a magazine or online article. It only needs to be heard, read, or seen by one other person in order to qualify as "published."

What does it mean for journalists to "scrape" the data? (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 8: Accessing and understanding data, public records, surveys, and studies)

"Scraping"— is basically using code to "read" a web-site or app and pull, harvest, or extract data from that website or app. Scraping can also involve organizing unstructured data into some sort of spreadsheet, often an Excel or .CSV file. If an outlet wants to prevent you from accessing its raw data, it may present its data only in .PDF form, making extraction more difficult.

How should a journalist go about building relationships with hard-to-reach sources? (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 8: Accessing and understanding data, public records, surveys, and studies)

"The easiest route is always just to ask someone for information or send them an email. It's only when you're looking for a lot of difficult records that it can get tenuous."

What is deemed the highest, primary obligation of ethical journalism? (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 2: Guiding Principles of Practicing Accurate and Fair Journalism)

"The highest and primary obligation of ethical journalism is to serve the public."

According to the book, when does a journalist's "real" defense begin? (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 3: Law for Journalists in a Digital Age)

"[The journalist's] defense begins when they're checking their facts," Gutterman says. "Copy editors save more people than lawyers in defamation cases.

Journalists should have the expertise to construct facts and information secured from an interview into a "____________ ____________." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 7: The art of interviewing)

"coherent narrative."

"The main consideration for journalists when it comes to copyright is "__________ ______." ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 3: Law for Journalists in a Digital Age)

"fair use."

As a journalist, your primary goal is to get information that "____________" and "____________" your audience. (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 7: The art of interviewing)

"informs" and "enlightens."

One of the primary tasks of a journalist is to gather information, and one of the primary ways to gather information is through the "____________." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 7: The art of interviewing)

"interview."

A basic news story needs to be clear and concise throughout, and the "____________ ____________" (i.e. lead, elaboration of the lead, killer quote, nut graph, opposing voices, end) allows journalists to write a story that makes sense to their audience. (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 4: The basics of writing news for online, print, radio, and TV)

"inverted pyramid."

"Defamation includes "____________" and "____________." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 3: Law for Journalists in a Digital Age)

"libel" and "slander."

The First Amendment protects the "___________" and "____________" of communication. (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 3: Law for Journalists in a Digital Age)

"means" and "forms."

A "________ ___________" typically follows the soft opening in a news feature, helping the audience understand why the story is important and relevant to the public. (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

"nut graph"

In the 1970s, as computers became part of the process, "data journalism" was termed "_____________ ______________" or "_____________-___________ ____________." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 8: Accessing and understanding data, public records, surveys, and studies)

"precision journalism" or computer-assisted reporting (CAR).

According to Kelly McBride, media ethicist and vice president for academic programs at the Poynter Institute, seeking truth also means "defining the story and making sure it is "____________" and "____________." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 2: Guiding Principles of Practicing Accurate and Fair Journalism)

"specific and actionable."

According to the book, stories need "____________ ____________." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 6: How to find sources, stories for your beat and more)

"universal appeal."

Finding stories, whether you're on a beat or not, requires research and knowing "____________" to go for original information. (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 6: How to find sources, stories for your beat and more)

"where."

List the 6 MAIN ways an ethical journalist can "seek truth and report it." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 2: Guiding Principles of Practicing Accurate and Fair Journalism)

1. Always verify information before publishing it 2. Clearly identify sources 3. Ensure sources are credible 4. Give the audience context to help them understand the story 5. Correct information when necessary 6. Allow people to respond to allegations against them

List the 5 MAIN types of leads. ***IMPORTANT (ESSAY QUESTION!) (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

1. Anecdotal lead—Focuses on a person, place, or thing that exemplifies what the story is about. 2. Narrative lead—An opening that creates vivid details and dramatic action that make readers feel as if they are there. 3. Descriptive lead—An opening that uses vivid details to set the stage or scene. 4. Question lead—Ask a question of your readers so they'll stick around to see what the answer is in your story. Use the question lead sparingly and be sure to answer the question high up in your story. This tends to work best in online news stories. 5. Summary lead—Different from a hard news lead, a summary lead in features can offer readers a quick burst of information, a snappy quote, or a preview of what's to come in a feature.

Identify the 4 MAIN actions a journalist should engage in when writing profile pieces. (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

1. Avoid stereotyping. Journalists should examine the ways their values and experiences may shape their reporting. 2. Balance the public's need for information against potential harm or discomfort. 3. Show compassion for those who may be affected by news coverage. 4. Realize that private people have a greater right to control information about themselves than public figures and others who seek power, influence, or attention.

Identify and explain the 4 MAIN "interview pitfalls." ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 7: The art of interviewing)

1. Being overly aggressive. You need to allow the interviewee to make their point. You can always ask a follow-up question but only interrupt if it is absolutely necessary. 2. Sticking just to questions on the list. This pitfall is where interviews go to die. Listen and respond accordingly. 3. Acting superior. This interview and this story are not about you. You are not a diva or celebrity. Journalists are stewards of the public trust, and you must keep that at the forefront. 4. Allowing the interviewee to drive. This can happen because you failed to prepare, lack confidence, or are intimidated. However, it should never happen. Do everything you need to do to ensure you remain in control and get the information you need to advance the story.

List the 6 MAIN tips the book gives for writing/utilizing interview questions. ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 7: The art of interviewing)

1. Consider a list of topics, rather than specific questions. 2. Avoid YES or NO questions. (It is sometimes OK to ask yes-or-no questions when you need a direct, definitive answer, but be sure to follow up with something that allows for a meatier response.) 3. Ask just one question at a time (or you run the risk that the interviewee will choose to only answer part of what you asked). 4. Think about potential follow up questions. 5. Don't be afraid to re-ask a question, if you don't get the answer you want (you can always phrase it as if you're trying to be sure you heard it right or get clarity.) 6. Be prepared to go off script—LISTEN.

Identify the 3 PRIMARY laws governing journalists. ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 3: Law for Journalists in a Digital Age)

1. Copyright [laws] 2. Defamation 3. The First Amendment

Define "bench trial." (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

A trial can be a "bench trial," in which the judge hears the evidence and makes a decision with no jury. However, for the most part, every criminal defendant has the Constitutional right to a jury trial.

Identify the 7 MAIN principles that help a journalist determine of their use is fair use. ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 3: Law for Journalists in a Digital Age)

1. Copyrighted material captured incidentally in the process of gathering news 2. Proof of substantiation in news reporting or analysis 3. Cultural reporting and criticism 4. Illustration in news reporting or analysis 5. Historical reference in news reporting or analysis 6. Starting or expanding a public discussion of news 7. Add value and knowledge to evolving news

Identify the 2 MAIN things journalists should consider when seeking out sources for a story. ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 4: The basics of writing news for online, print, radio, and TV)

1. Covering all sides 2. Verification.

List the 3 PRIMARY responsibilities of a reporter. ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 6: How to find sources, stories for your beat and more)

1. Getting the facts right 2. Double-checking sources 3. Lining up information so it is clear and concise

List the 4 MAIN categories of privacy law. ***IMPORTANT! (Class Lecture)

1. Intrusion 2. False light 3. Appropriation 4. Commercialization and right of publicity

List the 10 MAIN types of "story structures" found in good news writing. ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

1. List approach— offers information in a bulleted list. Lists work well online and on mobile because you can create a visual chart of pictures and words, making it easier for consumers to understand the news. 2. Q&A—We often see Q&A formats in magazines, such as Rolling Stone or Vogue, and they work well when a journalist conducts an in-depth interview with a rock star or other celebrity. 3. Wall Street Journal method—The Wall Street Journal method typically starts with a soft lead (see below) and then moves to the main point of the story. It often contains an anecdotal opening followed by an informative nut graph. 4. Trend feature—goes beyond the profile because it examines a trend or a pattern. 5. Obituary—Obituaries are very similar to profiles in terms of focusing on one person, but they are written to announce the death of someone prominent. 6. Commentary—A news outlet often will offer opinion pieces or commentary in which a journalist or guest commentator can offer his or her opinion about an ongoing issue. 7. Op-ed—Opinion editorials or op-eds are different from news stories because they offer the writer's opinion (but different from talk in that the opinion is based on an educated analysis of news and information) 8. Editorial—is an opinion piece written by the editorial staff of a newspaper, magazine, or any publication. 9. Analysis—after a story breaks, journalists can interview a wide variety of experts on a topic such as terrorism and write a story that offers readers deep insight into the complexities behind the issue. 10. Profiles—the feature profile focuses on one person, place, or thing.

