XTCI OA FINAL LAURA'S STUDY GUIDE

True or False? Audit trails must include the name of the user, the name of the auditor, the application triggering the audit, the workstation, the specific document, a description of the event being audited, and the date and time.

-false An audit trail must contain the name of the user, the application triggering the audit, the workstation, the specific document, a description of the event being audited, and the date and time to determine the integrity of data. The name of the auditor is not part of an audit trail.

True or False? Health literacy enables patients to interact with the internet and learn about ways to remain engaged in their healthcare while information literacy enables patients to know when and why information is needed and how to apply it.

-false Computer literacy allows patients to interact with the internet. Health literacy is not restricted to knowing how to interact with the internet for their health information.

True or False? Health information exchange (HIE) infrastructures are vendor, community-wide, regional, statewide, and global enterprises, such as at military operating sites, that have a goal to exchange patient-level information.

-false Health information exchange (HIE) infrastructure allows healthcare providers and allied healthcare professionals to appropriately access and securely share a patient's vital medical information electronically—improving the speed, quality, safety, and cost of patient care.

True or False Information literacy is defined as the knowledge and ability to use computers and technology efficiently.

-false Information literacy is the knowledge and ability to locate, organize, use, communicate, and interpret print and electronic sources of information.

True or False While caring for patients, nurses are supported through decision support tools in the administrative information system that is based on best clinical evidence.

-false The clinical information system provides patient centric decision-making functionality to help guide a nurse with decision-making while caring for a patient.

When considering the lack of appropriate infrastructure as a factor contributing to challenges in finding and using big data in healthcare, why is a governance structure necessary?

A governance structure creates the balance between privacy and access while complying with state, national, and international ethical and legal requirements. A governance structure maintains oversight on privacy, access, and regulatory requirements of data management and analytics.

As health informatics and health information technology continues to evolve and proliferate, more legal and ethical issues surface highlighting the need for oversight through the development of healthcare policies, legislation, and regulation. Which three common policies, laws, or regulations affect health information technology?

ARRA (American Recovery and Reinvestment Act), 21st Century CURES Act, and FDASIA (Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act) ARRA provisions allowed for federal funding or incentives for healthcare organizations to upgrade health information technology systems. The 21st Century CURES Act is designed to help accelerate medical product development and bring new innovations and advances to patients who need them faster and more efficiently. It also requires patient electronic health information be made available to patients without delay (with few exceptions), at no cost. The FDASIA has improved the FDA's ability to speed patient access to digital records and improve the safety of drugs, medical devices, and biological products.

Administrative health information systems focus on managing administrative, financial, and demographic data and information and in providing reporting capabilities that support the overall functions of an organization. What is an example of administrative information systems?

Admission discharge transfer (ADT) system This is an administrative system that tracks a patient's activities and location from hospital or clinic admission through any and all transfers within the facility and, finally, through discharge.

Health information data gives information on care practices that were performed correctly and appropriately as well as data on aspects of care that need improvement. Organizations first need to establish a culture of safety so that available data can be freely reviewed and efforts toward improvements can follow. What is a characteristic of a culture of safety?

An environment that provides resources for the promotion and maintenance of safety measures. Providing resources focused on patient safety demonstrates the organization's commitment to it.

How does the HIE support informed decision-making for nurses and providers?

An ideal response would look like this: The timely sharing of patient information and at the point of care allows: the avoidance of readmissions the avoidance of medication errors the improvement of problem identification the improvement of diagnosis accuracy the reduction of duplicate testing

Clinical decision support (CDS) systems provide clinicians, staff, patients, or other individuals with data-driven and patient-specific information at the appropriate time so that decisions can be made appropriately during the clinical workflow. You have been asked to look up information related to CDS systems for your organization to determine their effectiveness. Review the AHRQ website provided in your essential reading section and explore the comparison table providing the latest research update on clinical decision support (Cross-cutting: Health Information Technology table). What is a key finding in the latest research summary of evidence on clinical decision support (CDS) systems?

CDS systems are widely believed to have the potential to positively impact patient safety, with the most consistent impact on improving medication safety. The review provides a summary of evidence published from 2008 to 2018 on clinical decision support (CDS) as a cross-cutting factor in efforts to improve patient safety, particularly in the arena of medication safety.

You have been asked to review the spread of COVID-19 in the United States to determine which states your staff should be particularly mindful of when conducting travel screening on their patients. You use the CDC's COVID Data Tracker website. When looking at cases and deaths by state, how is the number of cases represented?

Cases are represented by average daily cases per 100,000 in the last seven days.

The value of the HIE can only be experienced and appreciated if it is known to its users. There are several challenges to the use of the HIE. One major challenge to embedding HIE in care practice is a lack of awareness about HIE among clinicians. In nursing, what area of care would benefit the most by embedding HIE in nursing practice?

Coordination of care The coordination of care can be enhanced through the use of HIEs by helping nurses understand the root cause of frequent visits, identifying duplicate orders for tests, and maintaining accurate medication lists.

Under HIPAA, the definition of a business associate is an individual or organization that creates, receives, maintains, or transmits protected health information (PHI) on behalf of a covered entity. State three examples of a business associate.

Correct responses would consist or any three of the following: medical billing company a third party that assists with claims processing transcription service individual or company legal service individual or company accounting individual or company encryption service provider file sharing vendor backup storage vendor IT support vendor shredding or file disposal vendor

There are several systems that provide support for nurses in patient care decision-making. What is an example of this type of health information system?

Critical care information systems Critical care information systems assist decision-making by capturing input data from multiple bedside devices that facilitate calculation of clinical indices to support decisions on diagnosis and treatment.

One of the uses of healthcare data is for quality improvement. Which statement about data is accurate as it relates to quality improvement initiatives?

Data allows measurement of the quality of healthcare delivery to determine whether planned measures result in improvement. Quality improvement efforts need to be measurable. Without data, these efforts cannot be measured, and, without measurement, there will be no way to determine what needs improvement.

What is the definition of data integrity?

Data integrity is defined as a state wherein data are maintained whole and untainted throughout their life cycle. Data integrity is the state wherein data are uncorrupted, accurate, and valid.

Describe the continuum of data, information, knowledge, and wisdom that makes up the framework of nursing informatics.

