Zoology: Lab Practical 1

Eumetazoa: Phylum Cnidaria: Class Anthozoa: Genus Astrangia

Be able to recognize

Potostomia: Phylum Mollusca: Class Cephalopoda: Genus Loligo

Be able to tell male and female squid apart Funnel (siphon): hose for jet propulsion to help change direction/movement Head: the top of the squid Arms: eight of them, used for grabbing prey, composed of suckers, shorter than tentacles Tentacles: two of them, long structures with hooks for grabbing prey Fins: maneuverability, located on either side of the head Mantle: muscle layer that encloses internal organs Eyes: focuses light to make images, located below fins and above arms/tentacles Funnel Retractor Muscles: control the funnel, controls the direction of the funnel and hence turns and moves the squid when water it expelled under pressure Ink Sac: releases ink as protection and decoy, confuses predators Gills: organs used where the squid picks up oxygen from the water and gets ride of carbon dioxide and other gases Branchial Hearts: two of them, pump blood to the gills, where oxygen is taken up Systemic Heart: pumps blood to the rest of the body Beak: made of chitin, past the tentacles, hard, black and curved, used to kill prey and for defense against a predator Liver: digestive gland, large silvery structure, all waste is sent here to be later excreted. Stomach: large lima bean shaped white structure, digests all of the squid's food Cecum: thin, clear membrane surrounding the stomach Pen: the "shell" of the squid; provides support for the mantle Females.. Nidamental Glands: secretes the gelatinous matrix that surrounds the squid eggs, hardens the eggs before being released Ovary: produces eggs

Protozoa: Phylum Ciliophora: Genus Stentor

Chain nucleus: a chain of nuclei, is a macronucleus (so same functions), a circular blob with multiple nuclei connected

Protozoa: Phylum Ciliophora: Genus Paramecium

Cilia: hair like looking extensions, have an effective stroke that propels the animal forward and a recovery stroke that offers little resistance Macronucleus: the larger nucleus, responsible for normal cell functions Micronucleus: located right next to the macronucleus but is much smaller, responsible for cell division Know difference between binary fission (asexual) & conjuation (sexual)? Binary fission: the halves produced by the constriction are two equally sized daughter cells & conjugation: exchange micronuclear material, temporary union, can see the boundaries of the two better than in fission

Potostomia: Phylum Platyhelminthes: Class Tubellaria: Genus Dugesia (CROSS SECTION)

Epidermis: ciliated, contains many dark, rodlike rhabdites that form a protective mucous sheath around the body, appears as outer layer of cross section Gastrodermis: helps distribute nutrients Pharynx: circular, covered & lined with epithelium Intestinal Diverticula: increase surface area and nutrition absorption for digestive system, appear as little circles within the rectangular circle Dorsoventral Muscles: visible at the sides of the animal

Protozoa: Phylum Euglenozoa: Genus Euglena

Flagellum: attached to the anterior end and emerges from the reservoir, little whip like look and functions in locomotion by generating waves Chloroplasts: the cause of the greenish color & organelle that allows it to conduct photosynthesis, rectangles throughout the Euglena Nucleus: located centrally surrounded by chloroplasts, dark sphere, controls cell activity & contains DNA How does Euglena feed? Takes in no solid food, nutrition is holophytic: uses photosynthesis by manufacturing food from CO2 & H20 with the aid of chlorophyll and sunlight

Protozoa: Phylum Euglenozoa: Genus Trypanosoma

Flagellum: runs closely opposed to body surface, a single looking hair like extension Undulating Membrane: the fold and flagellum together, looks as if it lines the Trypanosoma and connects to flagellum What disease does Trypanosoma cause in Africa and South Africa? Africa: sleeping sickness & South Africa: Changas' disease How do Trypanosomes feed? Nutrition is osmotrophic: absorbs its nutrients directly from the surrounding blood or other body fluid

Eumetazoa: Phylum Cnidaria: Class Hydrozoa: Genus Hydra (CROSS SECTION)