What are the 3 logistical questions a journalist should always ask at the start of an interview? (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 7: The art of interviewing)

1. Name 2. Spelling of name 3. Title (of the person, if they have one) ***Be sure to get this on tape.

Identify the 5 main concepts copyright law is designed to protect. ***IMPORTANT! (Class Lecture)

1. Original works of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression 2. Design features in clothing 3. Song recordings 4. Published and unpublished works 5. Compilations

Identify the 3 MAIN things the term "copyright" (as intellectual property) includes. (Class Lecture)

1. Patents 2. Trademarks 3. Copyright statutes

Identify the 2 MAIN objectives of a libel lawsuit. ***IMPORTANT! (Class Lecture)

1. Plaintiff is compensated for all losses 2. Defendant is punished The "burden of proof" is always going to fall on the plaintiff (i.e. they MUST prove that they have been defamed.)

Regardless of the topic, every great feature usually contains these five major elements. List ALL 5. ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

1. Powerful opening— Every great feature must start with a soft lead that intrigues readers and compels them to keep reading. 2. Strong nut graph (unique angle or hook)— 3. In-depth interviews and research— 4. Compelling characters— 5. Tension or conflict—

Identify the 3 concepts associated with the term "false light." (Class Lecture)

1. Publication 2. Identification 3. Falsity

Identify the 7 MAIN concepts associated with an individual's "exclusive rights and limitations" (HINT: copyright boundaries). ***IMPORTANT! (Class Lecture)

1. Rights to reproduce the work 2. Right to make "derivative" works—A "derivative" work is based upon one or more preexisting. 3. Right to publicly display the work. 4. Right to transmit a sound recording through digital audio means. 5. Some protections are not absolute. 6. First-sale doctrine. 7. Copyright as a bundle of rights.

List the SPJ's 4 MAIN "Guiding Principles of Journalism." ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 2: Guiding Principles of Practicing Accurate and Fair Journalism)

1. Seek Truth and Report It 2. Minimize Harm 3. Act Independently 4. Be Accountable and Transparent

Distinguish each of the 4 MAIN types of profile features. ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

1. Snapshot profiles—this is a mini-profile focusing on one element of a person's life. For example, a snapshot of a musician might just focus on one night at a bar, and the journalist would follow the musician from start to finish at the show. 2. Broadcast profiles—these profiles show the subject in action and concentrate on helping viewers understand the person as they do things. 3. Web profiles—think about a multi-pronged approach to storytelling. Perhaps a timeline is necessary to high-light the subject's accomplishments. Perhaps a video should be added to the package so viewers can see and hear the person in action. 4. Personality profile—this type of profile focuses on how the person behaves in relation to their craft. We learn about the person through words, actions, dress, and mannerisms. We also learn about this person by what others say and do around them.

List the 3 MAIN types of sound you can use in a radio piece. (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

1. Sound bites (i.e. cuts from those you have interviewed.) 2. Natural sound or nat sound 3. Sound beds (a piece of music or ambient sound that is placed "under" your voice track.)

According to the Brookings Institution, who are the 4 MAIN drivers of fake news? (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 2: Guiding Principles of Practicing Accurate and Fair Journalism)

1. Talk shows 2. Cable news 3. Citizen journalists 4. Foreign actors.

List the 3 MAIN cliches journalists should AVOID in their writing. (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

1. The "good news, bad news" lead. "The good news: It's going to be sunny in the Bay Area for the weekend. The bad news is this means there will be no rain for this drought-stricken region." 2. "Thanks to" lead. "Thanks to the fast-thinking efforts of firefighters, a family of five was rescued from a burning boat yesterday." 3. The "get no respect" lead. "Lawyers get no respect, but they can help you fight a lawsuit."

List the 3 MAIN types of "news interviews." ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 7: The art of interviewing)

1. The informational interview 2. The political interview 3. The interview with a bereaved (i.e. grieving) person

Identify the 5 MAIN elements contained in every basic news story. ***IMPORTANT!!!!! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 4: The basics of writing news for online, print, radio, and TV)

1. The lead 2. Elaboration of the lead 3. Strong quote from someone involved or knowledgeable about the event 4. Different perspective 5. Reaction from those who witnessed the event

Identify and define the 5 MAIN qualities of news. (HINT: TIPPCUE) ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 1: The Definition of Journalism in a Fast-Changing Landscape)

1. Timeliness: It's happening now. 2. Proximity: It hits close to home. 3. Impact: The issue affects many people. 4. Relevance: A change in a law that affects 10,000 people should be given much more important than something that affects a few. A lot of people know the person or issue you're talking about. 5. Odd or unusual: If we have never heard of it, we want to know more about it. Additionally: -Conflict: There is an issue occurring between opposing individuals or parties. -Prominence: It involves people of high esteem or importance. -Emotion: It tugs at the heartstrings or has a deep tie to the viewers.

According to Owen Thomas, editor of the San Franciscan Chronicle, what are the 5 MAIN things journalists must do in order to "stay on top?" (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 1: The Definition of Journalism in a Fast-Changing Landscape)

1. Understand how to use social media and technology 2. Produce stories that include visuals 3. Use data and create infographics 4. Understand how to find and engage audience 5. Learn enough about the back end of web searches and web pages to create smart algorithms to filter news and trends

List the 3 MAIN rules of thumb associated with sound beds. (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

1. Your sound bed should not contain lyrics. Lyrics will often compete with your voice track for attention, distracting the listener. 2. Your sound bed should be at a level or volume soft enough so that your voice track is heard clearly but loud enough that it can also be heard. 3. Your sound bed should relate to the story and set a tone for your listeners.

Identify the 4 types of personnel a Superior Court will have. ***IMPORTANT! (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

A Superior Court will usually have the following personnel: 1. A bailiff, who is often a deputy sheriff assigned to maintain order and security in the Court; 2. A clerk, who logs all proceedings and maintains the case calendar; 3. A court reporter, who formally records all testimony using a stenographer machine; 4. The judge.

Define "chapter structure." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

A chapter structure allows the writer to create blocks of a story that can be broken up into chapters or packages, which works well for web stories.

According to McBride, what is one of the MAIN ways a journalist can be accountable and transparent? (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 2: Guiding Principles of Practicing Accurate and Fair Journalism)

McBride says "responding to comments" is now a distinct part of the journalistic process.

Define "arraignment." (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

A court hearing in which the defendant is formally charged with a crime and enters a plea.

How does a "criminal case" begin? (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

A criminal case begins with the State District Attorney or federal U.S. Attorney filing a complaint in court. This is sometimes referred to as an indictment or charges. Most filings are publicly available, and all will be assigned a case number.

What is the key difference between a "data dump" and "journalism?" ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 8: Accessing and understanding data, public records, surveys, and studies)

A data dump is simply providing access to information. Journalism is curating the information, highlighting the important and impactful information, and providing context to your reader.

Define "indictment." (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

A formal charge or accusation of a serious crime.

What should a reporter do if they find themselves in a "checkbook journalism" situation? (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 2: Guiding Principles of Practicing Accurate and Fair Journalism)

A good rule of thumb is to avoid this situation entirely. If, however, you find yourself in a situation where the source content must be revealed and payment is the only option, bring it to your news team and news director or editor-in-chief. Any decision involving payment to a source must be made at the management level.

Define "copyright." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 3: Law for Journalists in a Digital Age)

A legal right that can be applied to a creation that grants the creator exclusive rights to its use and distribution in order to ensure they receive compensation for their effort.

What is "Creative Commons?" (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 3: Law for Journalists in a Digital Age)

A non-profit organization devoted to expanding the range of creative works available for others to build upon legally and to share. Creative Commons helps facilitate permissions by allowing the owners of the copyright to choose a license.

Define "police report." (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

A report of a specific crime that took place in a designated area; it is specific, not general.

Define "series." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

A series consists of at least two or more reports that build off the other yet the stories must stand alone.

Define "sound bed." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

A sound bed is a piece of music or ambient sound that is placed "under" your voice track.

Define "data journalism." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 8: Accessing and understanding data, public records, surveys, and studies)

A specialty focused on using data to tell stories and present information, as well as an interaction between content producers, designers, computer scientists, developers, and statisticians.

What is the ultimate goal of social media-based writing? ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 4: The basics of writing news for online, print, radio, and TV)

Above all, remember that on social media, audience engagement is the goal. When people do engage, respond and also weed out the trolls. Most importantly, continue your journalistic mission to inform, update, and communicate with your audience as you pursue news to help inform.

Define "misdemeanor." (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

Misdemeanor—is considered a lesser crime and carries a potential sentence of up to a year in jail and/or a fine. Examples of misdemeanors include petty theft, prostitution, trespassing, and vandalism.

Define "affidavit/declaration." (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

Affidavit or Declaration—Written statement of facts voluntarily made under penalty of perjury.

Define "infographic." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

An infographic gives readers a visual display of information, making it easier for them to understand the most important points about that data.

Define "soft news lead." ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

An opening that compels readers to care and want to know more. This kind of opening is called a soft lead. A soft lead in a print or online news feature usually runs anywhere from one to five paragraphs. It generally provides rich details of an event that has already happened, which is one reason why the story is not considered breaking news.

Explain the "analysis" approach. (HINT: Types of story structures.) (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

Analysis—after a story breaks, journalists can interview a wide variety of experts on a topic such as terrorism and write a story that offers readers deep insight into the complexities behind the issue.