Data is the lowest level that is seen in discrete sets of details related to a specific situation, patient, or population. Information results from the processing and organizing of data into more manageable structures and interpreting the meanings of individual data points. Knowledge follows when information is synthesized into formal relationships and connections. Finally, wisdom is the application of knowledge to addressing clinical problems and complex patient health issues, ensuring that it is done in a compassionate and ethical manne

As the scope of health informatics grows, so will the scope of practice of informatics nurses. Which area is it highly likely that informatics nurses will be seeing their responsibilities grow in as they relate to the specialty's development and support of its use?

Designing and facilitating changes in care models in response to evidence-based practice outcomes as they evolve, moving toward more predictive and preventive models

When using PGHD in research, some challenges that researchers encounter include managing the consent process and obtaining high quality data from the care delivery process. What is another challenge?

Determining participant eligibility Without in-person enrollment, verifying that a patient is eligible to participate in a study can be difficult.

As nursing informatics has expanded owing to the fast-growing needs of health information technology, its functional areas of practice have also expanded. What are three functional areas of practice for nurse informaticists?

Development of systems, products, and resources

What is a form of health information exchange

Directed exchange Providers send and receive secure information to each other electronically to support coordinated care (e.g., sending laboratory orders, test results, or discharge summaries directly to another healthcare professional over the internet through a secure connection).

The exchange of patient information to facilitate and improve the efficiency and timeliness of patient care is at the heart of health information exchanges (HIE). What refers to a directed exchange in the HIE?

Directed exchange is used by providers to easily and securely send patient information directly to another healthcare professional. A directed exchange is when providers send laboratory orders and results, patient referrals, or discharge summaries to another provider or healthcare entity.

What is an example of a common data integrity issue that occurs as a result of cloning, or copying, when documenting in the electronic medical record (EMR)?

Documentation of vital signs that do not vary Vital signs change and do not remain stagnant. Vital signs that do not change indicate that they are being copied or cloned.

The importance of data integrity in healthcare cannot be overstated. Some lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic concern challenges in tracing COVID-19 patients because of poor data capture. Given this information and what you learned from the learning resource "Preparing for the Next Pandemic," why is accurate patient identification data named as a priority by AHIMA?

Errors in patient identification data pose a high risk to patient safety. Correct patient medical history needs to be accurately matched to the right patient for both short-term and long-term public health responses to widespread diseases. Large-scale immunization programs depend on accurate patient information to identify who has had the disease, who has been vaccinated, and what their outcomes are.

The Four-Component Model describes the deliberative thought processes that occur from initial recognition of a situation with ethical content to implementation of a justifiable action. These processes consist of sensitivity, judgment, motivation, and action. Which statements describe the Four-Component Model processes?

Ethical judgment, or decision-making, is a deliberative process reflecting knowledge of ethical principles, theories, and codes. Ethical judgment is a deliberative process reflecting knowledge of ethical principles, theories, and codes. It is also a reasoning about the possible actions in the situation and judging which action is most ethical.

When introducing new health information technology, the use of the failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) is a way to ensure a culture of safety. Provide the definition of the FMEA.

Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) involves a systematic method of proactively investigating a process to identify where and how it might fail, and to assess the relative impact of different failures in order to identify the parts of the process that are most in need of change.

Healthcare data is everywhere. The data information knowledge wisdom (DIKW) framework refers to the way data becomes a product that can be used to positively affect patient care. Ture or FalseIn the DIKW framework, information is described as data that is processed and organized so that relations and interactions may be identified.

False Knowledge is information that is processed and organized so that relations and interactions are identified.

Several barriers to progress exist in the use of healthcare informatics, data sharing, and healthcare information exchange. What is an example of a barrier that is associated with health care clinicians' experience with health IT?

Health IT system design and usability When the design of the system is not aligned with the clinician's real-world workflows, the usability of the system diminishes, and this negatively affects the clinician's productivity.

The HITECH Act was created not only to support the implementation of electronic health records and the development of health information technology, but also to support HIPAA rules and regulations related to security, privacy, and confidentiality of protected health information. What does "HITECH Act" stand for?

Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act is the correct definition of the abbreviated "HITECH Act."

Health information data can be used for natural language processing (NLP). This technology allows nurses to speak naturally to patients while the NLP technology answers questions and documents on their behalf. What is a key improvement to nursing practice that NLP can offer?

Health information data can be used for natural language processing (NLP). This technology allows nurses to speak naturally to patients while the NLP technology answers questions and documents on their behalf. What is a key improvement to nursing practice that NLP can offer? In the absence of standardized nursing terminology, NLP captures nursing concepts that are not documented through structured data entry.

What is the difference between health information systems and health information technologies?

Health information systems manage health information for specific areas of healthcare. Health information systems are categorized as clinical information systems or administrative information systems. Health information technology (HIT) is what is involved in the design, development, implementation, integration, creation, use, and maintenance of health information systems. HIT also refers to the area of healthcare that uses computer hardware, software, or infrastructure to record, retrieve, analyze, archive, secure, and share clinical administrative, and financial information. HIT is the backbone and foundational structure of many advancements in healthcare such as clinical decision support, computerized disease registries, computerized provider order entry, consumer health IT applications, electronic medical record systems (EMRs, EHRs, and PHRs), electronic prescribing, and telehealth.

Health information technology (HIT) is defined as the area of healthcare where the processing, storage, and exchange of health information in an electronic environment is made possible. Its significance in healthcare is best explained by one of the statements below. Which of these is a correct statement?

Health information technology is used by healthcare providers to manage patient care and population health by using and sharing health information in a secure system. HIT is used to support systems that collect data needed for patient care, population health management, and for the sharing of this information within a secure system.

Why is it necessary to ensure data integrity in healthcare?

Healthcare data and information is attractive to cybercriminals for the value it provides. Consumer health informatics applications store health information data in a variety of ways that may be accessible to cybertheft.

An emerging trend in health information technology is the changing needs of the IT team of healthcare organizations. What describes what the IT team of healthcare organizations of the future will look like?

Healthcare organizations' IT teams are evolving to include more people with clinical backgrounds, data scientists, and senior security professionals. Driven by healthcare information technology growth and expansion, healthcare facilities will diversify their IT teams' make-up by including more people with clinical expertise like that provided by nurse informaticists.

Healthcare professionals are failing in promoting health literacy because they are failing in the ways they conduct health education. What is the most common example of this failure?

Healthcare professionals use terms they are comfortable with. The most common challenge in advancing health literacy is assuming that patients understand the medical terminology that healthcare professionals are comfortable with.

