WW2
The Tuskegee Airmen
All-black combat unit formed in 1941 99th Fighter Squadron formed in AL Commanded by Davis Escorted bombers over central Europe Proved superior or equal to white pilots
The Arsenal of Democracy
America was officially neutral as European war began FDR increased military production and skirted neutrality acts after Nazi victories. U.S becoming less neutral FDR ran for third term Lend lease act passed U.S. embargoed oil and scrap-iron sales to Japan
1940's films
Feature films included war themes Nazi's and japanse portrayed as buffoons or villans patriotism
Selective Service Act of 1940
First peacetime draft in the U.S men of certain age required to register service in U.S or its possessions
WAVE's
"women accepted for voluntary emergency service" Navy Program similar to WAC's Did not serve overseas Nurses, clerical work, communication jobs
FDR's Four Freedoms
1-Freedom of speech and expression WORLDWIDE 2-Freedom of Religion and worship WORLDWIDE 3-Economic freedom and opportunity WORLDWIDE 4-WORLDWIDE reduction of fear U.S. felt they had the right to intervene if these were not protected WORLDWIDE Americans hippocritic bc japanese internment
Lend-Lease act
1941 law that authorized the president to aid any nation whose defense he believed was vital to American security
New Recruits
600,00 people estimated to have enlisted after pearl harbor Military training facilities overwhelemed not enough barrracks or materiel recruits processed then sent ot basic traning recruits broke down cultural and class barriers
Philip Randolph
Brotherhood of sleeping car porters proposed a march on washington to protest discrimination FDR convinced him to cancel the march, enacted fair employement act
Americas First Committee
Charles Lindbergh Advocated building up U.S defenses and staying out of Europe's problems Dissolved four days after Pearl Harbor Americans AGAINST getting involved in warefare isolationists PEARL HARBOR ENDS THIS COMITEE
the election of 1944
FDR assured 4th term truman selected as running mate defeated NY governer
The Election of 1940
FDR won unprecedented third term Defeated Willkie Both candidates considered internationalists
What steps did FDR take toward making America the "Arsenal of Democracy"?
Gave supplies to Britain---> lend lease act. Regulated democracy WORLDWIDE
The War powers pact
Gave the president sweeping powers to conduct the war president allowed to initiate and terminate war conracts government agencie set for wartime priorities foreign assets also frozen censorship allowed, though media generally censored themselves
what was first priority in war
Germany
Dorie Miller
Hero of the Pearl harbor attack recieved navy cross
Mobilization of industry
Many civilian industries coverted to war production manpower needed for defense plants scarce goods rationed and price controls established disputes bw management and labor ti resolve price controls and rations on food to make sure there was enough for soldiers everything revolved around the war
The wars economic impact
Nominal GDP more than doubled wages and salaries nearly tripled federal civilian employment more than tripled female employment up by a third labor union membership grew by over 50 percent national debt ballooned by over 600 percent
What was invaded first in war
Poland
How did America initially respond to the events leading up to WW2?
The United States continued to support the United Kingdom and China by introducing the Lend-Lease policy authorizing the provision of material and other items and creating a security zone where the United States Navy protected British convoys.
How did the war unify America in a common purpose?
The unemployment problem ended with the beginning of World War II, as Men were drafted into the service and the US Homefront worked together to support the war effort by cutting back and staying efficient. ! -rationing to protect soldiers
financing the war
US spent more than 321 billion national debt increased dramaticallly more Americans required to pay income taxes war-bond sales raised needed revenue
V-J Day
Victory Over Japan, Sept. 2, 1945 Celebrations marked the end of the war Nation still had to deal with postwar issues
V-E Day
Victory in Europe, May 6-7, 1945 Celebrations marked the end of the war Nation still had to deal with postwar issues
the sullivan brothers
all 5 brothers killed in war bc of this made rule that parents did not have to send all kids to war
national war labor board
arbitrated labor disputes during the war board comprised of reps from management,labor and govt no strike pledge some wildcat strikes still occured
How did the war affect minority groups during the period?
While there were increased job opportunities for American blacks, some companies and unions attempted to limit their entry or trap them in entry-level, low-paying positions. Kaiser Shipyards was one company that recruited and encouraged black workers from all over the country to move west to work in their shipyards. The company treated them well, playing a critical role in the westward migration of blacks and the dramatic growth of their population in the region. But North American Aviation refused to hire African Americans, and the white union workers of Boeing Aircraft Company also opposed the hiring of African Americans. There were clear limitations to opportunities. women also went to work w/ their husbands at war
How did the war transform the U.S. economy both immediately and in the long term
World War 2 was one of the reasons the Great Depression ended. World War 2 gave jobs to thousands, if not millions, of people in the U.S. Soldiers were paid and some sent money home, men too old to be in the army replaced the men that were at war, and women worked in factories to build aeroplane's, ships, tanks, etc. World War 2 greatly improved our economy. Women got the taste of working outside the home, the stock market was on the uprising again. People were starting to make money and become prosperous. The government used ads to help boost liberty bonds, blood donations, reserving supplies for the troops and the entertainment industry. America proved to other nations that we are a strong country.