Define "anecdotal lead." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

Anecdotal lead—Focuses on a person, place, or thing that exemplifies what the story is about. Example: 1999-05-12 04:00:00 PDT San Francisco: Eleven-year-old John O'Connor thought he had the perfect solution for busy parents and overworked staffers at the Presidio branch of the San Francisco Public Library: donate a half-hour of his free time every week helping kids learn how to read...

Define "interview with a bereaved person." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 7: The art of interviewing)

Another kind of interview a journalist may conduct is with a bereaved person. In this case, the person has lost a loved one, and it is your job to talk with the grieving source, get information relevant and important to your audience, and treat this person fairly. It is OK to put yourself in that person's shoes, but don't go overboard. Some detachment is necessary to do your job well. Show respect and empathize, but do not tiptoe. Be direct. Journalism is not sensationalism, and it is not our job to exploit people who are grieving.

How should a journalist ethically combat the damage caused by fake news? ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 2: Guiding Principles of Practicing Accurate and Fair Journalism)

As a journalist, you can do your part [in the fight against fake news] by verifying information before you release it, being as transparent as possible with your audience, and acting ethically toward your sources and in your newsgathering and reporting process.

What is a journalist's PRIMARY goal in a story? (HINT: Think why they are searching for sources/interviewing.) ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 7: The art of interviewing)

As a journalist, your primary goal: is to get information that informs and enlightens your audience.

Define "arraignment." (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

Arraignment—To call the accused before a criminal court to hear and answer the charge made against them.

Define "arrest." (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

Arrest—The act of seizing someone to take into custody.

In regards to the term "defamation," what does it mean for information to be considered "injurious?" ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 3: Law for Journalists in a Digital Age)

As for "injury," "the whole point of defamation law is to take care of injuries to reputation," says Nolo Press. "Those suing for defamation must show how their reputations were hurt by the false statement—for example, the person lost work; was shunned by neighbors, friends, or family members; or was harassed by the press."

Define "b-roll." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

B-roll—is supplemental video footage to help visualize your story. It contains content that is descriptive, such as landscapes, crime scenes, event wide shots, or your subject in action.

Define "bail." (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

Bail—The surety ordered by the court to allow for the temporary release of an accused person awaiting trial, usually including a condition that a sum of money or property be lodged to guarantee their appearance in court. If there is no bail set, then the defendant will be released on their "own recognizance."

Define "bail." (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

Bail—the amount a defendant will deposit as a bond to ensure they will return to court for further proceedings.

What is the best manner a journalist should employ when seeking information from hostile sources? (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 7: The art of interviewing)

Be polite.

Explain "elaboration of the lead." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 4: The basics of writing news for online, print, radio, and TV)

Because the lead should be short and to the point, journalists need to give their readers and viewers the relating details in the second paragraph (i.e. they need to elaborate on what the lead actually entails).

Before you walk in the room and sit down with a source, you must know WHAT 3 things? ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 7: The art of interviewing)

Before you walk in the room and sit down with a source, you must know: 1. What the story is (i.e. the subject and topic, and history of the story) 2. Whom you're talking to (i.e. the back story to their life) 3. Whom or what you're talking about

Define "bond." (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

Bond—This is an amount of money that, if paid, allows an arrested person to be released from jail.

What is the key difference between "slander" and "libel?" (Class Lecture)

Both defamations of someone's character, slander only includes spoken words, while libel is explicitly portrayed in a written format.

Define "broadcast profile." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

Broadcast profiles—these profiles show the subject in action and concentrate on helping viewers understand the person as they do things.

What does it mean to "interview the data?" ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 8: Accessing and understanding data, public records, surveys, and studies)

By "interviewing the data," Kummer says you ask the data questions. You analyze the information in public records and ask why things are the way they are. You look for patterns or data that doesn't seem to make sense.

Define "citizen journalism." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 1: The Definition of Journalism in a Fast-Changing Landscape)

Citizen journalism, also known as "participatory journalism," is the act of citizens "playing an active role in the process of collecting, reporting, analyzing, and disseminating news and information."

Define "civil case." (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

Civil cases involve lawsuits between two people or two parties.

What does it mean to "clean the data?" (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 8: Accessing and understanding data, public records, surveys, and studies)

Cleaning data—is the process of filtering the data to ensure you're isolating only the data elements that you need. The term "cleaning" may sound suspicious, but it is a perfectly normal process of handling data. Those with agendas and biases, however, can misuse this technique to spin the data toward a specific outcome.

Explain the "commentary" approach. (HINT: Types of story structures.) (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

Commentary—A news outlet often will offer opinion pieces or commentary in which a journalist or guest commentator can offer his or her opinion about an ongoing issue. Commen-tary is often written in first-person style, different from most news stories that appear in news outlets.

Define "composition." (HINT: interview) (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 7: The art of interviewing)

Composition—refers to the "look" of your interview.

Explain why a journalist must seek to "cover all sides" of a story. (HINT: sources) ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 4: The basics of writing news for online, print, radio, and TV)

Covering all sides: It is important to seek out multiple, diverse perspectives to ensure you are fully covering all relevant sides of a story.

How should a journalist (or public citizen) secure governmental information from inaccessible sources? (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 8: Accessing and understanding data, public records, surveys, and studies)

Data is not always available or accessible. In some cases, the government may not want to release data to the public. However, you may still be able to access the data by filing a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request for federal data or a Sunshine Act request for state, regional, or local data.

Criminal acts can be classified into two distinct categories...what are they? (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

Criminal acts fall into two categories: 1. Felonies 2. Misdemeanors

Define "defamation." ***IMPORTANT! (Class Lecture)

Defamation—Slander (spoken words) and libel (written words) that pose a danger to someone's reputation/character.

Define "defamation." ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 3: Law for Journalists in a Digital Age)

Defamation—is publishing a false statement about someone that causes that person to suffer harm to their reputation or mental state. It includes libel (printed) and slander (spoken).

Define "deposition." (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

Deposition—A proceeding in which a party gives oral testimony out of court but under oath before a licensed court reporter.

Define "descriptive lead." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

Descriptive lead—An opening that uses vivid details to set the stage or scene. Example: One afternoon before the end of the fall semester, students from each of the 36 dissection teams troop over to the Medical College of Wisconsin Alumni Center, a large auditorium with a balcony.

Explain the importance of "compelling characters." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

Each story comes to life through the eyes of the people involved in it. Most important, a news feature can't be written without interviewing the people affected most by the issue you are covering. As soon as you have an idea for a story, try to get in contact with as many people as possible and line up time to spend following them around for hours, if not days or even longer. In addition, use details to describe each person so that he or she comes alive on the page.

Define "editorial." (HINT: Types of story structures.) (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

Editorial—is an opinion piece written by the editorial staff of a newspaper, magazine, or any publication. Editorials are often unsigned, which means no one person's name appears on that editorial.

List the 11 primary examples of "public records" (i.e. records available to any U.S. citizen.) ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 8: Accessing and understanding data, public records, surveys, and studies)

Examples of public records: 1. Census records 2. Criminal records 3. Consumer protection information 4. Court dockets 5. Government spending reports 6. Legislation minutes 7. Professional and business licenses 8. Real estate appraisal records 9. Sex offender registry files 10. Voter registration 11. Email correspondence of government officials and employees, especially made on government-owned equipment, during work hours, and/or involving the public business.

Define "embargo." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 8: Accessing and understanding data, public records, surveys, and studies)

Embargo—a government order that restricts commerce with a specified country or the exchange of specific goods. They are usually created as a result of unfavorable political or economic circumstances between nations.

Define "extradition." (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

Extradition—When a state moves an accused or convicted person to another state or country to face charges or penalties there.

TRUE or FALSE: Journalists covering a speech should organize their facts chronologically. (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 9—Speeches)

FALSE! Another sure killer of a speech story is to write about it in chronological order. Instead, talk about the highlights that your audience wants and needs to know. It does not matter WHEN they were mentioned in the speech. Your job is to discuss and contextualize them in order of importance.

TRUE or FALSE: Anyone can file an FOIA request with the U.S. government. (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 8: Accessing and understanding data, public records, surveys, and studies)

FALSE! Anyone can file a FOIA request with any government agency that possesses the documents you need, as long as you are a U.S. citizen or foreign national and if the documents already exist. You may not request a special compilation of data.

TRUE or FALSE: The most difficult interview a journalist will partake in is the interview with a bereaved person. (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 7: The art of interviewing)

FALSE! As challenging as interviewing a bereaved person may be, the most difficult interviews for journalist tend to be political interviews.

TRUE or FALSE: Copyright statutes are not included in the Constitution. (Class Lecture)

FALSE! Copyright is included in the Constitution; it is specifically located in Article I, Section 8.

TRUE or FALSE: Crime coverage ends after police officers make the arrest. (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

FALSE! Crime coverage doesn't end when police make an arrest. The community still wants to know if justice will be served. That's why crime reporters may also be tasked to cover the trial of the crime they first reported on.