One of the challenges in advancing health literacy is the lack of research in the efficacy of interventions to improve it. Discuss at least two issues that further research could help with in health literacy.

Ideal response includes the following:: long-term outcomes of interventions that examine cost, quality, and satisfaction. effects of broad-based health literacy initiatives and interventions. success of obtaining funding for other interventions when present ones do not work. causal relationships between health literacy and improved outcomes.

Alert fatigue is an unintended consequence of the electronic health record and clinical decision support systems. Alert fatigue is the result of cognitive overload of information input, desensitizing the nurse from future alerts. When alert fatigue happens, vital decision-making support measures are ignored and it may lead to unsafe situations in patient care. State at least two ways nurses manifest alert fatigue and explain why this problem may compromise patient care.

Ideal responses include: Alert fatigue manifestation.: Overriding a warning. Closing a pop-up window. "Accepting" without taking the time to fully read an alert message. Turning off the warning functionality. Explanation as to why alert fatigue may compromise patient care. Alert fatigue can negatively affect patient safety by increasing the risk that clinically relevant alerts will be missed or ignored.

The benefits of electronic health record systems are numerous. Benefits can be classified as those that affect healthcare professionals, the healthcare system, or the consumers of care. As a nurse, name at least three nursing benefits of these systems.

Ideal responses include: Answer choice(s): Facilitates review of past and present data to gain a clear perspective on the patient's state of health. Supports an ongoing record of the client's education and understanding across encounters and visits. Eliminates the need for redundantly demographic and historical information, therefore, saving time. Provides access to all who have authorization to the patient's record. Allows data access for research activities. Provides prompts to ensure administration and documentation is done in a timely and accurate manner. Provides clinical decision support where necessary.

Consider your professional practice and experience and think about a technology-based work-around you have used or witnessed. Answer the following questions: What risk does the work-around impose? As the nurse informaticist, how would you determine why the work-around exists? As the nurse informaticist, how will you bridge the gap between evidence-based practice procedure and actual clinical activities?

Ideal responses include: Determination of why the work-around exists requires objective and blame-free communication. Surveys requesting honest feedback with no fear of retribution are instrumental. The nurse informaticist is instrumental in encouraging a multidisciplinary approach to analysis, understanding, and dissemination of survey results. Design and implementation of focused action plans require collaboration and feedback. Progress maintenance and evaluation are critical phases of the journey.

Why is privacy a barrier to healthcare information sharing and the progress of healthcare informatics?

Ideal responses include: Healthcare data and information are attractive to cybercriminals for the value they provide. Consumer health informatics applications store health information data in a variety of ways that may be accessible to cybertheft.

In improving ways to collect information on race, ethnicity, gender, and language, it is important to recognize the challenges that hinder the appropriate collection of these elements of healthcare data. State at least three challenges healthcare organizations are faced with in collecting these points of information from patients.

Ideal responses include: How to ask patients and enrollees questions about race, ethnicity, and language and communication needs. How to train staff to elicit this information in a respectful and efficient manner that is sensitive to the patient. How to address the educational or cultural discomfort of registration and admission staff about requesting this information. How to address potential patient refusal to respond respectfully. How to address system-level issues that result in changes to previously collected information that is incongruent to current information.

Alert fatigue is a serious concern in healthcare organizations that undermine the value of clinical decision-making capabilities offered by CDSS. To fully avail of the functionality of decision-support mechanisms that contribute to safe patient care, discuss one way that alert fatigue can be managed.

Ideal responses include: Review each alert, determine its significance, and make a decision to maintain or eliminate it. Recognize that an unnecessary alert is dangerous because it makes it that much less likely that the clinician will pay attention to the next alert that is necessary. Explore the possibility of having machines "talk" to each other to establish congruence in interpreting specific patient input that is aligned with the need for an alert to fire.

As the healthcare landscape continues to evolve, several drivers have prompted the surge in the use of connected health modalities. Name three drivers that have pushed the development of technology in the connected health arena.

Ideal responses include: the need to improve access to healthcare, especially for patients geographically underserved areas. the need to reduce disparities in care by offering more opportunities for medical visits. the need to increase productivity by allowing providers to see more patients within a given period of time. the need to address national challenges such as physician shortages. the need to address global challenges limiting face- to- face meetings, such as pandemics.

During the testing phase of a new predictive model of care designed to identify clinical decline in patients, the informatics nurse notes that there are many failure points in the model's design that have not passed testing. The release date for this new functionality has been set and communication to the organization has been released. The nurse is troubled by this discovery. State two courses of actions that the informatics nurse should take.

Ideal responses would incorporate at least two of the following: Report the failures in testing to the immediate supervisor. Recommend defer the release of the new functionality until it passes testing completely. Confer with technical experts in the team to review the cause of the failure points. Continue with testing until it passes, and no further failure points are seen.

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Healthy People initiative creates 10-year national objectives to help health professionals and others committed to improving health and well-being address public health priorities. For Healthy People 2030, six objectives are related to health literacy. Which objective describes challenges in informatics?

Increase the proportion of people who say their online medical record is easy to understand This objective would involve informatics-related efforts to implement several revisions to online records ensuring that health literacy is promoted through the use of plain language, easy to navigate sites, more language at the fourth- to sixth-grade level, and more pictures to augment information.

While working as a nurse at your designated patient unit, you were assigned to care for a recently admitted celebrity. A co-worker asked you to take her photograph next to the sleeping celebrity, promising that she would not show it to anyone else. You refused but later found her reading the celebrity's medical record. What should be your course of action?

Inform her that what she is doing is a violation of HIPAA because she is not involved in the patient's care. Report the incident to your supervisor and create an incident report.

Information and data privacy is the relationship between data collection, information technology, a patient's expectation of privacy, and the legal, ethical, and political issues connected to these relationships. Which three areas are examples of where information and data privacy issues may arise?

Informed consent records detail specific information such as tests, procedures, laboratory results, etc. and may compromise privacy if improperly handled.

You have just learned about the term patient-generated health data (PGHD) and are aware of the opportunities as well as the challenges related to patients, providers, researchers, technology developers, policy makers, and payers as it relates to this form of informatics-driven functionality. What is an example of a challenge related to patients and their healthcare providers in the use of PGHD?

Issues with health, technology, and language literacy may dissuade or prevent patients from accessing technology or understanding how to complete what is required to keep their PGHD accurate and up to date

A health information system comprises multiple information systems that are interfaced and integrated to support the clinical and administrative management of healthcare information. What is the purpose of this?