Gastrovascular Cavity: some digestion occurs, gland cells secrete digestive enzymes Epidermis: the inner skin that secretes digestive enzymes (goes epidermis, mesoglea, gastrodermis) Gastrodermis: contain nutritive muscular cells that enable several functions (change shape, engulf food, etc.) Mesoglea: fluid between the inner endoderm and outer ectoderm, that helps circulate nutrients Recognize the digestion is both extracellular and intracellular

Metazoa: Phylum Porifera: Class Demospongiae: Genus Spongilla

Gemmules: made up of clusters of amebocytes that are involved in asexual reproduction Spongin of commercial bath sponge: spicules are like glass and spongin is squishy, look similar to spicules but less sharp/rigid, type of collagen

Metazoa: Phylum Porifera: Class Calcarea: Genus Sycon

General Names for Sycon: include Grantia & Scypha Spongocoel: the large, central cavity, water enters through ostia and exits through a large opening Dermal Ostia: an incurrent pore that passes food & water through the sponge, openings face outside Incurrent Canals: it opens externally by small pores called dermal ostium, but closed internally Radial Canals (external canals): it is closed externally but opens internally by apopyles Choanocytes: flagellated cells that create a water current through the sponge & remove food particles from water Pinacocytes: extremely thin (epithelial) cells lining the the sponge surface Amphiblastula Larvae (if present):

Potostomia: Phylum Mollusca: Class Bivalvia: Genus Clams

Hinge Ligament: holds the two halves of the clam together and acts as spring to force them apart, on the dorsal side Umbo: a swollen hump near the anterior end of hinge, oldest & thickest part of shell, most resistant to predators Anterior & Posterior Adductor Muscles: large muscles that open/close the shell through compression and tension Mantle: thin layer that covers the soft tissues of the clam, on both inner sides of shell Incurrent & Excurrent siphons: incurrent- brings in food-laden oxygenated water & excurrent- sends waste and deoxygenated water out Gills: removes oxygen and food particles from the water; filters water in order to produce oxygen for the clam to live Digestive Gland: releases enzymes into the stomach to chemically digest food Gonad: testes or ovaries filling the space between the coils of the intestines Foot: used for moving and attaching itself to areas; acts as an anchor Rectum: the opening through which waste matter is expelled, waste travels from the rectum into the excurrent siphon Heart: pumps "blood" (water) through out the clam Kidney: to remove waster from "blood" and discharge it through the anus, dark stained spot near heart

Potostomia: Phylum Platyhelminthes: Class Trematoda: Genus Clonorchis

Human liver fluke Oral Sucker: at the anterior end, surrounds the mouth, where it attaches to host Ventral Sucker: on the ventral surface, below the oral sucker, a blind muscular organ with no connection to any internal structure, secondary point of attachment to host Mouth: lies anteriorly in the oral sucker, opening to suck food in Intestine: appears as two tubes running down either side of Clonorchis, Uterus: Shelled, fertilized eggs are stored here until release through the genital pore, looks like a maze of winding tubes in the middle of Clonorchis Testes: Produce sperm Yolk Glands (vitellaria): Eggs are combined with yolk and shelled before passing to the uterus, appear as small dots outside the intestine (near body wall)

Eumetazoa: Phylum Cnidaria: Class Hydrozoa: Genus Obelia

Hydranth: feeding polyp that captures and ingests prey Gonangium: reproductive polyps with medusae that arise by budding Medusa Buds: saucer shaped, grow from central stalk on gonagium Is the production of medusa buds sexual or asexual? Sexual

Protozoa: Phylum Apicomplexa: Genus Plasmodium

Infect RBC's (be able to recognize infected RBC'S): Look for two "attached" RBC's What disease does this parasite cause? Malaria

Potostomia: Phylum Platyhelminthes: Class Tubellaria: Genus Dugesia (WHOLE MOUNT)

Is a freshwater living Planaria Head: triangular shaped, the end containing the eyes Auricles: earlike, look like little bumps by the eyes and bear many sensory cells but are tactile & olfactory in function, NOT auditory Eye Spots (ocelli): pair light-sensing pigment cups and gives the worm a "cross-eyed" appearance, located at the head Pharynx: muscle enclosed in pharyngeal sheath, can be greatly lengthened & extended through mouth during feeding, in center of body Gastrovascular cavity (intestine): allow distribution of food to all parts of body, through out entire body and surrounds pharynx