TRUE or FALSE: It's acceptable for journalists to manipulate data if doing so contributes to the story's effect. (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 8: Accessing and understanding data, public records, surveys, and studies)

FALSE! Data should never be manipulated to fit the story. This is a clear violation of ethics.

TRUE or FALSE: Because the digital age grants news reporters access to greater, far-reaching platforms, it is much easier to practice journalism ethics. (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 2: Guiding Principles of Practicing Accurate and Fair Journalism)

FALSE! Digital media allow you to practice journalism—cover a story, share information, and com-ment on the latest developments—but access does not equal quality. Just because you can post something online does not mean you should.

TRUE or FALSE: A journalist's role when covering a speech requires them to summarize the information shared by the speaker. (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 9—Speeches)

FALSE! Do not—repeat, do not—just summarize what happened. Your job is to provide context, pull out the relevant information, and help your audience understand how it might impact them. A common pitfall many beginning journalists fall into is starting with the event details in what is called a summary lead. DON'T DO THIS. This tells your audience nothing.

TRUE or FALSE: It is the sole responsibility of the journalist to bring public shaming to a halt and mitigate unnecessary cruelty. (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 2: Guiding Principles of Practicing Accurate and Fair Journalism)

FALSE! Even though is the responsibility of the journalist to minimize harm, they are also responsible for relating information the public needs to know (i.e. If a government official is caught in an immoral affair, he must be held accountable for his actions.) However, this can be done without having to resort to acts of public shaming.

TRUE or FALSE: Causation equals correlation. (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 8: Accessing and understanding data, public records, surveys, and studies)

FALSE! FALSE, FALSE, FALSE! Just because something seems related does not mean that it is.

TRUE or FALSE: Ideas, history and facts can be copyrighted by the individuals that source them. (Class Lecture)

FALSE! IDEAS, HISTORY AND FACTS CANNOT BE COPYRIGHTED!

TRUE or FALSE: If a journalist accidentally reports inaccurate information, they should completely remove the story from the public eye. (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 2: Guiding Principles of Practicing Accurate and Fair Journalism)

FALSE! If you make a mistake, admit it and correct it ASAP. Removing the story does not help, as the public has already seen it. Furthermore, whether the reporter made a mistake or not, the public still has a right to the correct information.

TRUE or FALSE: Misdemeanor cases are subject to preliminary hearings. (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

FALSE! In a misdemeanor case, the court will simply set the case for trial, and there is no requirement to hold a preliminary hearing.

TRUE or FALSE: Journalists must only guard against their own personal biases. (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 2: Guiding Principles of Practicing Accurate and Fair Journalism)

FALSE! In addition to your own potential bias, beware of bias or conflict of interest from potential sources, especially in the era of fake news where many would-be sources are simply seeking access, influence, and power. It is generally not a good idea to pay for access to news or content.

TRUE or FALSE: There are no limitations to FOIA or how it can be used. (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 8: Accessing and understanding data, public records, surveys, and studies)

FALSE! Keep in mind that there are limitations to FOIA. The judicial and legislative branches are not subject to FOIA. In addition, advisors to presidents are not covered under FOIA, nor are private citizens, corporations, or state governments and municipalities.

TRUE or FALSE: The First Amendment grants individuals the right to enter private property if they are seeking to secure important information about the truth of a specific matter. (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 3: Law for Journalists in a Digital Age)

FALSE! Reporters must also understand their rights and limitations when it comes to access. "The First Amendment is not a hunting license. It is not a vehicle by which you can commit the tort of trespass," says Wagstaffe. "A journalist has no right to enter a purely private space (such as a home) without consent, and that consent must be freely given," Wagstaffe says. "Investigative journalists make an ethical choice that they're going to take the legal risk in order to cover the story, but in fact they have no right."

TRUE or FALSE: In libel lawsuit cases, the burden of proof always falls on the defendant, as they must prove they didn't engage in defamation. (Class Lecture)

FALSE! The "burden of proof" is always going to fall on the plaintiff (i.e. they MUST prove that they have been defamed.)

TRUE or FALSE: In a good feature, the most important information occurs at the beginning of the story. (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

FALSE! This is the definition of a hard news lead. A soft news lead, in stark contrast, gives readers a hint of what's to come next (not all the explicit facts.)

TRUE or FALSE: It is permissible for a journalist to accept gifts and compensation from story sources and/or potential sources. (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 2: Guiding Principles of Practicing Accurate and Fair Journalism)

FALSE! Though receiving gifts is nice, in journalism a gift can be seen as buying influence. Do not accept gifts, even food, if offered by a source or potential source on a story you are covering.

TRUE or FALSE: When filing an FOIA request, you need to give clear, concise information about why you need the data. (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 8: Accessing and understanding data, public records, surveys, and studies)

FALSE! When filing a FOIA request, you do not need to explain why you need the data. You may need to pay a fee, which covers administrative costs involved in com-piling the data for you. You may ask for a fee reduction or waiver if the request is in the public interest, and it may be granted. News outlets and non-commercial agencies should have fees waived automatically.

Explain the basic "FOIA timeline" and the process that goes along with it. (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 8: Accessing and understanding data, public records, surveys, and studies)

FOIA timeline (EXAM MATERIAL): -Agency must respond within 20 working days (However, there is no "penalty" for delays) -Agency can request clarification from you -Agency must provide an index of existing documents -Agency must also let you know cost, time frame, unusual circumstances surround-ing your information request, and allow you to alter request -If request is refused, you may appeal -If appeal is denied, you may file a federal lawsuit -If request is not granted, you can show proof that information is in the public interest

What could happen to a journalist who's uneducated about media law and ethics? (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 2: Guiding Principles of Practicing Accurate and Fair Journalism)

Failure to be knowledgeable about the law may also open a journalist up to lawsuits, loss of credibility, or ridicule. Worst of all, ignorance of the law and basic ethical principles may lead to a chilling effect—silence on a story that needs to be told.

Define "fake news." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 2: Guiding Principles of Practicing Accurate and Fair Journalism)

Fake news is a concept that not only involves misinformation, but also the act of delegitimizing quality new outlets. Also called propaganda, misinformation, disinformation, unfounded opinion, or hoaxes, fake news permeates social media feeds.

What is one of the greatest challenges that makes "seeking truth and reporting it" difficult for journalists? (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 2: Guiding Principles of Practicing Accurate and Fair Journalism)

Fake news.

Define "hard news lead." ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 4: The basics of writing news for online, print, radio, and TV)

For basic news stories, journalists usually write hard news leads. As described in this chapter, hard news leads to answering as many of the Five Ws and the H as possible. Hard leads should be written in active voice, meaning they start with the subject followed by a strong, powerful verb.

Identify the 4 steps a journalist creating a multimedia package should take when covering a crime story. (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

For multimedia packages: 1. Start recording as soon as you see images that are relevant to the story, but ask police for permission to set up bulkier equipment that might get in the way of an ongoing investigation. 2. If you plan to record your interviews, be sure to ask permission to record, and try to get full names of the law enforcement officers you interview. 3. If they don't want to give you their names, ask to speak to the officer in charge. 4. If that doesn't work, follow up with the PIO back at the station or police headquarters.

What does the acronym "FOIA" stand for? ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 8: Accessing and understanding data, public records, surveys, and studies)

Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)—"A law that gives you access to information from the federal government. It is often described as the law that keeps citizens in the know about their government."—FOIA.gov

What is the general purpose of a "libel lawsuit?" ***IMPORTANT! (Class Lecture)

General Purpose of Libel Lawsuit—to allow people who are defamed to restore their reputation.

Explain the "list approach." (HINT: Types of story structures.) (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

List approach— offers information in a bulleted list. Lists work well online and on mobile because you can create a visual chart of pictures and words, making it easier for consumers to understand the news.

What is the best route reporters can take when looking to cover a government (or any) story? (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 10—City hall, government, and meetings)

Go to meetings and meet people face-to-face. It establishes who you are and it creates a reputation for you as someone who is working to understand the issues and the government process. It helps with credibility. From experience, Nikolewski says, "You end up wasting a lot of time if you don't know whom to call about a given story, but the best way is to meet people first-hand and to make a connection. To do this you actually have to go to the city council or state legislative meetings."

Define "grand jury." (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

Grand jury—a group of citizens selected to examine the validity of an accusation before trial.

List the 7 MAIN tips given by the book that assist journalists in writing a good news feature. (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

Here's a quick list that will help you write a compelling feature: 1. Choose subjects who are willing to allow you access into their lives. 2. Come up with questions before you interview your subject. 3. Create a storyboard or outline of the story before you create your final project. 4. Research your subjects and sources before your interviews. 5. Choose a focus or theme for your story. Though you'll learn a lot of interesting facts, a feature must start with an intriguing opening that hooks the audience. 6. Develop a strong nut graph that helps the audience understand the significance of the person, place, or issue(s) that your story tackles. 7. Look for documents and data to help explain what your story is about and its impact on the public.