It focuses on the acquisition, review, and use of patient data. Clinical information systems acquire patient data so that healthcare professionals can review it and use the information to deliver care.

With the multiple forms of health information technology that are able to extract and process patient information, data many times exists in silos where it is not useful. Interoperability has been a term used more and more frequently in health information technology. What does interoperability in healthcare mean?

It is the ability of different information systems and health information technologies to securely access, exchange, integrate, and cooperatively use data in a coordinated manner using a standardized format across several national and global boundaries. Interoperability allows timely and seamless portability of information and optimizes the health of individuals and populations globally through this seamless exchange.

Healthcare data is a valuable commodity. Because it is used to benefit the delivery of healthcare, there are many ways to maximize its value. What is a use in maximizing the value of healthcare data?

It is used to create clinical decision support tools to augment clinical care. Healthcare data may be used to create clinical decision support tools that help guide clinical practice and improve the safety of patient care.

To facilitate reliable healthcare data searches, it is important to recognize the purpose and mission of healthcare websites of interest for healthcare providers. What is the purpose of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)?

It produces evidence that will make healthcare safer and improve quality, accessibility, and affordability. The AHRQ's mission is to advance excellence in healthcare by producing evidence to make healthcare safer, higher quality, more accessible, equitable, and affordable.

Protected health information, or PHI, is named as such because HIPAA federal laws and practice policy protects it from being exposed or shared without the patient's permission. Which three options apply to PHI?

Lab results qualify as PHI because they can give an indication of a patient's underlying condition.

The American Nurses Association Code of Ethics Provision 3 stresses that a nurse's obligation is to protect patients from harm. What does the first interpretive statement for this provision protect the patient's rights to?

Maintaining privacy and confidentiality. Protecting the patient's right to privacy and confidentiality protects the patient from harm

This data source is used to track events and transactions between patients and health care providers.

Medical records Medical records offer information such as medical history, drug history, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, lab tests, health problems, and any other information collected during the patient's encounter with their medical provider or healthcare organization.

With the advent of big data, it is no longer enough to look at only one aspect of patient care. Why is it important to view patients in the context of all the variables that affect the individual?

More variables provide a more holistic view of patients' capacity to care for themselves. A holistic view of patients' health and support system to maintain health is evident once all the variables that affect them are discovered.

The use of electronic health records (EHRs) has been tremendously helpful in allowing organizations to collect and share patient information. However, differences in format still exist. Standardization of healthcare data is important so that organizations can gather, classify, and aggregate data to discover new information, trends, and ways to improve care. What is one example of a standardized data language that nurses are familiar with?

NANDA was created by the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association to provide standardized terms for nursing diagnoses.

It is important to always verify the credibility of healthcare data sources to ensure the quality of information that a source offers. Which source provides tutorials that can be used to help determine the validity of health information?

National Library of Medicine The National Library of Medicine manages the world's largest biomedical and health library and offers courses on how to validate healthcare information found on the intranet.

When evaluating the strength of evidence in guidelines and recommendations derived from data and health information research, a common tool that is used is GRADE. The GRADE approach rates four areas as high, moderate, low, and very low. What are these four areas?

Number of participants, risk of bias of trials, heterogeneity, and methodological quality of the review. GRADE stands for grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluations. It is an approach used for developing and presenting summaries of evidence of healthcare-related recommendations and guidelines.

Administrative information systems support patient care by managing administrative, financial, and demographic information and reporting. What is an example of administrative information systems?

Patient acuity and staff scheduling system Patient acuity and staff scheduling systems are administrative health information systems that have the capability to calculate patient acuity levels and care complexity and create staffing schedules accordingly.

Consumer health informatics is a subspecialty of healthcare informatics that allows people to initiate and maintain active involvement and participation in their own health. What are the five common applications of consumer health informatics?

Personal Health Records, Telehealth, Mobile Health, Games for Health, and Health 2.0. All five are applications of consumer health informatics.

Which information in a patient's medical record will help a nurse plan and manage the patient's pain?

Physician orders

This data integrity issue occurs when voice recognition functionality is used without a validation step in place.

Poor Documentation Practice 1: Dictation errors without validation Dictation errors without validation occur in the absence of a process wherein providers review, edit, and approve dictated information in a timely manner contributes to quality issues and errors in documentation.

This data integrity issue occurs when wrong data is entered in the wrong patient's record.

Poor Documentation Practice 2: Patient identification error A patient identification error results when the person documenting fails to first check if the correct patient record has been accessed.

This data integrity issue occurs when information from previous documentation on the same patient or a different one is copied on to the record to avoid redundant work.

Poor Documentation Practice 3: Cloning or copy/pasting When not modified to be specific to the patient, cloning or copy/pasting results in the insertion of information that may cause significant quality of care and compliance concerns—creating a potential for medical liability issues

Health information technology continues to grow with cybersecurity, artificial intelligence, and big data leading the list of technologies that will continue to grow in the future. What is another technology in health information technology that is trending as a priority for the future?

Predictive analytics As opposed to reactive analytics, predictive analytics involves the proactive management of the patient at the bedside and in the community to prevent further deterioration of health and avoidance of unnecessary cost of care.

Predictive analytics uses strategies with machine learning to think and process data. It is an output by which technology finds patterns emerge with patient characteristics and outcomes to inform the course of action in patient care. How is the use of predictive analytics better than the use of standard alerts for nurses' decision-making?

Predictive analytics can provide a risk estimate of the patient for morbidity or mortality and acuity, providing a higher level of decision support for the nurse. Predictive analytics is based on recognized trends of patient's prior and current information, not just a static view of current information.

Consumer health informatics is considered a subspecialty area of healthcare informatics. It involves insight into consumer preferences and healthcare data information that allows consumers to actively plan, track, and participate in their healthcare strategies while also communicating with their healthcare providers for guidance and monitoring. What are three barriers to using this subspecialty type of healthcare informatics?

Privacy issues, cognitive disabilities, low health literacy Many consumers remain wary of privacy issues around their personal health records. Individuals over the age of 65 may find the use of technology. Individuals with low health literacy may be intimidated by unfamiliar terminology and prefer interacting directly with their clinicians.

While working as part of the implementation team for an organization's electronic medical record (EMR), the informatics nurse notes that access to a patient's record is open to any user of the system, regardless of role. Which ethical implication should the nurse consider that could negatively affect the organization and its patients?