How did world war II changed the American homefront both culturally and socially?
World War II gave minorities (e.g. woman, african americans) more power. Black men joined the army and fought but in separate units. However, few black men were appointed officers and received major accolades for their effort. The employment rate for black and women rose. Although their employment rate fell once WWII ended, the idea of be able to work resided in many of them which led to movements like the civil rights movement and the women's movement. Also, America was the only country that didn't suffer any economic loss therefore, the American homefront became richer and people were allowed to pursue their American Dream of living in a suburb.
Marshall and mobilization
army underunded and underdeveloped in late 1930's marshall became army cheif of staff convinced FDR and congress to provide increased manpower and funding isolationist stance--->not focusing on military
A production miracle
axis powers underestimated American production many factories and businesses converted to war production new industries emerged output significantly increased
Ford's Willow run facility
built B-24 Liberator bombers worlds largest factory under one roof produced 14 aircraft per day in aug 1944
Office of war information
coordinated release of news tried to recruit women into factory work propoganda program abroad the voice of America
Office of war mobilization
created in 1943 by FDR headed by Byrnes became a dominant mobilization agency byrnes worked well with labor and with the military
The Truman Comitee
created to expose waste and fraud in the defense industry truman personally inspected factories and military installations saved taxpayers millions
Basic Training
designed to help build agility and stamina obstacle courses, forced marches, marksmanship instilled a strong sense of disipline
offie of price administration
designed to limit wartime inflation established ceiling prices for many goods rationed scarce goods and many consumer staples rationing stopped at the end of the war dissolved in 1947 worried prices would rise bc of scarcity
war production board
ensured that the military had the resources i tneeded directed industrial output prohibited nonessential business activities allocted raw material organized scrap drives organized
The bracero program
established bc of wartime shortages Mexican laborers brought in from CA farm work expanded nationwide reported human rights for abuses lawsuits filed to collectsavings FIRST LEGAL guest worker program
rationing
fear of inflation unfair to low income people way to allocate scarce goods included meat, butter sugar coffee and shoes stamps and points system black market emerged
How did gvt encourage citizens to ease shortages
grow fruits and vegetables themselves 20 million started gardens more than 9 million tons of producers
war manpower commision
headed by former IN governer Paul McNutt Balanced the militarys recruiting needs w the requirements of agriculture and industry gave defernebts to certain groups oversaw the drafftuntil 1943
war bonds
helped finance the war more than 185 billion dollars sold bought busineeses banks and vivilians celeberties helped w bond drives high interest rates
national housing army
housing construction ceassed, except for defense purposes relocation caused housing shortages in many cities NHA established in 1942 combined and coordinated hoousing and loan programs
African Americans and the war
irony that they were fighting for the poeple who were racist towards them race riots broke out blacks found limited employment in defense plans african americans looked for equality in the workplace and in the military
The navajo codes tallers
language complicated and unknown to many used to transmit messages to the pacific theatre based on the navajo language navajo words frequently subsituted for military terms code never broken
The Womens army corps
marshall noted british success in usuing women for noncombat duties congress created womens auxillary WAAC later renamed womens army corps
scrap drives
organized by the war production board encouraged collection of waste and scrap goods for war use material included iron, aluminum and paper waste cooking fats r making glycerin the government used posters and publicity pictures of celebrities such as Rita hayworth to encourage citizens to recycle scrap items
The GI Bill
servicemen readjustment act of 1944 an attempt to thwart a social and economic crisis stalled in congress as house and senate hammered out a compromise Bill providd for education and training, low-cost loans, unemplyment benefits
geographic shifts in the economy
south saw great prosperity millions of jobs in textiles,chemicals and aluminum southern shipyards and aircraft plans grew west became and economic powerhouse california especially benefitted from federal expenditures more people moved west
How did FDR explain the 4 freedoms speech
thought if US had these freedoms, everyoen else should also
Women in the war effort
took over many jobs for servicemen, most notably in the heavy industry some joined military altered family life, brought several drawbacks pink collar jobs, now women are really getting involved altered military life because no say at home mom, women in workforce, CHILD CARE CREATED
Liberty Ships
usually cargo ships developed by henry Kaiser feautured welded hulls many sections prefabricated by 1943, 3 entered service daily
The Double V campaign
victory against fascism abroad and victory against discrimination at home
Women in the workforce
women were encouraged to work in defense plans others grew victory gardens and helped with recycling for the war effort generally earned less than male workers