Define "hung jury." (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

Hung jury—When a jury is unable to reach a verdict of guilty or not guilty. This results in a mistrial. Prosecutors can seek to try the case again.

Who was "Marvin Gaye" and what court case is he known for? ***IMPORTANT! (Class Lecture)

Identified as Williams vs. Gaye, the "Blurred Lines" court case became a signature moment this past decade after Pharrell Williams, Robin Thicke, and a song publisher were ordered to pay nearly $5 million for infringing the copyright to Marvin Gaye's song, "Got to Give It Up."

What does it mean for a journalist to "decode" source information? (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 8: Accessing and understanding data, public records, surveys, and studies)

If a dataset is given to you through research studies, polls and surveys, or other means, you must then be able to decode whether or not the agency, organization, or company that originated the data has a vested interest in telling a biased story—or perhaps veiling part of the story.

What constitutes "infringement?" ***IMPORTANT! (Class Lecture)

If convicted of copyright, you will pay for statutory damages and recovery of legal costs.

What should a journalist do if they are assigned to cover a speech where a mult box is unavailable? (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 9—Speeches)

If no mult box is available, then you may ask to place your audio recorder on the podium, table, or other area on stage to best capture the voices of the speaker(s). This is less ideal but can still yield usable audio.

Identify the 3 things a journalist should always keep in mind when preparing to cover a speech. ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 9—Speeches)

If you are assigned to cover a speech of any type, you should first make sure you know: 1. Who is speaking 2. What they are speaking about (i.e.the topic(s) 3. Why this might matter to your audience

What is the purpose of a "preliminary hearing?" (HINT: It relates to a felony case). (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

In a felony case, if the defendant pleads not guilty, then the court will set the matter for a preliminary hearing. The purpose of a preliminary hearing is for the prosecuting attorney to present sufficient evidence to show that there is a good faith possibility of proving the crime at a trial. The presiding judge will rule whether there is enough evidence to hold the defendant over for trial, and, if so, the court will set a trial date.

In order to "report thoroughly," what are the 3 MAIN things a journalist must accomplish? (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 8: Accessing and understanding data, public records, surveys, and studies)

In order to report thoroughly, a journalist must: 1. Check facts 2. Know how to gain access to information, and understand how to decipher data, surveys, and studies. 3. Present this information to their audience in a way that makes sense and tells a story.

Define "indictment." (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

Indictment—An official statement charging a person with a crime.

Define "infographics." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 8: Accessing and understanding data, public records, surveys, and studies)

Infographics—Infographics are charts and visualizations that tell a story, and if done right, they can be highly effective for communicating information and connecting the audience to the story.

List the 8 types of information journalists should include in a court story (both for civil and criminal cases). ***IMPORTANT! (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

Information to include in a court story (for criminal or civil case): 1. Lead (i.e. Start with the latest action first. For example, if you are writing about the verdict, be sure to lead with what the verdict is, not the actual crime or accusation, which may have happened months or years ago.) 2. Elaboration of the lead (i.e. In the second graph, report the name of the judge, the exact courtroom, and details of the latest action.) 3. Strong quote 4. Nut graph (i.e. Explain to your audience that this was the latest out-come in a trial or case, and let readers know when the case began.) 5. Next step (i.e. Has the next step in the trial or case been set? Will there be a sentencing, or will the judge decide dam-ages in a civil case next week? Let your audience know.) 6. Original case or crime details 7. Background (i.e. Were there intriguing details from the original case or crime? Were there moments in previous court sessions worth mentioning again?) 8. Ending (i.e. Leave readers thinking about what happens next with a strong quote from a key player in the case. Avoid offering your own insight or opinions about the case.)

Define "intimate facts." (Class Lecture)

Intimate facts—facts that a person would not want the public/community to know.

Define "patch writing." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 2: Guiding Principles of Practicing Accurate and Fair Journalism)

It is very similar to paraphrasing but a bit more universal throughout a story. Patch writing happens when you rely too much on the structure and themes of the original story and write your own story in a way that mimics that original story too closely. It often happens when we take too little time to truly understand a story so that we can write it in our own words. Patchwriting is a very real danger in journalism because we are often relying on other source material, rushing to meet a deadline, and trying to get more content published.

Define "pack journalism." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 6: How to find sources, stories for your beat and more)

Journalism in which all journalists seek out the same sources of information for a given story. Scott Shafer, Vu's colleague at KQED, adds that it's very important to introduce yourself to people around the newsmakers. He recommends making friends in high and low places. Also, Shafer advises, "don't follow the pack." "There's a lot of pack journalism out there. It's important to cover news conferences but also important to go in the other direction, too. his kind of research can lead to other stories buried deep inside, so dig around and don't just follow the pack."

What is the one loophole journalists have in order to use someone else's information/content? (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 3: Law for Journalists in a Digital Age)

Journalists CANNOT plagiarize or use copyrighted material; however, even though you yourself are not allowed to break the law, if someone else gives you information, you may be allowed to use it. Example: Gutterman explains, "The scenario for that would be an insider, a leaker, a whistleblower, a busybody—somebody with access to information breaches a contract, breaks the law, actually commits some sort of tort obtaining information and then generously gives that off to the reporter. The courts, even the U.S. Supreme Court have said that is viable journalistic use, as long as the journalist didn't break the law him or herself."

When conducting an interview, what is the MOST important thing a journalist must do? ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 7: The art of interviewing)

LISTEN.

Define "lawsuit." (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

Lawsuit—A claim brought to court by a person or party to end a dispute.

Define "mapping." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 8: Accessing and understanding data, public records, surveys, and studies)

Mapping is the tactic that helps reveal trends, make connections, highlight patterns, and tell larger themed stories. It can also make complex information clear and allow the audience to interact with the data.

Define "mistrial." (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

Mistrial—A trial that is thrown out because of an error or because the jury can't reach a verdict, or there was some other misconduct during trial.

Define "motion." (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

Motion—A motion is a procedural device for decision. It is a request to the judge (or judges) to make a decision about the case. Motions may be made at any point in administrative, criminal, or civil proceedings, although that right is regulated by court rules, which vary from place to place.

Define "mult box." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 9—Speeches)

Mult box—Sometimes also called a "press box," the mult box will be plugged into the audio feed. If you plug your audio recorder into the mult box using an XLR cable, you will be able to get broadcast quality audio.

Define "narrative lead." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

Narrative lead—An opening that creates vivid details and dramatic action that make readers feel as if they are there. Example: The snow burst through the trees with no warning but a last-second whoosh of sound, a two-story wall of white and Chris Rudolph's piercing cry: "Avalanche! Elyse!"

Define "natural sound." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 4: The basics of writing news for online, print, radio, and TV)

Natural sound—is environmental sound captured by a microphone that is hand-held or built inside a camera or smartphone. When used in a broadcast report, it helps the audience to feel part of a story.

Define "news peg." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 7: The art of interviewing)

News Peg—is used to justify the profile (i.e. during the Olympic Games, many profiles are done on athletes.) It is a specific aspect or angle that makes the story newsworthy.

Define "news aggregetor." ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 6: How to find sources, stories for your beat and more)

News aggregators—are technological platforms or social storytelling tools that let you take media from various social networks and combine them to tell a story on a different site or app (Ex. Reddit or News360) News aggregators can help journalists look across different social networks and be able to find important information and add it to their stories.

Define "news." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 1: The Definition of Journalism in a Fast-Changing Landscape)

News is information about a subject of some public interest that is shared and subject to journalistic process of verification by an independent organization that is accountable. Simply stated, news is "what other people want [and need] to know."

Explain the "obituary" approach." (HINT: Types of story structures.) (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

Obituary—Obituaries are very similar to profiles in terms of focusing on one person, but they are written to announce the death of someone prominent. Many news outlets feature paid obituaries, where family members can pay the news outlet to publish the announcement of their loved one's death, but journalists will publish an obit on a prominent person free of charge. An obit tells readers the name and often the age of the person who died in the first paragraph or lead of the story. The lead or the second paragraph will then contain how the person died. The obit will also include the person's highlights, quoting people who knew the person very well.

Define "off-the-record." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 7: The art of interviewing)

Off-the-record—remarks must be clearly defined before they are said.

Define "on-the-record." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 7: The art of interviewing)

On-the-record—means that anything the source says can be used in the story.

What event often takes place after a case filing? (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

Once a defendant is charged through a case filing, the defendant will appear at an arraignment. The arraignment is usually a quick process where the defendant will enter a plea—often "not guilty," but sometimes "no contest" or a request for a continuance to enter a plea pending settlement negotiations. The arraignment is important for reporters because the defendant will usually have to appear personally in court, and it is the very first time for a court proceeding.

Explain the "op-ed" approach. (HINT: Types of story structures.) (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

Op-ed—Opinion editorials or op-eds are different from news stories because they offer the writer's opinion (but different from talk in that the opinion is based on an educated analysis of news and information). Op-eds can be written either by a staff writer or a guest.