Privacy, security, and confidentiality Access to a patient's record should be limited to the role of the user to prevent compromises to the privacy, security, and confidentiality of the patient's protected health information.

Health information technology makes up the infrastructure that allows healthcare providers and organizations to deliver safe and quality patient care through information generation, analysis, and sharing in a secure system. Meaningful Use, now known as the Promoting Interoperability Program, is a program of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) that sets expectations on the use of certified EHR technology in a meaningful manner to ensure the electronic exchange of health information to improve the quality of care. What do the three stages of the program include?

Promoting data capture and sharing, advancing clinical processes, and improving patient outcomes. Improving patient engagement is a part of improving patient outcomes.

When reviewing healthcare data and information, it is important to recognize the two main types of data. What are these two main data types?

Quantitative and qualitative data Quantitative data focuses on numbers and frequencies, with the goal of describing a situation or finding correlations and specific variable contributions to an outcome. Qualitative data is focused on describing meaning and experiences rather than drawing statistical inferences.

Health information exchanges (HIE) greatly improve the ability to get a complete picture of a patient through access to many different sources of the patient's information. There are three key forms of health information exchange. What are three HIE forms of health information exchange?

Query-based exchange, directed exchange, and consumer-mediated exchange While query-based and directed exchange are correct, the patient portal is not exchanged, but rather, the data within it may be exchanged under the control of the patient.

When looking at improvement opportunities in the use of health information technology, radio-frequency identification (RFID) is one worth considering because it is overtaking the use of barcoding technology. Which statement describes the main advantage RFID has over barcoding technology?

RFID technology can manage issues associated with barcode printing imperfections and barcode scanner resolution.

Health information technology data drives much of the research that produces evidence-based practice. However, it is not enough to simply have the data to implement evidence-based practice. What is an element of change that must be in place for the successful implementation of evidence-based practice?

Readiness and willingness of organization to recognize the need for change

Connected health refers to the delivery of technology-assisted care that occurs outside the traditional face-to-face setting between a patient and a healthcare provider. Connected health is differentiated by two categories: synchronous and asynchronous. What is an example of asynchronous connected health?

Remote patient monitoring This is a form of telehealth, where a centralized command center is used consisting of sophisticated monitoring technology, staffed by highly trained intensivists and critical-care nurses to monitor the ICU patient in real time.

mHealth is the generation, accumulation, and exchange of medical information through mobile and wireless tools. What is an example of mHealth?

Remote patient monitoring is the use of devices to capture patient data at one location and then transmit it electronically to healthcare professionals at a different location, allowing the review of data for clinical decision-making.

As a nurse involved in the design of a medical record, you note that in the demographic section, no allowances are made for sexual preferences or gender other than male or female. Which fundamental ethical principle could this be an example of indifference to?

Respect is a fundamental ethical principle that puts high value on the dignity and worth of all people, the rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination

It is important for a nurse to recognize the fundamental ethical principles that guide ethical behavior in the use of health informatics.

Responses may include any three of the following: beneficence non-maleficence fidelity responsibility integrity justice respect for people's rights and dignity autonomy paternalism

Mobile health, also known as mHealth, is the collection of emerging technologies that use mobile communications and network technologies for healthcare systems. mHealth is changing the landscape of healthcare because its focus on patient-centric needs is allowing the improvement of patient education, preventative care, and diagnosis and research-based treatment. Additionally, it is showing the capacity to lower healthcare costs and enable patients to manage long-term conditions. What are examples of mHealth technology?

Smartphone-connected devices, wearable sensors, lab-on-a-chip, and implantable and ingestible sensors All these technologies fall under the category of mHealth for their mobility capacity.

Applying the approach of universal precautions to health literacy means that clinicians and health care organizations should assume that all patients are at risk of not understanding medical information. Therefore, they should communicate with patients in a way that uses plain language and is easy to understand. Which key concept is involved in this approach for promoting health literacy?

Supporting patients in their health management efforts Showing support for what patients are doing well and reinforcing the same with simple guides will help cement key concepts in health education and instructions.

This data source is used to monitor outbreaks of specific diseases and conditions.

Surveillance is a data source used when specifically monitoring trending rates or outbreaks of specific diseases or conditions.

This data source collects information directly from participants and relies on the participants' interpretation of what they recall and not necessarily what transpired.

Surveys collect health and social science information from a sample of people in a standardized way to better understand a larger population.

Which item is a form of consumer health informatics that enables virtual consultation and collaboration with patients and other clinicians regardless of geographic location?

Telehealth Telehealth is defined as healthcare at a distance through the use of technology that connects the patient and the clinician in real time.

This data integrity issue occurs when note templates do not accurately match the clinical documentation needs of the patient.

Template challenges occur when relevant elements of the clinical case do not fit appropriately in the template causing under documentation or over documentation. Poor Documentation Practice 4: Template challenges

Provision 2 of the ANA Code of Ethics states that the nurse's primary commitment is to the patient, whether an individual, family, group, or community. Which three statements describe how the informatics nurse (IN) adheres to this code?

The IN considers the probable outcomes of decisions about data collection as they relate to issues of protection of the privacy, security, and confidentiality of patient information. The IN must always safeguard the privacy, security, and confidentiality of patient information to protect the patient.

Big data is produced as health information technology continues to grow. However, not all big data is useful in improving nursing practice. It is essential for nurses to recognize the five properties of big data to know if it is worth considering when looking at ways to improve nursing practice. List the five properties of big data

The five properties of big data are: volume velocity variety value veracity

Healthcare data greatly impacts quality improvement programs in healthcare organizations. Data helps drive decision-making when determining how certain quality measures are performing and how that performance compares to other organizations. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) provides evidence-based healthcare quality indicators that can be used with hospital inpatient administrative data to measure and track clinical performance and outcomes. You have been invited to join your organization's quality improvement department and need more information on these indicators. Locate the AHRQ website and open the section labeled "Data." Name the four types of quality indicators.

The four types of quality indicators are: prevention quality indicators, inpatient quality indicators, patient safety indicators, pediatric quality indicators.

The scope of nursing informatics involves basic tenets that form a framework describing the thinking and actions of informatics nurses. Which statement accurately reflects this concept?

The informatics nurse (NI) considers the impact of technological changes on patient safety, healthcare delivery, quality reporting, and the nursing process. The NI looks into the effects of technological solutions and how they affect the nursing process in the safe and quality delivery of patient care.