Eumetazoa: Phylum Cnidaria: Class Hydrozoa: Genus Gonionemus

Manubrium: a tubular extension bearing the mouth Mouth: located in the manubrium Radial Canals: four of them extending into margin Realize the velum distinguishes hydrozoan medusa forms from scyphozoans

Protozoa: Phylum Stramenopiles: Genus Actinosphaerium

Picture description: A smaller, darker circle within a larger, lighter circle and has hair like look extensions coming off of it

Protozoa: Phylum Amoebozoa: Genus Amoeba Proteus

Pseudopodia: false feet, moves and changes shape by thrusting these extensions out Food Vacuoles: contain food particles surrounded by water and enclosed in membrane for digestion, dark spherical circle towards pseudopodia Nucleus: contains genetic material, disc shaped and finely granulated Contractile Vacuoles: Perfectly spherical, increases in size, and finally disappears, next to nucleus but almost transparent

Eumetazoa: Phylum Cnidaria: Class Scyphozoa: Genus Aurelia

Rhopalium: contained in marginal notch, a sense organ Tentacles: short, form a fringe around the animal's margin Oral Arms: 4 long and troughlike, converge toward the center Mouth: in the center, square shaped Gastric Pouches: 4 of them extend off of stomach Gonads: lie within gastric pouches, horseshoe shaped Radial Canals: extension of gastrovascular system, help circulate nutrition Ring Canal: same as radial canals

Potostomia: Phylum Platyhelminthes: Class Cestoda: Genus Taenia (whole mounts of scolex & proglottids)

Scolex: the head, anterior end of tapeworm; lacks sensory structures but possesses modifications for attachment to intestinal wall of host Hooks: modified structure on scolex for attachment to host, will be in the middle of the suckers around rostellum Suckers: modified structure on scolex for attachment to host, surrounds hooks Proglottids: squarish in shape, in the middle Ovary: composed of two large lobes, eggs pass to oviduct, are fertilized Uterus: looks like a dark black lining running through the center and connects to oviduct/ovary, no opening to outside, stores fertilized eggs Common Genital Pore: opens into the outside and leads into the genital chamber Yolk Gland: adds yolk and shell material to embryo, located at the base of the ovary Testes: appear as little circles throughout Taenia

Metazoa: Phylum Porifera: Class Calcarea: Genus Leucosolenia

Spicules: stiff, rodlike bodies that make up the skeleton of the sponge, dark rigid & jagged lines of Leucosolenia Difference from Sycon: Sycon have flagellated radial canals and leucosolenia have flagellated chambers

Eumetazoa: Phylum Cnidaria: Class Anthozoa: Genus Metridium

Tentacles: hair like looking extensions on top of oral disc, bear abundant nematocysts used to capture food Mouth: opening located in the center of the oral disc, opens into pharynx Oral Disc: free end, contains numerous tentacles and a mouth Pharynx: lined with cilia that move captured food to the gastrovascular cavity, only extends partway into body Gastrovascular Cavity: pharynx opens into this large cavity, digests food & transports nutrients Septum (mesentery): suspending the pharynx in the middle of body, completely or partially separating that space

Eumetazoa: Phylum Cnidaria: Class Hydrozoa: Genus Hydra (WHOLE MOUNT)

Tentacles: the arm like looking extensions Hypostome: associated with the mouth, right above it at the oral end Mouth: opening that takes in food, located at the same end as tentacles Cnidocytes (nematocysts): a stinging cell that can discharge nematocysts, containing venom, into prey Pedal Disc: adhesive Buds: stalk of hydra as a means of asexual reproduction Gonads: testes & ovaries, appears as a small bump in Hydra

Metazoa: Phylum Porifera: Class Hexactinellida: Genus Euplectella

What is distinctive about this group of sponges? These glass sponges can rapidly conduct electrical impulses across their bodies, making it possible for them to respond quickly to external stimuli