What does the acronym "PIO" stand for? ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 6: How to find sources, stories for your beat and more)

PIO: Public Information Officer. The people on the scene who can update you on the who, what, where, when, why, and how are public information officers (PIOs). Every agency has at least one that is dispatched to the scene of a fire, crime, or even feature event.

Who is responsible for creating "FIOA?" (Freedom of Information Act) (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 8: Accessing and understanding data, public records, surveys, and studies)

President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Freedom of Information Act into federal law in 1966. It allows the public to access government documents from the executive branch. However, even if you gain access, the government does have the authority to redact classified information. The passage of FOIA led to state sunshine laws.

Define "personality profile." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

Personality profile—this type of profile focuses on how the person behaves in relation to their craft. We learn about the person through words, actions, dress, and mannerisms. We also learn about this person by what others say and do around them.

Define "plea bargain." (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

Plea bargain—A settlement agreement between the prosecution and the defense for the defendant to plead guilty to a lesser offense or to one or some of the offenses.

Explain the 4 concepts associated with "purpose and character of use." (HINT: Fair Use) (Class Lecture)

Purpose and character of use: 1. Use for commercial or nonprofit purposes. 2. Fair use in news reporting 3. Transformative use defense in parodies. 4. Transformative use beyond parodies.

Define "police body camera video." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 8: Accessing and understanding data, public records, surveys, and studies)

Police body camera video—video that is government information in the possession of a government employee.

What is the primary difference between sheriff's departments and police departments? ***IMPORTANT! (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

Police departments exist in cities, while sheriff's departments operate in a county-wide jurisdiction.

Define "police scanner." (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

Police scanner—is a radio receiver that allows members of the public to listen to two-way radio calls between police, fire officials, and others in law enforcement. The challenge, of course, is making sense of the codes that police officers use to talk about crime.

Define "political interview." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 7: The art of interviewing)

Political interviews—include interviews with PR reps, law enforcement, fire, and other officials. These are often the most difficult interviews a journalist has to do, but they are the most important. Through political interviews we get substantive information to share with our audience. When conducting a political interview, understand that your goal is to get information, but your interviewee's goal is to sometimes conceal information, advocate for one side of a story, spin perception, or otherwise set themselves or their clients in a positive light. Keep in mind that if you are interviewing a public official, that person is beholden to the citizens. That person cannot plead ignorance.

Define "pool reporter." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 9—Speeches)

Pool reporter—a reporter from one outlet who agrees to share the information they gather with all other news outlets. Pool reporting is common when space is limited, such as in courtrooms or events with small audiences.

Define "primary source." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 6: How to find sources, stories for your beat and more)

Primary sources—would be a witness or the person experiencing an event.

Define "probation." (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

Probation—A period of time when a person who has committed a crime is out of prison but is being monitored, and can be sent back to prison if they violate any conditions of probation.

Define "profile." (HINT: Types of story structures.) (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

Profiles—the feature profile focuses on one person, place, or thing. However, this kind of story, done correctly, is not a Wikipedia entry, a chronological biography, or corporate press release. A well-done profile goes far beyond a simple biography entry by one person or glowing highlights offered up by one company. A feature profile offers multiple view-points and interesting, unusual, or even unknown facts about the subject and balance.

Explain "Q & A." (HINT: Types of story structures.) (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

Q&A—We often see Q&A formats in magazines, such as Rolling Stone or Vogue, and they work well when a journalist conducts an in-depth interview with a rock star or other celebrity.

What does the acronym "PIO" stand for? (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

Public Information Officer (PIO).

According to the book, who is considered to be a "public figure?" (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 3: Law for Journalists in a Digital Age)

Public figures are celebrities, politicians, and others who have chosen to put themselves in the spotlight, but there can also be involuntary public figures; additionally, there is the limited public figure, someone who is known within a specific community, such as the president of the PTA or mayor of a small town.

Define "public record." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 8: Accessing and understanding data, public records, surveys, and studies)

Public records—are documents accessible to the public and often help the public understand how governments work. One of the earliest forms of public record keeping pertains to property records. If someone purchased a plot of land, there needed to be a record of its owner. Public records are meant to be free, but reproducing them usually comes at a cost. Many government datasets are readily available in raw form, and you can access them simply by going to the appropriate website and downloading the data.

Define "recognizance." (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

Recognizance—A promise a defendant makes with the court to show up as ordered, so they are allowed to leave jail.

Explain the specific scenario in which the plaintiff CANNOT sue for defamation. ***IMPORTANT! (Class Lecture)

Recognized as "Legitimate Public Concern," the plaintiff cannot win if the information in question is 1) newsworthy, and 2) of legitimate public concern.

What is the FIRST rule of interviewing? ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 7: The art of interviewing)

Remember the first rule of interviewing: Listen.

Define "ruling." (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

Ruling—An official or authoritative decision, decree, statement, or interpretation (as by a judge on a point of law).

TRUE or FALSE: A journalist should craft a crime story by using a "summary lead." (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

TRUE! To write a breaking crime story, you'll want to use the inverted pyramid. The most important information should come first in a summary lead, letting readers and viewers know who, what, when, where, why, and how it all happened.

What is the MAIN negative impact of "scraping" data? (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 8: Accessing and understanding data, public records, surveys, and studies)

Scraping has become a common practice; however, the ethics surrounding scraping can be somewhat gray. In general, accessing government-based data is considered OK. However, it is not always seen as acceptable to scrape data from private companies or NGOs. Your scraping effort may be seen as a hack or an attempt to sabotage the site. Scraping can slow down a website and be read as a Denial of Service (DOS) attack. There are also concerns that people who scrape data will then violate copyright by claim-ing the data as their own.

Define "secondary source." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 6: How to find sources, stories for your beat and more)

Secondary sources—individuals that will analyze or interpret primary-source data.

What is the first principle of the SPJ Code of Ethics? (HINT: Review from Chapter 2) (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 4: The basics of writing news for online, print, radio, and TV)

Seek truth and report it.

Define "sentencing." (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

Sentencing—The punishment given to a person convicted of a crime. A judge issues the sentence, based on the verdict of the judge or jury.

List the 4 MAIN similarities that exist between print and broadcast writing. ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 4: The basics of writing news for online, print, radio, and TV)

Similarities between print and broadcast writing: —Storytelling —Fact-gathering —Interviewing skills —Journalistic tone

Define "shield laws." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 3: Law for Journalists in a Digital Age)

Shield laws—can project a journalist who refuses to reveal a confidential source, but this is not a federal protection, and whether or not you are protected by a shield law depends on the state in which you are reporting. Whether you are protected by shield law also depends on whether or not the courts consider you a "journalist."

Define "snapshot profile." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

Snapshot profiles—this is a mini-profile focusing on one element of a person's life. For example, a snapshot of a musician might just focus on one night at a bar, and the journalist would follow the musician from start to finish at the show.

Identify the four ways a journalist can distinguish between "scraping" and "hacking" data. ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 8: Accessing and understanding data, public records, surveys, and studies)

So how do you determine whether you are scraping or hacking? 1. Is the data public or private? If it's public, you are probably scraping, but if it's private, your actions can be seen as hacking. 2. Are you obeying the law? 3. Did you ask for the data before scraping it? Often a simple request to the entity whose data you would like to access is all you need to gain access. 4. In your scraping query, are you identifying yourself in the code? Many journalists who use scraping to access data always include information about who they are. This gives anyone from the organization being scraped information to determine whether or not they are OK with the scrape.

List the 7 characteristics associated with good social media writing. (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 4: The basics of writing news for online, print, radio, and TV)

Social media content should be: 1. Relevant 2. Useful 3. Interesting 4. Easy to understand and share 5. Friendly/conversational 6. Engaging 7. Action-oriented

Define "soundbite." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 4: The basics of writing news for online, print, radio, and TV)

Sound bite—is an excerpt from a recorded interview. Most sound bites in reporter packages are relatively short. You could interview someone for five minutes, but the sound bite may only be 12 seconds. Sound bites in broadcast are like quotes in print.

How should a journalist conduct in-depth interviews and research? (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

Spend as much time with the subject(s) of the story as you can. This will allow you to observe and record details and dialogue necessary to recreate scenes for the story. Above all, be sure to verify the information you observe and receive from the subject(s) of your story. Verify information by cross-checking information with other sources, documents, and data.

Define "summary lead." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

Summary lead—Different from a hard news lead, a summary lead in features can offer readers a quick burst of information, a snappy quote, or a preview of what's to come in a feature.

Define "summons." (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

Summons—An order to appear in a court of law.

Define "subpoena." (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

Subpoena—A writ commanding a person to appear in court or at a deposition.

Define "sunshine laws." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 8: Accessing and understanding data, public records, surveys, and studies)

Sunshine laws—entitle you to information when covering local boards or other state, regional, or local government entities (i.e. the "state" version of FOIA).

Define "suspended sentence." (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

Suspended sentence—A suspended jail or prison sentence that is put on hold if the defendant complies with certain obligations.