Which data in a medical record would inform the nurse that a PRN pain medication can be administered to the patient?

The medication administration record and the nursing assessment notes from the last shift indicate the patient's level of comfort.

The use of technology can positively impact the quality of care through the exchange of vital patient information in a timely and efficient manner. However, the use of technology can also negatively impact patient care. Which three situations happen when the use of technology negatively impacts ethical nursing practice?

The nurse spends a long amount of time documenting on the computer because of complex documentation requirements in the electronic medical record (EMR).

Organizations that put value in establishing an environment that supports health literacy exhibit certain attributes. What is the appropriate attribute that applies to these types of organizations?

The organization provides information necessary to navigate the facility. The organization provides mechanisms to assist the patient in finding information in plain language and also provides way-finding assistance within the facility with clear signage and instructions.

A nurse involved in organizational quality improvement has been asked to work toward promoting universal precautions with health literacy. Explain what this approach is and give at least two examples of how the universal precaution approach can be implemented in promoting health literacy.

The premise of the universal precaution approach for health literacy sets the expectation for members of the organization to assume that all patients are at risk of not understanding medical information,; therefore, communication with patients should be in ways anyone can understand. Examples of ways to implement this approach include the following: Simplify information by providing it written at a fourth- to sixth -grade level, using short sentences and simple words, including pictures whenever possible. Create a shame-free environment in all areas of the organization, remaining consistent with the way information is delivered. Listen carefully, avoiding interruptions when the patient is speaking. Confirm comprehension by asking the patient to discuss in their own way what they understood about the instructions they were given. Improve support for navigation within the healthcare area by providing simple signage that is readable even in the absence of words. Support and reinforce what patients are doing well in their self-care.

The nurse's role in advocating and supporting the ethical use of informatics is manifested through the observation of fundamental ethical principles. What is a description of a fundamental ethical principle that refers to integrity?

The promotion of accuracy, honesty, and high principles of morality. Integrity is the adherence to moral and ethical principles.

Nurses are continuously exposed to health information technology and the health data it produces. Many times, nurses do not realize how they too contribute to the generation of data through the use of health information technology. What is a way nurses use or generate health information technology data?

Through programming infusion pumps that are driven by artificial intelligence (AI) AI, drives much of health information technology. AI is regularly used in the programming for equipment such as infusion pumps or bar code medication administration systems.

For many patients challenged with technology, a way to improve their outcomes through the use of informatics is to consider what can be done to improve the ease and convenience of using technology. How can this be completed?

Through the application of evidence-based best practices in user-centered design User-centered design involves the purposeful planning and design of technology that makes it convenient and easy to use by the user, not the developer.

Gartner's hype cycle for data science and machine learning illustrates the pathway of a technology from innovation to mainstream productivity. When technology does not produce the outcomes expected, what is this phase of the path is known as?

Trough of Disillusionment This is the phase where the technology produces disappointment for not meeting the unrealistic expectations.

Patients experience cognitive challenges as they get older. Cognitive challenges contribute to low health literacy. What is a strategy that can be implemented to advance health literacy, in spite of anticipated cognitive challenges in older adults?

Use plain language. The use of plain language means stating the message in direct terms, avoiding the use of medical terminology, and using language at the fourth to sixth grade level.

The abundance of healthcare data has made it possible to implement reforms in the delivery of healthcare and reimbursement methods. Which healthcare policy reform introduced in 2008 focuses on rewarding providers with incentives based on the quality of care they deliver as opposed to the volume of care?

Value-based model (VBM) The value-based model rewards providers and organizations for quality-driven care based on their ability to meet set quality measures and indicators.

Big data must meet five property requirements to be deemed useful and applicable. Which statement reflects this property?

Velocity in big data refers to how fast it can be processed to generate knowledge. Big data requires complex processing procedures but cannot take too long to be processed or they may be rendered out of date.

This data source is used to provide information on fixed data elements at the state and national level.

Vital records provide information on fixed data elements at the state and national level.

A patient mentions to his nurse that with so much health information on the internet, he does not know what information is reliable and credible as opposed to what is not. Which professional advice would be best for this patient?

When evaluating information quality, look for qualified, credible sources and specific details and dates that enable independent verification of information. Verification of information is the most important way to determine whether information is reliable and credible. One way to verify information is by using the U.S. National Library of Medicine tutorials, which can help determine the validity of health information.

One of the challenges in advancing health literacy is the lack of transparency in the US healthcare system. Explain the reasons why this issue is a challenge.

When patients are given options for the management of their healthcare, the cost of these options becomes a major factor that affects their decision-making. The lack of transparency related to the cost of healthcare, also known as the ability to "shop," makes it difficult for patients to make well-educated decisions that they are comfortable with.

True or False? Healthcare information systems are composed of various health information systems, each with a specific purpose. A quality assurance system that manages information related to continuous quality improvement, regulatory reporting, and audits of clinical processes is an example of a clinical information system.

While a quality assurance system manages data on the quality of processes that affect patient outcomes, it does not manage information relative to the direct clinical care of the patient. It is categorized as an administrative information system.

In the DIKW framework, what is the level at which AI-driven predictive analytics is used to support decision-making by nurses?

Wisdom This is the level where the information the nurse is presented with is transformed into a clinical interpretation and judgment of care.

As adults age, there are challenges inherent to learning. Often, they are faced with complex health decisions and knowledge of how to manage their way around the healthcare system. Which category of health literacy challenges are older adults usually faced with?

cognitive challenges Aging contributes to challenges in processing information, focusing, and memory.

True or False? To ensure data integrity, healthcare organizations only need to ensure that their medical records have sufficient audit trail functionality.

false Audit trails are only one of the ways to ensure data integrity.

With the proliferation of data in healthcare, big data is a common term used in the healthcare industry. True or False? Big data is defined as the process of integrating data from different sources for the purpose of optimizing its use and understanding its functionality.

false Big data is considered data originating from very large data sets that help identify patterns and trends. Big data cannot be managed without the use of technology to analyze its output.

Healthcare data integrity is crucial in the healthcare environment. Information technology (IT) must ensure that healthcare decisions are based on authentic and accurate data. True or False? Data scrubbing is a mechanism provided by the computer system to assist users by prompting them to complete a task, verify information, or prevent entry of inappropriate information.

false Data scrubbing is the process by which incorrect, incomplete, duplicate, or improperly formatted items are removed using special software designated for this purpose.