TRUE or FALSE: A good news lead seeks to answer as many of the 5 Ws and the H as possible. (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 4: The basics of writing news for online, print, radio, and TV)

TRUE!

TRUE or FALSE: A successful new story contains as many of the 5 W's and the H as possible, and is written in the inverted pyramid structure. (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 6: How to find sources, stories for your beat and more)

TRUE!

TRUE or FALSE: The plaintiff must prove that the defendant publicized intimate information in order to sue for defamation. (Class Lecture)

TRUE!

TRUE or FALSE: The reporter will always be held responsible for any incorrect or harmful information placed in their story., even if they got it from an outside source. (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 6: How to find sources, stories for your beat and more)

TRUE!

TRUE or FALSE: "Fake news" is the same thing as "misinformation." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 2: Guiding Principles of Practicing Accurate and Fair Journalism)

TRUE! It is also called propaganda, disinformation, unfounded opinion, and/or hoaxes.

TRUE or FALSE: Sunshine laws are more expedient with information than FOIA. (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 8: Accessing and understanding data, public records, surveys, and studies)

TRUE! Most of the time, sunshine laws provide more expedient means for information because reporters are requesting data from the state, and not the federal government, and there tends to be less bureaucracy at the state level.

TRUE or FALSE: A nut graph is often identified as the "hook" or "angle" in a given story. (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

TRUE! Often, the nut graph will explain the significance of an event and/or the impact it has on a group of people. If you can answer the question, "so what?" you have yourself the start of a very promising nut graph. This paragraph, which usually comes at the third to fifth paragraph of a feature, answers why we must know about an issue right now, as opposed to next month or next year.

TRUE or FALSE: Broadcast writing is conversational. (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 4: The basics of writing news for online, print, radio, and TV)

TRUE! This doesn't mean simple. Sentences should be relatively short and concise so that the viewer or listener can follow without working too hard to dissect complex sentence structure.

List the SPJ's 4 basic principles of ethics relating to crime stories. ***IMPORTANT! (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

That's why it's important to follow the basic principles of the SPJ Code of Ethics, including: 1. Avoid stereotyping. Journalists should examine the ways their values and experiences may shape their reporting. 2. Balance the public's need for information against potential harm or discomfort. Pursuit of the news is not a license for arrogance or undue intrusiveness. 3. Show compassion for those who may be affected by news coverage. Use heightened sensitivity when dealing with juveniles, victims of sex crimes, and sources or subjects who are inexperienced or unable to give consent. Consider cultural differences in approach and treatment. 4. Realize that private people have a greater right to control information about themselves than public figures and others who seek power, influence, or attention. Weigh the consequences of publishing or broadcasting personal information.

Define "journalist." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 1: The Definition of Journalism in a Fast-Changing Landscape)

The American Press Institute defines journalism on its website as the "activity of gathering, assessing, creating, and presenting news and information." Thus, nearly anyone collecting and sharing news could be considered a journalist. The caveat, however, is this: The public expects journalists to tell the truth. They expect journalists to be fair and transparent. They also expect journalists to listen to them and acknowledge their mistakes.

How does genuine journalism differ from other forms of news reporting and public writing? (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 1: The Definition of Journalism in a Fast-Changing Landscape)

The American Press Institute states that journalism "can be distinguished from other activities and products by certain identifiable characteristics and practices. These elements not only separate journalism from other forms of communication but are what make it indispensable to democratic societies."

Explain the "Copyright Act of 1976." (Class Lecture)

The Copyright Act of 1976 forms the basis of copyright law in the United States today. It took effect on January 1, 1978, implementing fundamental and sweeping changes in many aspects of copyright law. Copyright protection extends to all "original works of authorship" to take into account new kinds of media.

Which official "act" solidified copyright law/standards in the United States? (Class Lecture)

The Copyright Law of 1976.

Define "PIO." (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

The PIO is officially tasked with releasing official statements from police. They are considered the official spokesperson of the department, and can give you information about a crime, or even give you the names of the detectives or officers following up on the case.

How does the First Amendment correlate with the positions of public figures? ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 3: Law for Journalists in a Digital Age)

The U.S. Supreme Court says that, when it comes to public figures, the First Amendment right to free speech must be protected. Therefore, public figures need to prove that there was intent to defame and that the defamer knew the information was false and published it anyway with a "reckless disregard for the truth."

Define "data dump." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 8: Accessing and understanding data, public records, surveys, and studies)

The act of a journalist or individual source releasing massive amounts of classified information to news outlets without filtering through it.

Can you take a photo from social media and use it? (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 3: Law for Journalists in a Digital Age)

The answer is no, unless you get permission from the owner/content creator first. Then, when you decide to use the image, video, or other copyrighted work, you know exactly who the owner is and how you are allowed to use the work. You must always attribute, not only to give credit to the source, but to assure your audience of your own credibility.

Should a journalist report a story without knowing all 5 W's and the H? (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 4: The basics of writing news for online, print, radio, and TV)

The answer is yes. In most cases, the public has already heard some form of what happened; therefore, it is the sole responsibility of the ethical journalist to report the most accurate version. When journalists don't know all the facts, they report only what they know, let their audience know what they don't know and that they are pursuing more information, and update readers and viewers as they get new information.

According to the book, what is "journalism jujitsu?" (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 6: How to find sources, stories for your beat and more)

The art of securing important information and angles about a story from a diverse collection of sources. "I use what I call 'journalism jujitsu,' where I try to get as many aspects of a story as I can and make myself a little bit different from the many voices out there." —Rob Nikolewski

How can journalists make sure the quotes they use provide accurate information to their readers? (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 4: The basics of writing news for online, print, radio, and TV)

The best way to ensure that your quotes are accurate is to record all interviews with sources. You may take notes during the interview to help you remember moments and quotations that you want to revisit, as well as ideas for follow-up questions and story angles, but relying on written notes is dangerous. Recorded interviews faithfully capture the interview, inflection, and context of all quotations, helping you write an accurate and fair story.

Define "criminal justice system." (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

The criminal justice system, according to the National Center for Victims of Crime, is the "set of agencies and processes established by governments to control crime and impose penalties on those who violate laws."

Define "police blotter." (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

The device that lists recent crimes that have occurred in the neighborhood.

Define "plagiarism." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 2: Guiding Principles of Practicing Accurate and Fair Journalism)

The flat-out copying of someone else's words, content, or ideas without giving that person credit. Plagiarism can include copying and pasting someone else's exact words, as well as paraphrasing.

What is the MAIN goal of a good feature story? (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

The goal of a feature is simple: Tell a good story.

What information must be proven in order to sue for "libel?" (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 3: Law for Journalists in a Digital Age)

The information in question must be 1) false, and 2) published with a reckless disregard for the truth.

List the 4 MAIN "intangibles" of the interview. (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 7: The art of interviewing)

The intangibles [of the interview]: 1. Be patient—shut your mouth—wait 2. Listen 3. Empathize 4. Look around

What is the key to crafting a speech story? (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 9—Speeches)

The key to crafting a speech story is to write about what was significant, whether that is a speaker quote, what wasn't said, or the audience's reaction.

What is the key to writing a good profile piece? (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

The key to writing an interesting profile is to choose someone who is willing to be honest and open with the reporter. Furthermore, the subject must share the good, the bad, and the ugly. Of course, the reporter shouldn't expect all of this information to freely flow into their lap. Indeed, the key is to use your best interviewing techniques to get your subject to trust you and open up.

Who is considered to be a "limited public figure?" (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 3: Law for Journalists in a Digital Age)

The limited public figure is someone who is known within a specific community, such as the president of the PTA or mayor of a small town.

Define "informational interview." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 7: The art of interviewing)

The most common type of news interview is the informational interview (i.e. you want to cover the basics: who, what, when, why, where, and how.)

Explain the Society of Professional Journalists (SPJ)'s foundational "code of ethics." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 2: Guiding Principles of Practicing Accurate and Fair Journalism)

The most commonly cited and foundational "code of ethics" is from the Society of Professional Journalists (SPJ). It begins: "Public enlightenment is the forerunner of justice and the foundation of democracy. Ethical journalism strives to ensure the free exchange of information that is accurate, fair and thorough."

List the 3 MAIN guidelines journalists should keep in mind when writing for social media. ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 4: The basics of writing news for online, print, radio, and TV)

The most important aspects of social media writing apply to all forms of journalistic writing but particularly when writing for social media platforms: 1. Know your audience 2. Understand your outlet's voice 3. Use ethics as your guide.

What is the MOST important thing to keep in mind when combining social media and writing? (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 4: The basics of writing news for online, print, radio, and TV)

The most important thing to keep in mind when it comes to social media writing in journalism is that the rules and foundations of good journalistic writing still apply. Social media is not a place to soften those foundations or let those rules slide.

How does a "profile" differ from a "new interview?" (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 7: The art of interviewing)

The news interview is when you gather information to help explain an idea, event, or situation in the news; the profile focuses solely on an individual.