True or False In the four-component model of ethics, ethical judgment is the ability to recognize an ethical problem.

false Ethical judgment, or decision-making, is a deliberative process reflecting knowledge of ethical principles, theories, and codes.

True or False Healthcare professional databases represent a source of online information that is generally accessible to those with professional or academic affiliations, such as faculty, staff, and students. Google is an example of a professional database.

false Google is a search engine, not a database for healthcare. Examples of professional databases for healthcare are CINAHL and Medline.

True or False Health literacy is the state of an individual's ability to read and understand basic medical terminology and comprehend healthcare instructions given by healthcare professionals.

false Health literacy is more than just the ability to read and understand basic medical terminology and instructions. It is also the capacity of an individual to express their needs and preferences and to respond to the need for information about services provided for them.

True or False Low health literacy is language dependent because even among ethnic groups, differences in the meaning of words are evident between regions.

false Low health literacy is not language dependent since it is also highly impacted by culture, ethnicity, race, environment, and social class.

True or False Nurses can contribute to machine learning algorithms by (1) filling data gaps with nursing-relevant data that provide personalized context about the patient; (2) improving data dissemination techniques; and (3) evaluating potential value in practice.

false Nurses can contribute to machine learning algorithms by (1) filling data gaps with nursing-relevant data that provide personalized context about the patient; (2) improving data preprocessing techniques; and (3) evaluating potential value in practice.

True or False Trends that will influence the expansion of the informatics nurse's scope of practice include the following: changing practice roles in nursing increasing informatics competence requirements for all nurses rapidly evolving technology regulatory changes and quality standards that include healthcare consumers as partners in healthcare model evolving marketing trends

false Rather than evolving marketing trends, evolving care delivery models and innovation will influence the informatics nurse's scope of practice.

True or False? The admission-discharge-transfer (ADT) system manages information on the patient's activities in the hospital as they relate to the patient's location and phase of movement within the hospital. This system is categorized under the general classification of clinical information systems (CIS) within a hospital's health information system (HIS).

false The ADT system is classified under the hospitals' administrative information system, not the clinical information system. It is one of the foundational systems that allows operational activities such as bed placement, transportation coordination, room readiness, and the general coordination of services focused on the patient's phase of movement.

True or False The Internet of Things (IoT) in healthcare refers to a subset of the internet that deals with medical information and literature for the advancement of health information technology.

false The Internet of Things (IoT) in healthcare refers to the collection of internet-connected devices, including wearables, implants, skin sensors, home monitoring tools, and mHealth applications. The IoT has the potential to connect patients and their providers in a variety of ways and has the ability to maximize the power of big data analytics through ongoing innovation.

True or False Health information technology data supports the development of research for the implementation of evidence-based improvements in nursing practice. Various models are available to facilitate this implementation. Is the following statement true or false: The Iowa Model of Evidence-Based Practice to Promote Quality Care is a model for the implementation of evidence-based practice that is divided into five phases: preparation, validation, comparative evaluation/decision-making, translation and application, and evaluation.

false The Iowa Model of evidence-based practice to promote quality care is a model for the implementation of evidence-based practice stresses the importance of prioritizing triggers based on the need for change and the needs of the clinical agency.

True or False The pharmacy information system is an administrative information system because it manages functions that include inventory control, billing, and preparation of documentation such as patient profiles, medication labels, and fill lists.

false The pharmacy information system is a clinical information system because it also manages order entry tracking of drug dispensing, alerting practitioners and pharmacists of prescription errors and potential interactions, patient education, and providing access to clinical information.

True or False A CDS system basically follows a sequence of components that accurately guide the clinician in making sound decisions in healthcare. This sequence of components includes a trigger, input data, an instruction, and an action step.

false The right components of a CDS include a trigger, such as a medication order; input data, such as lab values; intervention information, such as other options provided; and an action step, such as the action selected by the clinician.

Outcomes research, also known as OCR, is the stand-out model for the measurement of quality indicators. True or False? The goal of OCR is to improve the quality of care through the use of research data that examines the effectiveness of healthcare processes.

false Through the use of OCR, variations in practice may be minimized, focusing on those that achieve positive outcomes. Examples of outcomes are survival, quality of life, functional status, costs, cost-effectiveness, and patient satisfaction.

True or False Mobile Health, also known as mHealth, refers to a type of health information system that involves the use of smartphones and portable monitoring sensors that transmit information to providers, as well as dedicated application software (apps) which are downloaded onto devices.

false mHealth is a form of health information technology, not a health information system. It is used to analyze, aggregate, share, and protect health information data derived from or used in portable devices.

True or False Nursing informatics involves the synthesis of knowledge and wisdom into data and information.

false Nursing informatics involves the synthesis of data and information into knowledge and wisdom.

What word best describes data applied?

information Data transform into information by assigning a meaning or context to a data.

True or False When exploring opportunities to improve the safe delivery of patient care, nurses can make use of health information technology data through the systems engineering approach. This approach enables the partnership of technology manufacturers and vendors with organizations to identify risks to patient safety and promote safe health information technology integration.

true During the integration of technology into the organization, it is important for biomedical engineers and health information technology experts to work together with organization members to identify the potential for risk to the patient in the use of the technology.

True or False When searching for specific healthcare data on the internet, the most important thing to remember is that the effective use of keywords helps to narrow and direct the search.

true A keyword search uses the most important words for the topic of interest and eliminates other words that may be unrelated to it.

True or False It is a professional nurse's responsibility to be involved in the development of health policy in healthcare informatics. An example of change that a nurse could advocate for is supporting a movement from fee-for-service documentation to quality-based care documentation in the electronic medical record (EMR).

true Advocating for policy change to eliminate excessive documentation that only contributes to repetitive and redundant entries can streamline patient documentation and improve the quality of its content, thereby improving patient safety.

True or False Artificial technology operates in an intentional and adaptive manner learning from acquired data and becoming more accurate over time in the identification of trends and patterns.

true Artificial technology, or artificial intelligence, identifies trends and patterns to help make recommendations or to provide answers for the healthcare professional's decision-making.

True or False Descriptive analytics provides description of historical data.

true Descriptive analytics is a statistical method that is used to search and summarize historical data in order to identify patterns or meaning.

True or False Two approaches that would address challenges with health literacy are teaching patients enough information about their illnesses and about how the health system works.

true Health literacy involves teaching patients enough information about their illnesses and about how the health system works so that they can be legitimate partners in the appropriate management of their health.

True or False One of the provisions of the 21st Century CURES Act is the elimination of information blocking. Information blocking is defined as a practice by a health IT stakeholder that, except as required by law or specified by the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) as a reasonable and necessary activity, is likely to interfere with access, exchange, or use of electronic health information from provider to provider or provider to patient.

true Information blocking is defined as anything that interferes with, prevents, or materially discourages access, exchange, or use of electronic health information (EHI).

True or False With the abundance of research articles on health information technology data, the key to knowing what should be integrated into clinical practice is knowing how to determine the article's level or strength of evidence.

true Levels of evidence refer to the strength of evidence or confidence placed in the findings related to the approach used. Confidence in findings is critical to the process of translating findings into practice.

A nurse is aware that a specific cognitive computing model is used in her organization to guide the identification of clinical deterioration of patients. However, she does not feel comfortable following the protocol of care based on the model because she does not believe it is accurately reflecting her patient's condition. She calls the physician to discuss her patient and he tells her to follow the protocol of care as written. True or False This is an example of a situation producing moral distress because the nurse knows the right thing to do but finds it nearly impossible to do it.

true Moral distress results from knowing what is right, being in a situation that constrains acting on that knowledge, and the psychological distress resulting from that inability to do the right thing.

True or False As health information technology continues to expand, nurse informaticists will be needed to not only educate clinicians on the use of big data, but also to articulate the value of proposed technology.

true Nurse informaticists' knowledge about health information technology will be needed to evaluate the value of the technology, its impact on practice, and its impact on patient outcomes.

True or False One of the barriers in finding and using big data in informatics-driven healthcare is a lack of nursing visibility.

true Nurses and nurse informaticists are needed to communicate clinician needs to data scientists. Nurse informaticists are underrepresented in big data positions, yet it is vital for nurses to be in this field to advance nursing knowledge and practice using big data.

True or False Nurses should have an overall understanding of the health policies, laws, and regulations behind health informatics and be able to advocate for change to improve the delivery of healthcare.

true Nurses can utilize healthcare information to optimize the use of health informatics and campaign for safe, effective, and efficient health information technology in the improvement of healthcare delivery.

True or False One of the guiding principles of the AHIMA Code of Ethics is to advocate, uphold, and defend the consumer's right to privacy and the doctrine of confidentiality in the use and disclosure of information. While this guiding principle is focused on the health information management professional, it also applies to the nursing profession.

true One of the guiding principles of the AHIMA Code of Ethics is to advocate, uphold, and defend the consumer's right to privacy and the doctrine of confidentiality in the use and disclosure of information. While this guiding principle is focused on the health information management professional, it also applies to the nursing profession.

True or False? The 21st Century Cures Act asserts that putting patients in charge of their health records is a key piece of patient control in healthcare; therefore, barriers to their health information must be addressed through the use of advanced information technology measures.

true The 21st Century Cures Act recognizes that patients need more power in their healthcare, and access to information is key to making that happen.

True or False The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act of 2009 was created to promote the adoption of health information technology, as well as to ensure compliance on the institutional level.

true The HITECH Act directs eligible healthcare providers and healthcare organizations to adopt electronic health records to improve the exchange of information and to improve privacy and security protections for healthcare data.

True or False The HITECH Act of 2009 provides the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) with the authority to establish programs to improve health care quality, safety, and efficiency through the promotion of health IT, including electronic health records and private and secure electronic health information exchange.

true The HITECH Act directs healthcare providers to adopt electronic health records and improved privacy and security protections for healthcare data. It offers financial incentives and imposes penalties depending on compliance measures achieved or missed.

True or False When data is electronically recorded, the process follows a programmed set of instructions built into the software, thereby cutting down substantially on collection error. To facilitate the data collection process, it is important that the data collection form is user-friendly and that the computer interface used for inputting the data is well-designed.

true The ease of use of the data collection tool and the design of the computer interface for inputting data affect the completeness, consistency, and accuracy of the resulting data.

True or False Artificial intelligence (AI) is a kind of health information-driven technology wherein Intelligent systems and technology use underlying trends or patterns to inform decision-making.

true The goal of effective AI should be to aid in decision-making, not replace the nurses' decision-making capacity.

True or False The term "big data center" refers to achieving the centralized processing, storage, transmission, exchange, and management of information within a physical space, in which computers, servers, and network and storage devices are generally considered the key equipment for the core of a data center.

true The term "big data center" refers to achieving the centralized processing, storage, transmission, exchange, and management of information within a physical space, in which computers, servers, and network and storage devices are generally considered the key equipment for the core of a data center

True or False The use of big data in nursing is valuable toward exploring improvement opportunities in population health. However, the use of big data in nursing is hindered by the lack of standard nursing terminology.

true The use of standardized nursing terminology is the basis for integrating nursing data into clinical databases for big data and big data science uses.

True or False Attention to a nurse's feelings can be important evidence that the nurse is facing an ethical dilemma. These feelings are triggered even when nurses do not have a personal interest in any given event.

true This is a demonstration of ethical sensitivity, described as the ability to recognize an ethical problem.

True or False ? Health information systems are costly to maintain because they need to be constantly optimized and updated. The best way to maintain a health information system is to optimize quickly, within a few months after the original system has been implemented.

true Waiting longer can cause problems and slowness of the system because the added functionality must be correctly interfaced with the current system.

True or False? One of the goals of the 2016 CMS Quality Strategy calls for improving safety and reducing unnecessary and inappropriate care by teaching healthcare professionals how to better communicate with people who have low health literacy and by more effectively linking healthcare decisions to person-centered goals.

true When healthcare professionals are trained on best practices for communicating with patients who have low health literacy, it promotes understanding and active involvement and participation of the patient in their own care. This, therefore, decreases the need for further services and care that would otherwise be needed if the patients do not understand what they are expected to do about their health.

True or False Nurses and physicians believe that CDSS adds knowledge to their provision of care but believe that CDSS advice must always be confirmed by the healthcare professional.

true CDSS is technology that provides recommendations for care and must be balanced with professional judgment, not used in place of it.

True or False? Disparities in access to health information are just as detrimental as disparities in access to healthcare itself.

true Disparities in access to health information, such as the inability to have access to computers or the internet, results in the lower usage rates of preventive services, less knowledge of chronic disease management, higher rates of hospitalization, and poorer reported health status.