Define "news interview." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 7: The art of interviewing)

The news interview—is when you gather information to help explain an idea, event, or situation in the news.

Define "nut graph." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 4: The basics of writing news for online, print, radio, and TV)

The nut graph or "nut graf" tells readers why they should care about the story. Learning details about a crime, a case, or an event can get people to care about your story, which is one huge reason why we write nut graphs in the first place.

Who do journalists ultimately serve? (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 2: Guiding Principles of Practicing Accurate and Fair Journalism)

The people. They must remain independent from ties to governmental authorities or people in power; they work for the common man and woman.

Define "checkbook journalism." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 2: Guiding Principles of Practicing Accurate and Fair Journalism)

The practice of paying large amounts of money for exclusive rights to material for newspaper stories, especially personal ones. This practice alone could encourage people to fabricate or exaggerate news items for money. Anyone seeking compensation for information that would inform the public should be treated with wariness, and their motives should be questioned.

What is a "beat?" (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 6: How to find sources, stories for your beat and more)

The primary "genre" of a given news story. In film noir, detectives scour the crime scene and police stations for any sign of clues that will lead them to answers. That is a "beat" the detective cultivates, and they make contacts well inside the police force and legal system to uncover facts no one else has discovered. That makes for an excellent detective. Those are the same skills that make for an excellent investigative reporter. It all starts with a beat.

What is the primary difference between social media writing and other types of journalistic writing? (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 4: The basics of writing news for online, print, radio, and TV)

The primary difference between social media writing and other forms of journalistic writing is that your audience can immediately engage and interact with you. They can also easily pass on or share the information you provide.

What is the key tip veteran reporters give to new journalists covering the government beat? (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 10—City hall, government, and meetings)

The tip is to remember that a lot of government stories, city council decisions, for example, will originate in a sub-committee, so it's crucial to be where the basic decisions are made. This way, you are prepared to write about the rationale and history behind the law or new policy affecting the community at large.

How does a journalist stay true to serving the public in an ethical manner? (HINT: Gifts...) (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 2: Guiding Principles of Practicing Accurate and Fair Journalism)

They must intentionally avoid conflicts of interest. Though receiving gifts is nice, in journalism a gift can be seen as buying influence. Do not accept gifts, even food, if offered by a source or potential source on a story you are covering.

How many sources must a journalist seek out in order to verify their given information? (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 4: The basics of writing news for online, print, radio, and TV)

They must seek out two or more sources to ensure the information is actually accurate.

What does it mean to "sequence" interview questions? (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 10—City hall, government, and meetings)

Think in terms of "sequencing" your questions. Have a priority list of questions you absolutely need a response to and others that are subsequent or secondary questions.

According to the SPJ, "Members of the public [are] human beings deserving of respect." What does this mean? (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 2: Guiding Principles of Practicing Accurate and Fair Journalism)

This means a journalist needs to weigh and balance the public's right to know with a person's right to privacy.

What does it mean for a journalist to be "accountable and transparent?" ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 2: Guiding Principles of Practicing Accurate and Fair Journalism)

This means giving the public as much information as you can about your story, where it came from, how you got your information, and how you interpreted it. This also means taking responsibility for every aspect of your story and making corrections immediately if necessary.

What does it mean for a journalist to "seek truth and report it?" ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 2: Guiding Principles of Practicing Accurate and Fair Journalism)

This principle challenges journalists to always be fair, accurate, honest, and courageous in their reporting. To achieve this, a journalist must: 1. Always verify information before publishing it 2. Clearly identify sources 3. Ensure sources are credible 4. Give the audience context to help them understand the story 5. Correct information when necessary 6. Allow people to respond to allegations against them.

What does it mean for a journalist to "minimize harm?" (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 2: Guiding Principles of Practicing Accurate and Fair Journalism)

This principle focuses on ensuring that you do your best in your reporting to ensure that sources, subjects, followers, and any other person or entity impacted by your story experiences the least harm possible. ***Remember: Just because you have the legal right to publish something does not mean it is ethical or journalistic.

What does it mean for a journalist to be considered a "watchdog?" (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 2: Guiding Principles of Practicing Accurate and Fair Journalism)

This tenet also covers the importance of recognizing that journalists serve as watchdogs of the public interest. That means you must seek to shed light on important information, "hold those in power accountable, give voice to the voiceless," and support public discussion "even views [you] find repugnant" (SPJ).

What does it mean for a journalist to "act independently?" ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 2: Guiding Principles of Practicing Accurate and Fair Journalism)

This tenet states, "The highest and primary obligation of ethical journalism is to serve the public." You are not serving anyone else—not the president, not a legislator or Congress-person, not the CEO of a private company. You are serving the people.

List the four individuals/organizations who CANNOT file a FOIA request. (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 8: Accessing and understanding data, public records, surveys, and studies)

Those who CANNOT file an FOIA request: - Chairs of Congressional Committees - Federal agencies - Foreign governments - Fugitives

List the 4 steps a journalist should follow when conducting an interview. ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 7: The art of interviewing)

To conduct a [proper] interview: 1. You must be able to identify and connect with diverse sources that are relevant to your story. 2. You must thoroughly research your topic, so that you under-stand the story and its potential angles. 3. You must also be comfortable reaching out to sources, tracking them down, and getting them to agree to be interviewed. 4. You need to get [the sources] to trust you so that you can develop a relationship, and they will tell you what you need to know.

Identify the 4 MAIN things NECESSARY for defamation to be proven. ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 3: Law for Journalists in a Digital Age)

To prove defamation, ALL of the following need to be proven: 1. [It was] published 2. {the information is] false 3. Injurious (i.e. likely to cause damage or harm) 4. Unprivileged (i.e. not given freely)

Explain the "trend feature" approach. (HINT: Types of story structures.) (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

Trend feature—goes beyond the profile because it examines a trend or a pattern.

Define "trial." (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

Trial—Allows a judge or jury to examine the evidence and decide the outcome.

Define "venue." (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

Venue—The location where the complaint is filed, i.e., in State Court, the County; and in Federal Court, the District. In high profile cases, a party may make a motion for a "change of venue," and if the motion is granted, the trial is moved to another community to obtain jurors who can be more objective in their duties.

Define "verdict." (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

Verdict—A decision made by a jury in a trial.

Explain why a journalist must engage in the practice of "verification." (HINT: sources) ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 4: The basics of writing news for online, print, radio, and TV)

Verification (also identified as "creditability"): When trying to verify information, you should not rely on just one source. You must seek out two or more sources to ensure the information is actually accurate. To complicate matters, you must also ensure that your second source is not simply someone who also received the information from your first source.

List the 7 MAIN occasions a journalist should use data in their story. ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 8: Accessing and understanding data, public records, surveys, and studies)

When to use data: 1. To show hierarchy 2. To browse large databases 3. To envision alternate outcomes 4. To show change over time 5. To compare values 6. To show connections 7. To trace flows

Explain the "Wall Street Journal Method." (HINT: Types of story structures.) (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

Wall Street Journal method—The Wall Street Journal method typically starts with a soft lead (see below) and then moves to the main point of the story. It often contains an anecdotal opening followed by an informative nut graph.

Define "warrant." (Writing and News Reporting, Chapter 11—Crime and courts)

Warrant—A court document that gives police the power to take action against a suspect.

Define "web profile." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 5: How to create compelling news features)

Web profiles—think about a multi-pronged approach to storytelling. Perhaps a timeline is necessary to high-light the subject's accomplishments. Perhaps a video should be added to the package so viewers can see and hear the person in action.

Define "news lead." (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 4: The basics of writing news for online, print, radio, and TV)

When a shooting, earthquake, or protest first happens, journalists are expected to tell readers and viewers everything they need to know in the first paragraph of the story. This is called the news lead. A good lead should be short and to the point, and answer as many of the Five Ws and the H as possible. A good lead should also be 35 words or less.

What should a journalist do if they don't have all the facts to their given story? (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 4: The basics of writing news for online, print, radio, and TV)

When journalists don't know all the facts, they report only what they know, let their audience know what they don't know and that they are pursuing more information, and update readers and viewers as they get new information.

Identify the 5 things a journalist should always take note of when covering a speech. ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 9—Speeches)

When taking notes during a speech, you will want to note: - Quotes that you may want to use in your story - Interesting nonverbal interactions or reactions - Your own impressions, summaries, or paraphrases - Audience response or reaction - Any other relevant information about the event

List the three MAIN occasions a journalist should AVOID using data. ***IMPORTANT! (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 8: Accessing and understanding data, public records, surveys, and studies)

When to NOT use data: 1. When the story is better told through text or multimedia 2. When you have very few data points 3. When the data has little variability

List the 4 basic concepts every infographic should include. (Writing & News Reporting, Chapter 8: Accessing and understanding data, public records, surveys, and studies)

Your infographic should: - Have a clear angle or POV. What are you trying to communicate? - Include accurate data - Flow well so that the audience may follow the logic and story arc - Include source information so that people know where it came from